 This is the Nike missile site, the launch area, Air 1959, with four Hercules missiles. I'm going to talk a little bit about, there were two generations of Nike missiles. First was called the Nike Ajax, deployed in 53, it had a range of 25 miles. It could hit aircraft up to 50,000 feet, its speed was about 1,700 miles an hour, and its warhead had about 300 pounds of high explosives. So it was 25 miles. There were 12 Nike missile sites clustered in the Bay Area. Because you had a range of 25 miles, they had to be close. It's like trying to guard your house with a pistol versus a rifle. They all had to be here. 25 miles, 313 pounds of high explosive. Well the US Army knew, hey, we need to improve this. Ajax, range of 25 miles. Hercules had a range of 100 miles. Ajax could hit aircraft up to 50,000 feet. Hercules could hit aircraft in excess of 100,000 feet. Ajax, 1,700 miles an hour, speed. Hercules, Mach 3.6, over three times the speed is around 2,700 miles an hour. Increase speed, altitude, but one of the most significant things is Ajax, 313 pounds of high explosives. The Nike Ajax was designed to carry a nuclear warhead. Designed to carry a nuclear warhead. How powerful? The most powerful warhead on a Nike Hercules was two and a half times what was dropped on Hiroshima Nagasaki. Hiroshima Nagasaki, something like 15 kiloton. Kiloton is the 1,000 pounds of TNT. The biggest warhead on a Nike Hercules was 40 kiloton. Think about that on a single missile. Vacuum tube technology. Okay, hang on to your hats. I'm going to give you a quick history lesson. Fort Point started construction in 1853, completed in 1861. It's a relic of the Gold Rush. It's the same architect as Fort Sumpner. It's the only brick and mortar fort west of the Mississippi. It's the only brick and mortar fort on the whole Pacific coast. That told you that U.S. government said this area is going to be the linchpin of their defensive system, so they built Fort Point. Brick and mortar. Fort Point became obsolete. Why? Well, during the time of Fort Point Civil War, smooth bore cannons. I don't know what that means to you, but the cannons did not have rifling. It's like pushing cannonballs. Smooth bore cannons, and ships were still wooden ships. Well, as the years came by, they developed breach-loaded cannons with rifling. Okay, it would tear down those brick walls. Okay, so what the U.S. Army did, 1885 into 1905, they had what's called the end-of-cut system of fortifications. Fort Point, three stories of brick and mortar. End-of-cut systems, they were a series of batteries that were landscaped with the hills, made of reinforced concrete, and disappearing cannons. How does that work? This is at Battery Chamberlain near Baker's Beach. It's open on a third Saturday of the month or something like that. This is how it would work. This is a disappearing cannon. They would have two outputs that would triangulate your target. This cannon would be, you're not visible from the ocean. It would get loaded, pop up, shoot at shell, come back down. It's a disappearing cannon. Well, guess what? All these fortifications were completed by 1910. History buffs, World War I, 1914 to 1918. Introduction of combat aircraft made all those batteries obsolete. Combat aircraft, obsolete. Okay, this is called Battery Wallace. It was completed in 1917, but it was upgraded in 1943 in the middle of the war with this overhang to protect against aerial bombardment or naval shelling. So you can see the difference, encased in the hill, but it had overhead. Fast forward, we're going fast, 1940, a year before the war began. So what kind of defensive systems do we have here? If you go to Redale Beach and you take a hike half a mile, there's something called Battery Townsley. Completed in 1940, armed with two 16-inch guns, the biggest guns in the U.S. arsenal. Two 16-inch guns, it can shoot a 2,000-pound shell 25 miles, hit the Feralon Islands. Can you see it? North of Redale Beach, Battery Townsley, two 16-inch guns, okay. Over to Fort Funston, where they have the hand gliders and all that. Battery Davis, two 16-inch guns there. So you can see the defensive strategy during World War II against Imperial Japanese Navy. You had these two 16-inch guns that bracketed the mouth of the Golden Gate. This is a picture of the Nike site. They still have these original signs on the gate. It scares some people that visit. They see this gun. Where am I supposed to be in here? U.S. Army restricted area, patrol by sentry dogs. At the Nike site, there were four canines there that guard the site, and that sign is still there and people get worried. Okay. Let's say, what is a Nike missile site and how did it come to being? Okay. World War II buffs, Germans were flying jet aircraft. Measure Schmidt, M8262. Get this. The Germans were flying this in prototype in 1942. Loose your mind, 1942, Germans were flying jet aircraft, okay. This fighter in 1944 and 1945 was flying combat missions against B-17s over the skies of Europe. Jet aircraft. Significance. This jet aircraft went 100 miles faster than the best U.S. fighter plane. P-51 Mustang, 440 miles an hour. Measure Schmidt, M8262, 540 miles an hour. 100 miles faster than the fastest U.S. fighter plane. 