 Welcome to NPTEL course on groundwater hydrology and management. This is week 11 lecture one. In the past weeks, we have been looking at building and understanding for the data. We have identified what are the key data that is needed for groundwater management and we have looked at many data sources that can be used for groundwater management. Since the data sources are vast, we will be continuing for some more time in this week on data sources. Let us do a quick recap of what we did in week 10 and then how it is linked to week 11. In week 10, we looked at the aquifer 2D properties. This included aquifer thickness, aquifer type as a 2D on the top, spread area, aquifer material and depth. So all these are 2D. You could incorporate them as a 3D model because your surface area spread is one dimensional. The depth X and Y is two-dimensional. So you can have three-dimensions just taking the 2D data. We have to mix all these into a hydrological model, especially a groundwater model, to create a conceptual 3D model. We will look at that in week 12, a very short introduction of conceptual models. Then we looked at CGWB data to understand the groundwater level data which they collect across India. Around 15,000 wells they collect and they monitor it at every four months interval. Some of the data we have for the past 20 years and it is the one of the most important data available in India for groundwater. Then we looked at state groundwater resources also from the same WRIS website. We also looked at groundwater resource estimation where a groundwater budget is made. I would recommend that if you are starting a study, you should take this groundwater resource estimation and do budgets to create a need statement. For example, if you are doing work in Maharashtra, Vidarbha region, you could look at the groundwater estimation data, the water budgets and propose that, oh, this is how much water is being pumped, this is how much water is recharging, so we need to put excess amount of structures etc. Or you should capture more rainfall into the groundwater. Then the last resource was groundwater resource availability. This is kind of a physical format of how much water is available, the test done by CGWP. It is not done all throughout India. There are some grids and I have shown you how to identify these grids, make maps and JPEG images for your report. It has very important information like aquapotype, aquifer material, the depth, the pumping rate, what rate the water is coming or water yield rate, recharge rates and some remarks like if the water is good quality, is it sustainable to use the system etc. Then we also looked at different districts and how water can be stored in these districts. In week 11 what we are going to do, so we have built good data about the aquifer. In week 11 what we are going to do is look at the recharge structures that have been put down by the government and other NGO agencies and how they are performing in a very mapped environment GIS environment using the same WRIS website. Then we look at the last groundwater data specifically to groundwater data which is quality. I will explain why quality is very important for understanding these aquifers because you might have a good aquifer system but if the water quality is not good then the use of that water is not available. It is available physically, the water is available physically but you cannot use it. You cannot use it for domestic, industry, agriculture or lifestyle bearing any other use. It is just a water that cannot be used for much. It is like your salt water with the seas. You have most of the water is in the seas and oceans but it is salty. You cannot grow crops, you cannot do industry applications or domestic applications without investing a lot of money and energy. Then we look at hydroclimate data, some groundwater reports data and remote sensing data in this week. The hydroclimate data would also have some reports and remote sensing data that I will cover mostly based on the time. Why do you need hydroclimate data is to establish a water budget from which you can estimate the net recharge into the groundwater resources. If you don't know how much water is coming, it is going to be very difficult to capture it and recharge it in the groundwater aquifer. Let's go ahead. The WRS groundwater recharge structures data is given in this website. It can be divided into master plan, summary reports. The website is given here. It is the same WRS. I will show you lightly how we would go into the website for this. Then the data is kept at statewide statistics, which you could see on your screen and a chart view of total costs that have been spent. Also, you can zoom down to a particular district. Here we have zoomed down to Trisha Pali in Tamil Nadu. You can look at what type of recharge structures have been built, the area across it, and costs and some analytics using graphs. Let me pull out the website so that we could start looking at the groundwater recharge structures. Here it is. We have a WRS home. Go to water data. I'm not clicking anything. You just hover move the mouse on top of water data. Don't click. Then come down. Don't click. Go to your right. Come down to artificial recharge structures and then click. Once you click it, the map populates depending on your internet speed. So it is loaded for me. You have the map of India with some boundaries and state colors, etc. The state colors will come as soon as we start populating it. So at an India level, again be manual on how to use the website. Everything is given on the right. I will go through with you on how to read the data with this exercise. So I'm just going to move to the side. So the master plan for entire India, the statistics is total area is this much, whereas your identified area for artificial recharge structures, ARS is around 11, you see the units, yeah, square kilometers. So almost one third is okay for groundwater recharge structures, volume for unsaturated zone. Then you can also estimate the volume, million cubic meters, million cubic meters. You could see that they have already captured water in a conceptual model and say that unsaturated zone or which is your unconfined aquifer can store a lot of volume of water which can be used for your future demands. This is how you should look at it. You can pull the map and then you can zoom in, zoom out especially for where you want to look at and the coloring gives you where the ARS can be made. The artificial recharge structures can be made. It's a potential mapping and also some data is there on where these are located and how much cost has been put. So you could see that, okay, why Kansipuram doesn't have an ARS, why maybe they didn't put it, there was not enough budgets or they didn't need it because they were