1944, 45. U.S. Army goes, hmm, we need to do something about this. So in 1945, U.S. Army signed a contract with Bell Laboratories, which is now AT&T. They said, develop for us a radar-controlled surface-to-air missile system, and that's how it began because of German jet aircraft. The first missile was deployed in 1953. So think back, early 50s, what kind of technology did we have? No internet, for sure. No solid state, no transistor. How many of you here have had a black and white TV? You did two things. I had a black and white TV, show my age. You had a rabbit-eared antenna to get a focus, and periodically somebody, your father, your grandfather, would have to go back and extract vacuum tubes, go to a drug store, test it, and then replace the vacuum tubes. You think this is the day of Ed Sullivan and the honeymooners know that, black and white TV? Well, vacuum tube technology is what drove the Nike missile system. Vacuum tube technology, late 40s, early 50s. Later on, I'm going to tell you, the Nike Hercules missile had a nuclear warhead. Vacuum tube technology. Okay. Well, what was the role of the Nike missile base? Okay. What was the role of the Nike missile base? The Nike missile system was the last line of defense of the Bay Area. What do I mean by that? Again, it's a surface to air-guided missile. If this base had this fire missile, that means Soviet man bombers armed with thermonuclear bombs, like the Bayer bomber, would have gotten by Air Force interceptors. They would have gotten by naval interceptors. There was nothing but the Nike missile system in place of a Soviet thermonuclear bomb dropped in the middle of the Bay. Last line of defense, that was the Nike missile system. Nike missile system, there were 12 in the Bay Area. Okay. And this is what the U.S. government did. They clustered them around defense zones. San Francisco was a defense zone. Seeing that the U.S. government thought was valuable industrially or militarily, they ringed it with missiles. Okay. So here, if you're local, where are they? Rinhead lands was a Nike missile site. The Marine Mammal Center, a Nike missile site. Fort Funston, Nike missile site. Fort Scotton and Presidio, Nike missile site. Pacifica Ridge up there, there was one there. Lake Chippewa over there. So there were 12 in the Bay Area. In LA, there were 16. Chicago, there were 22. So you can see each red dot represents a defense zone and there were clusters of Nike missile sites there. When they opened, like SF-88 opened in 54, Ajax missiles, range of 25 miles. Remember, they only had 25 miles. Well, in 1958, they converted to Hercules missiles, which had a range of 100 miles. So what happens was the U.S. started closing the Ajax sites because he didn't need them as many. So what you ended up with in the 70s was out of the 12 Nike missile sites, only five of them had nuclear warheads and were open. It would be Chabot, San Rafael, and two Numeran headlands. And is that five? That's five, right? So the U.S. Army would close the Ajax and just have the Nike sites. Now, there were 288 in the continental U.S. And you know why this is so significant is when the U.S. Army closed the Nike missile base SF-88 in 1974, and we'll talk about why they closed it, the U.S. Army took the initiative, they asked the Park Service, would you like to keep this base retained intact as a historical center? And the Park Service in their wisdom said, yeah. So out of 288 Nike missile sites, this is the only one that you're going to see what you're going to see later on. Go-to-gate National Recreational Area became a National Recreational in 1972. The U.S. Army closed this Nike base in 1974. This National Recreation Area had nuclear weapons for two years. How about that? By the way, you know, when I told you I grew up in the Richmond District, no one told me that within a few miles of my house there are nuclear weapons. That's the age we grew up in during the Cold War. No one said anything. I'll tell you why there was a nuclear warhead on these. What was the threat were man-Soviet bombers armed with thermonuclear bombs? Nike missile system, the last line of defense of the Bay Area. So this is a guided system and we'll talk about how it works. But you would launch it at a range of 100 miles. You would guide it and we'll talk about how it works to a place that is above and in front of a formation of bombers and you would detonate that warhead and bring down as many bombers as you can. Last line of defense. Ah, missile assembly building. Well, when a Nike missile, this is a Hercules missile by the way, when it came to the site, it did not come fully constructed. They came in components, in packing containers. So the first thing they do is they bring the, they roll the missiles on these trailers. It's called something called the missile assembly building. They begin the elementary parts of testing and assembling the missile. This is a guided system and this is a sustainer motor, but don't worry about that. You'll see a whole thing later on, it'll make much more sense. Ah, well, here's a guided system. Backing tubes and circuit boards there. Here you have four fins, they're antennas and we'll talk more about how they work. But that's a guided system. See, that's a circuit board that you see slipped in there and resistors. Okay, again, late 40s, early 50s technology. You can only imagine what a chip would do to replace that. This is a launch control panel. Now, this would belong in a trailer about 100 yards from the launch site. And remember that black and white picture where there were four launchers? Well, here you see a selector switch with four lines of lights. The operator can select what missile they want to launch. The lights will give you various states of readiness. And on the bottom here, that's your launch button. Okay, imagine a 19-year-old soldier with that launch button. That's what it was. The average age here was 1920 and you didn't have to be an officer. On the side of this panel, there are four keyholes. And you need at least three keys from the right people to operate this panel. You didn't want any kind of rogue action. But this is the launch control panel. After the missile assembly building, they roll the missile to the warhead building. Okay, and guess what they do there? They do further testing, a lot of electrical parts here, and do further construction in the warhead building. This is a remote control target aircraft. You would call it a drone today. But think 1960s, you've seen pictures of boys with transmitter flying aircraft. This is what they use. This is what they use for target practice. Okay, so they happen to have one here. And you can see the test equipment. This is an Ajax missile that we have a cutaway. You can see it. And what's interesting about it is the Ajax missile, remember how to range at 25 miles with 313 pounds of high explosives? The US Army chose to put high explosives and divide it up between the front, the middle, and the rear of the missile. And they encased it in quarter inch of metal. Do you know why the US Army would do that? Think shotgun. If you fire a shotgun, what you want is as many high speed pellets as possible. That's how a shotgun works. Bam. Okay, what the US Army found out was with explosives in three parts of the missile encased in metal, you get more fragmentation. Remember, you have to hit something with this. It's not like a nuclear warhead. You have to be within 50, 60 yards to make it effective. So there's more fragmentation in that missile. But that's an Ajax missile. Nike missile base, 12 in the barrier. Every Nike missile base had three components. One was an administrative area. I said each Nike site had between 120 and 130 men. Well, they needed an administrative site. Barracks, mess hall, supply room, so on and so forth. This one was about a quarter mile away from the launch area. It is now the point beneath it, YMCA. But this was the administrative area for the Nike site. Ah, so you're in the base. The second area was what was called integrated fire control. Integrated fire control. You're standing in the base, but I want you to see that blue building on top of the ridge. You see that? It's called a wolf ridge. That's where the integrated fire control was. And in there, there were a series of radars and vans. They were up on that hill. You've got a lot of energy. You can hike there, but the park service brought down the integrated fire control to the actual base so that you can see it. So all this is on top of the hill a quarter mile away. You had an integrated fire control, okay? And then you had the launch area. Okay, and we're still touring the launch area. Nike AJAX, the world's first operational surface to air missile, okay? How does it work? How does it work? First, there's something called an acquisition radar. This would be rotating, acquisition radar. You can just see it circulating. Those two things. You could see aircraft out to 100 miles. Speed and direction out to 100 miles. And it also has what's called an IFF function. Identify friend or foe. Every US and allied aircraft had electronic transponder. It would emit a signal. This radar would interrogate that signal and say, are you friend or foe? Acquisition radar sees out to 100 miles, identifies friend or foe. What happens if it's a foe? There were two of these round radars. I only have a picture of one, but bear with me. First one is called a target tracking radar. This base SF-88 will get an assignment of saying, lock on to that bomber. It would get an assignment. Lock on, so this target tracking radar will lock on to that man bomber and no matter what kind of evasive action this baby is locked on to him, okay? There's another radar that is just like that. Remember we're on top of the hill. It's locked on to the missile that I'm about to launch. It's called a missile tracking radar. At launch, you have a missile tracking radar locked on to that missile that you can guide. Can you see where we're going here? You have your target tracking radar locked on to the target. You have a missile tracking radar locked on to the missile. That information goes to these two vans. The far one is called a radar control van and they make sure there are five crewmen and they make sure that you are locked on to either the missile or the bomber, okay? From the