near to the other water providing areas so they didn't need. Similarly in Kerala, you could see a lot of pockets which don't have any structures. So coming down, this graph is not populating now. So some issue is there on the website. However, if you want to look at the statistics as a graph, I would recommend clicking the pie chart. So when you do a pie chart, beautifully the graph comes out. You could see that it is coming and when you hover your mouse, it will tell you which district, I'm sorry, state has good volumes of these structures. This is a number, okay, how many in number are present. So you can see Madhya Pradesh has put a lot. Kerala has very small thousand around. Karnataka has the next highest 50,000 whereas Madhya Pradesh has 76,000. Rajasthan, all these dry belt and areas where there are a lot of agriculture happening, you could see a lot of these number of recharge structures. Then you could see in Lax where and how much it is being put down. If you come down further, you could go to the particular state you want to look at. So for example, until 15 you have and then Tamil Nadu is there 7,180 in Lax. This is in Lax. So you have around a lot of money in crores, thousands of crores. It's not a very small amount they put down for these structures. Let's say Manipur, you are talking about 500 crores. It's a small state Manipur. So that's what these structures cost and maintenance and all these things are built in. So let's see how to get this data. You can download this data as a statistics. This is an Excel sheet. It will come like how you're looking at it. It will come as an Excel sheet. And these graphs also you can download if needed as a JPEG image Excel sheet and then change the graph if you want. This data on the whole of India, how much volume etc can also be taken out and downloaded. Now, we would like to see mostly the entire India first. So this is what you get for the entire India, the total spread of area and how much of that has been identified for artificial recharge structures. Artificial recharge because why? Please go back to your class notes. Artificial because the groundwater takes a long time to recharge and by natural recharge systems, it doesn't go fast into the groundwater. So you eventually lose all the water, whatever water you're capturing. If you don't use it properly, you lose the water and that is what is happening in this areas that rainfall is concentrated and if you don't capture the rainfall in these structures, it will just go fast into the ocean and seas and get wasted, at least not used for animal, agriculture or human consumption. So the idea is to promote artificial recharge structures through the initiation of these kind of activities. So the mapping has been done remember, we had this match water resource assessment data in the previous classes, using that they have identified the area where you could make these artificial recharge structures and based on that, now we're going to look at particular states and how they have performed. Just a quick update here on Maharashtra, you could see that on this side, you don't need much recharge structures. So much rainfall is there and also it is the western guards, right? So you don't capture much of rainfall because the slope is too high. However, on this side, which is the rain shadow side of the western guards, tremendous groundwater depletion has happened, very less water resources are there and that is why you see a good map of areas suitable for groundwater recharge. Now let's take one state for example, I will say Maharashtra. When you click Maharashtra in the state, here you could see then the map would zoom into Maharashtra state and then you can pick a district. So you can see the red color happening, but once this is picked, this area, total area, everything has changed to Maharashtra statistics. Initially it was India statistics, now it has Maharashtra statistics. So you can see that more than one third of the area is mapped for artificial recharge structures. A very good volume can be captured as per this data. What are required for recharge is around 18 billion cubic meters. All these are per annum. Okay, so every year how much happens and then so how much is available then they do a surplus water for recharge. So what is the difference between these two? All these have been done like a water budget to estimate, you can put these structures, but is there water available? So what it says is volume for unsaturated zone is around, I won't tell the numbers, it's too large, let's say 43 units and then we have available subsurface volume for ARS. The ARS is artificial recharge structures. It's around 13 billion cubic meters out of which you have water required for to populate to recharge this. You need around 18 billion cubic meters of water and still there is surplus water they say. How they arrived at this, you can go to the user guide and then download all the method they use for this data. Now I'm going to come down to where in Maharashtra they did. You can see now it automatically populates the Maharashtra data. I'm going to just click the graph to see if it is working, it is not. So don't worry about it, it is the count of ARS. The count is not zero, they have put a lot of money. So here it is the count. So sometimes as I said the websites do have some hardware software issues, so please excuse them and then you could see how and where these structures have been put. So the total number of structures, you can come down on this list to get the total number, but most of it is in sub-urban Mumbai and then Tane and then Mobicity etc etc. See this is not only for rural water because this website has all the data that can be housed and most of it is Solapur Tane where is the agricultural districts and that is where you see a lot of water structures that have been promised and put. Let's take one for example. Let's take Tane and sub-urban Mumbai also you will see a lot of agricultural activity. So IIT Bombay where I'm in is also a kind of sub-urban Mumbai but just within a kilometer or so you get a lot of agricultural activity in small small pockets. So I'm going to come down to a particular data, let's say Amravati, number of ARS 355-4. So 350 structures have been built at a whopping cost of 68 crores. So 354 at 68 crores has been built and maintained in the Amravati district. So like this you could actually go down to see where the recharge structures money has been put and if you want to map then there is one website in the Bhuvan, ISRO where you can go down and map exact locations of this. I'll just like to do one more because Rajasthan or Punjab let's say Punjab is kind of highly groundwater depleted as per the groundwater data. So you could see that entire area is mapped for ARS because it