radar control van, there's a data feed to the battery control van which is the heart and soul of the system. In the battery control van, the information goes to an analog computer and it will track the missile and it will guide the missile and it would determine the optimum intercept point and when it reaches there, it would issue the burst command. And this is inside the radar control van just to show you what it looks like. But you see these tracking, when they get together, that means that that's the intercept point and they would issue the burst command. So that's how it would work. Acquisition radar, target tracking radar, missile tracking radar. Later on, we're gonna visit the missile magazine area. This base had 12 missiles, multiple missiles, all the Nike missile sites had multiple missiles, but you can only shoot one at a time, you tell me why. Got it, you can only track one at a time. Remember the target tracking and missile tracking? Having said that, once the burst command is issued, 11 seconds you can recalibrate for your next shot. Radar can recalibrate in 11 seconds. You can shoot one at a time, okay? Like I said, there was an assignment. What happens if there are multiple squadrons of Soviet bear bombers? How does it work? Well, on top of Mount Ham, there's a regional Air Force Army radar center. They do the assignments for the bay area. So they'll tell Angel Island, target this. Ford Funston, target this. So that regional radar center in Mount Ham coordinates the firing of the Nike missile sites. Nike Hercules had a nuclear warhead. Well, because of that, the army had increased security. There's a sentry here, man 24 hours a day. There were four canines that protrude the site. And if you can see behind there's a fence there. It's called an exclusion area. Just like the launch control panel, you need three of the correct keys to give you authority. There was a two-man rule at Nike Hercules sites. You could not go in the launch site by yourself. It was a two-man rule. You had to go in someone with equal rank and authority. No rogue action. So part of being a Hercules site, you need to have a wired exclusion area. This is the east launch area. Over here is a west launch area. I'll show you what's underneath later on. But this one, this Nike site had two launch areas. Some had three, okay. Magazine doors. These doors are new, by the way. I don't know where they get the money, but they had to custom-made these doors because the other ones were rotten away. Remember, this thing closed in 1974. Do the math. It's almost 50 years old. So a lot of things are always in the constant state of repair. And this is the missile magazine area. It's not a silo. It's a missile magazine area. This is with the doors open. And you can see Hercules missiles there. If you could take a step back, you would see six Hercules missiles there, okay. And we open the doors and do all kinds of good stuff. This one has a nuclear warhead, a red tip, okay. And I already told you that was against multiple formations of man bombers. There are also conventional warheads of 600 pounds. They had some of those. Can you tell me why you would have, when you would fire Hercules missiles with a conventional warhead? What happens if the Soviet sent over to the US a U-2 equivalent? Do you know what a U-2 is? U-2 was a high altitude spy plane. Gary Powers 1960 got shot down. High altitude spy plane, about 80,000 to 100,000 feet. So what happens if the Soviet sent one over to the US? Well, you wouldn't go after it with a nuclear warhead. You'd go after it with a conventional warhead. So they would have conventional warheads as well as nuclear. The majority were nuclear warheads in the US because it was the last night of defense. By the way, doesn't this area look neat? When I said that this area was neglected for a period of time, they had drainage problems. And the sub pump didn't work. There was water at what point up to the black line. Can you imagine that? There was waters to the black line. So I told you the volunteers were very hard to restore this missile magazine area. This is the only one you're gonna see in the country. See these rails? Everything's pushed from the missile assembly area to the warhead building to the magazine area. It's all pushed on trailers. Nike Hercules is a 10,000 pound missile, five tons. Five tons, 10,000 pounds. What I like to do on a tour is if there are kids, I would get two kids and say, come here, put your hands on the fins and push. Two kids could push that 10,000 pound missile because it's so finely balanced on that rail. This is how they did it. Nothing was motorized. They pushed it, okay? So this is it above ground. Let me explain a little bit about the missile. This is the guidance system. Here to here, guidance system. Remember I said there were four antennas on the fins? Two, to communicate with the missile tracking radar. Where have I been? Two, to communicate with the missile tracking radar. Where should I go? Remember I'm guided and to receive the burst command. So the guidance system, the brain's right here. Here, to here where it says US Army. It's where your warhead was. Either 600 pounds of high explosive or up to a 40 kiloton nuclear warhead right there. Here, to here is your stage two, it's a two-stage rocket, solid field sustainer motor. And then four boosters. You noticed when they developed the Hercules, they tried to use as many components as possible. What they did was they coupled four Hercules boosters. There you go, okay? How's it work? At launch, the boosters will burn for 3.4 seconds. At which the missile is 2,000 miles an hour, a mile up. 3.4 seconds, that booster drops down. Then the sustainer motor burns for 29 seconds. At which point you had better be where you wanna intercept, okay? Okay, let me give you a scenario. Soviet bombers are coming over the Polar route. Okay, they're coming down the Central Valley. You're here at the Nike missile site. You have a range of 100 miles. What's your intercept point? They're coming down the Central Valley. Boy, you're off. I'm ashamed I know you, Ellen. Sacramento, Davis. Sacramento's 190 miles, 100 miles away. So under that scenario, this is what it would be. You'd launch a Nike missile and it would detonate above Sacramento and Davis with a 40 kiloton nuclear warhead. What would that do to their property values? That's not good. You know what it's called? It's called collateral damage. That's ugly. What happens if the bombers are coming off from the ocean and you launch and you detonate your warhead? Where's that radioactivity blast gonna go? It's called collateral damage. So there is no good news about that. By the way, this Nike missile site was active from 1954 into 1974. Remember I said it's a relic of the Cold War? Never launched a single missile. Practice or otherwise. Never launched a single missile. You go, hmm, how can that be? 288 Nike missile sites in the continental US, 99% never launched a single missile. How can that be? US Army on a periodic basis rotate all the Nike missile crews to Fort Bliss, Texas for eight weeks of training. And they have a McGregor range. So did all the firing and missile assembling and launching Fort Bliss, Texas. SF-88 never launched a single missile. Having said that, if they did had to launch a missile in real life and they were on alert plenty of times, that would mean we would knee deep into World War III. That's what it would mean. You knee deep into World War III if they had to launch a missile. Nike missile system was a very expensive system. Production costs, I think, the Hercules missile was 19,000 in 1950 dollars and Hercules was 55,000 in 50 dollars. But this expensive system, which is the prime anti-aircraft system for the US Army, never shot down a single hostile aircraft. So you think about that. Deployed in 53, 54, the Korean war's over. During the 50s and 60s, the Soviets never sent bombers over to the US. Now I got thinking, what about Israel? Israel is a US military partner. They're flying F-16s, F-15s and all that kind of stuff. Multiple wars. And what I found out was the US government did not give Israel Nike Hercules missiles. They had the Hawk missile, which was a shorter range, low altitude conventional warhead missile. So Israel never had the Hercules missile. My point is, for 20 years of development, I mean deployment in the heart of the Cold War and never shot down a single hostile aircraft. That's probably good news. That's probably good news. Well, this is a picture of our Hercules at launch. And it looks like it's almost 90 degrees, but it's actually 87 and a half degrees. Can you tell me why? It wouldn't be 90 degrees. What happens after 3.4 seconds? That hot metal is coming down. So the army figured out there had to be a booster disposal area where it was unpopulated over water, something like that. With the booster, it would come down after 3.0 and it would not destroy the base. Okay? So by the way, when they did launch a missile, no one would be on the surface. Underneath the missile magazine area, there is a crew safety room where they all gathered and it was encased in concrete and all that kind of stuff, so. Ah, 1974, they closed SF-88 and they closed the majority of the Nike missile sites in the US. Can you think of a reason why? What was salt? Strategic arms limitation signed in 1972 did two things. It limited the number of offensive nuclear warheads. That's good, right? It limited the number of offensive nuclear warheads. Severely limited anything they considered anti-ballistic missile. What's the theory on that? Cold war, have you heard of the word mad? Mutual assured destruction. What does it mean? You launch, I launch all over. Mutual assured destruction. Think about this. What if I had a finger to launch offensive nuclear weapons and I had a plausible anti-ballistic missile system that I thought might protect me? Would I be more inclined to launch? I might. So the SALT agreement says they were allowed two anti-ballistic sites. So in other words, you take away that. Mutual assured destruction. So that was a part of the Cold War. So SALT, by treaty, they had to close these missile bases. But there were other reasons. Can you think of any other reasons? Cost. Remember, we're going into the 60s and the 70s, there was something called the Vietnam War going. Okay, so cost, but there's