was initially a very fertile land, it was all the five water bodies coming together that's what Punjab was named after and then you could see that the fertility has gone because tremendous activity, agricultural activity has been happening and the water resources also are diminishing. So in Punjab you could see that that's why one of the reasons they did extra work on it to see how much area is there for groundwater recharge and you could see that almost entire area is mapped out of the 50 or 45 almost 1990 to 92 percent, 95 percent is going to be having these structures. Then the volume was assessed and then how much rainfall coming in, how much rainfall goes into the aquifer, all these has been mapped, is it going or not is not the question because here it is just a potential mapping for these recharge structures and sources. So you could see that almost all districts, the wheel is more distributed, it's not like concentrated on one district, you could see that the money has been spent across all these districts and you could see that the number is also given here, okay, the number and the cost might differ based on the size of the district and you could also go to a particular district. So now what I'm going to do is I am clicking Amitster in the district, so Punjab I click, then I have clicked Amitster, I can check anything I would like but let's click Amitster. See once you click it goes, the map goes to that area but since Amitster is pretty big, we'll have more options, so I'm going to go to Amitster. Yes so we are here in Amitster, so the red was Punjab, this is selection, then the selection is Amitster, the blue line which is the district, then you can actually select what type of structure you want to see, the performance and other things. Here it is a total statistics which is the same but now it is at a district level, okay, initially it was national level, then we went to state level, now district level. If you come down, now you could see the type of structures, initially it was number, how many are there per district, here you're going to see type within the district, how many, so you could see rainwater harvesting is really high, check dams, decilitering tanks, percolation tanks, subsurface dike, recharge shaft. I'm happy that most of these were already discussed in the class, so you have now an understanding of what is a check dam, what is a rainwater harvesting, what is a percolation tank, recharge shaft, everything has been covered in the class. You could come down and see there's not much check dams, almost zero because maybe there's not a flowing river they wanted but a lot of percolation tanks to recharge groundwater and recharge shaft has been built. So this is how you could view the data, let me click on the graph, line graph is not working, the column graph is not working but this is working, it's fine. So this is going per district, now let's select a check dam. So now what is going to happen is this data is the same for the district, does it change? So the check dam will be now populated here where number of check dams in Punjab and it's not coming, yeah it's not coming but it's fine. So I would say that you could leave this part open which is a select type of structure, then what would happen is all the structures in that particular district is going to be mapped. I think that would be enough, that's a pretty good data, you can download it as an Excel etc. So let's try quickly check another district in Maharashtra to see if these structures are working, let's say Amaravati and it might work one day, it might not work the other day, so don't think that it didn't work today, it won't work tomorrow or something, keep checking, if you want a data and if we say the data is there, I would recommend you to check the data often. So here just because we click check dam, only the check dam data is given here, you see that 354, that is where I'm trying to say, don't click that, just keep it open to all structures, select type of structures, then it'll go back to India, go back to Maharashtra and then it'll come zoom to Amaravati, so automatically it does it and then the types, all the types are being mapped here. Okay, so rainwater harvesting is high, 354 check dams, you see the number didn't change and the budgets are given here, the budgets are very important to understand how the government has spent money on these structures. Okay, so you can also do a summary view, see now when I click the summary view, it says it is developed, this website, the webpage has been developed using a model, module data, trial data, so actual data will come soon, but now you could see what are they working on, if you click okay, you'll see some summaries about these structures. Okay, so boundary administrative or hydrology and then type of structures, check dam, okay, substructure, check dam, you can select Punjab and then we went to Amaristar. Okay, you can also go for block, at a block level where the data is available, now it's not coming, but it's okay, so as it was saying, it is still a trial data, no data to display, but we could keep all the districts, just to say, let's say Odisha and it's no data to display, so it's not fully operational. I'll go back to Punjab and then show you that they have made a legend, you can see the legend has been made and how you come down and up this, just move your mouse to that table and then scroll up down, okay, then this automatically starts to work the slider, if it is too in front of your image, you can just move it like this to see it, okay, so now what I'm going to say is, you can see that the total count at this particular area is number of substructures and the type of structure in Punjab is around one, so all this is trial data, the district name is Fatehgar Saheb and all these are trial data expenses, you see 111111, all these are trial, but again what I'm trying to say is, don't ignore it, maybe go back in every week or a month and this data will also be populated soon, again you can also download reports which is also still working on trial data and you could select what type of report you want, okay, year of completion of artificial structure, administrative unit-wise, basin-wise, etc., etc., you could say complete state, which state you want, you can say Maharashtra, okay, and download the report, the report will come as a PDF as you would like to see, the report won't have much information because they're still using trial data, they want to first see if the system works, so I would recommend you to go ahead and look at these structures where they have been populated and also is it useful for your research in terms of understanding the groundwater, etc., so with this I would like to conclude today's lecture, I'll see you in the next class, thank you.