one other factor. Opposite technology? What was the intended target for Nike missiles? Russian man bombers. What happened in the 60s with the Soviet Union? Think Cuba. The Soviets shifted their offensive strategy from man bombers to intercontinental ballistic missiles. Okay, and the Nike system was not effective against, was not an anti-missile system. So the Nike missile system, they shut down the majority in the US, 74 or 75. Guess what? Continue to serve in NATO until the 1980s. Okay, guess what? This is a Korean War Memorial in Seoul. So last year I had a Korean War gentleman come up to me and says, oh, I served on the Nike missile base in Korea. Oh, I go, that's interesting. What year was that? He goes, 1993, 1993, vacuum tube technology. I go, what'd you guys use the system for? Because well, we didn't use it for a guided surface to air, they used it for guided surface to surface for 100 miles, so artillery. So if you had 100 miles away, you had troop formation, command and control or some bridge you wanted to take out, they had Nike missiles. Nike missiles served in Korea, past the year 2000. Vacuum tube technology, isn't it crazy? So this is a memorial that they had for it. So when I said there was a lot of volunteers, Al Bank, the Ranger, he's probably, he's the chief Ranger and in the Marine Headlands. He does all kinds of stuff with Alcatraz, I don't know if it's from here, but I think the Nike missile site's his baby. And these gentlemen here, these guys are all veterans, and they're all Nike veterans except for one Jerry, he's an Air Force ICBM, but these guys come and they do the maintenance on the base. I wanna show one other thing. When we bring people down to the missile magazineery and we talk about the various components of the missile and all that kind of stuff, and then we hit BUNS and bring up the missile. Now, hang on, I'm lost, oh. And that's how we end the tour, we bring up the missile to launch height. Now, that pretty much ends our talk here, so I don't know, do you have any questions or anything interesting? Okay, that's a quite a while. No, well, this is a scenario. Let's just say the early warning system detects bombers coming over the Polaroid over Canada. That means this missile will have four or five hours. Wait a minute, four or five hours, okay? So how would they react? Well, you see there are six Hercules in the magazine area. The one on the elevator goes up and they shove it to it, satellite launcher. Elevator comes down, satellite launcher. Elevator comes down until you have four on the surface. When they fire, they'll fire the one on the elevator first, okay? And remember what I said, the tracking radar, once the burst command is given, that radar can recalibrate in 11 seconds. In less than 40 seconds, that elevator comes down, goes back up with another missile. It goes straight here because we're using a different power system. So what would happen? They would fire the one in the elevator, come down, get another one, fire the one in the elevator. They'd exhaust all the ones below the surface and then they would fire the ones on top last. That's six missiles. Six missiles in your other launch area and you have 12 sites. You've got a heck of a war going on. Yeah, wherever. I mean, it's, you know, part of the value of this site is, like I said, it's unique because it's only a restored site but you get to talk about cold war history. You get to talk about living five miles away from a nuclear weapon in your house when you're growing and you don't know, okay? Five miles talking about collateral damage if there was a war. These guys were on alert plenty of times and they didn't know what was going on during the Israeli wars. They were on full alert. By the way, this is a US Army installation. So you're asking, hmm, how come it's not an Air Force? Well, during World War II was the US Army Air Corps, B-17s, all that kind of good stuff. It wasn't until an act of Congress in 1947 the Air Force became its own independent service. The US Air Force, plenty of rivalry but what they decided was the Air Force would be in charge of offensive weapons, ICBMs, B-52, blah, blah, blah, blah. US Army would be your defensive system, okay? So another question is, what kind of authorization would you need to fire your missile if something was happening? Well, they had a, you didn't have to, the president didn't have to call you. Because it was a defensive system they would have the protocol set up that if you were threatened you could fire the missile. If the Air Force could tell them. If the Air Force could tell them. Oh yeah, well, the reason I said about that inner service rivalry here, the Nike missile system, while the Army was developing this, the Air Force was developing their own anti-missile system and they would argue, blah, blah, blah, blah, and all that kind of stuff and drain money and all that kind of stuff, so. Anyway, I'm done unless you have any questions. So hopefully you found this interesting and you'd go visit the headlands and visit the site among all the other treasures there are. So go to Gate National Recreation, it's an urban treasure and something to be valued, okay? Thanks.