 Lecture 14 As-Salaam-Alaikum. Welcome to the virtual university's course on Business and Technical Communication. In today's lesson, we will look at revising business messages. In this lecture, you will learn to edit your messages for content and organizational style and readability. You will also learn to choose the most correct and most effective words to make your point. You will learn to rewrite the sentences, to clarify the relationships amongst the ideas, and to make your writing interesting. In this lecture, you will also learn to identify the elements of paragraphs, choosing the best design for written documents, how to rewrite paragraphs using the appropriate development techniques, and how to proofread your messages for mechanics and format. First of all, look at how you will edit your message. Once you have written a, we in previous lectures, we talked about planning a message and composing it. And in this lecture, in the, in how to revise your message, the first and foremost thing is the editing of your business message. When you are editing anything, you will look for, look at the content and the organization. You will see what is included in the message and how that the ideas are organized. Now when you are doing that, you need to stick to the point and make sure that you have expressed the main idea in the first paragraph. This is something that you really need to focus on. Jo aapka main idea hai, wo pehle paragraph me hi ana chahiye. Ta ke padne walaon ko, pehla paragraph parthe hi andaza hojai ke baaki text ke andar ka mazu ka hoga. So when revising, make sure that the main idea is in the first paragraph. Also you need to make sure that the key features of your stance are highlighted in the middle paragraphs. To jo middle paragraphs hai, onko yeh cheez highlight karne hai ki aapka stance kya hai, aap aakhir kya cheez ka na chaar rahe hai. Ti ek aur je important cheez hai, jab aap editing kar rahe hai, usme apne yeh dekhna hai ke jo redundancies hai wo nahi ho nahi chahiye hai. You will eliminate anything that is redundant, anything that is extra, you will delete that. Jo bhi cheez hai aapko apne message dosri baar padne pe lage ki yeh cheez hai faltu hai. Inko shaad hi hain nahi ho na chahiye hai ya inke include karne se message me koi effectiveness me, message ki effectiveness me koi isafa nahi ho rahe hai. To betar hai ke un cheez aapko message se nikal diya jai hai. Specially agar koi aapko asi cheez hai baat lage, ke repetition ho rahe hai, to phir tab bhi usko nikal dey aur agar aapko lage ke koi cheez hai, mehne faltu lik diya hai aur uska koi taluk nahi hai message se ya, iske hone se message me koi bestri nahi ho rahe tab bhi usko hata dey maan se. Another thing that you will look at is the style and readability. When we talk of style, one thing that is very important is the you attitude, how you have worded your sentences, whether you have the you attitude or not. We have talked about the you attitude earlier, which means keeping the reader in mind and keeping in mind their needs. It also means using the pronoun you. Aur humne yeh pehle bhi baat ki ke you pronoun hai, wo istimal karne se, pahne wale ko yeh lakta hai, ke aap unki taraf hain aur aap unko madhna ja rakhne hain. Lekin yeh khyaal rahe ke you pronoun kar istimal bohot jaada nahi ho. Specially agar message negative hai, pehle you pronoun nahi istimal karne, pehle usko hata dey. So, if you have written a message which has less of the you attitude, then you need to reword it to stress the you attitude. If you feel that you have used too much of the you pronoun and the message is negative, then you need to reword it as well. Also, you will clarify relationships amongst ideas through the placement and combination of phrases. Jo bhi different ideas me aapus me relationships hain, aap unko clarify karenge, unko strengthen karenge. Aur wo strengthen karne ka tarika yeh hai, ke jo aapke ideas hain, jo aapke, jistan ha apne phrases ko aur ideas ko place kiya hain apne sentence ke ndar usko aap, agi piche kar sakte hain. Kuch aise hi hain, ke phrases ideas aap pehle likhenge stress deane ke liye, kuch phrases ideas aap baad me likhenge un pise stress hatane ke liye. To isle unki aapus me jo relationship hain wo isi placement se determine hogi. Also, when you are looking at editing your message, you need to look for the, in the tone that you use, you need to look for the enthusiasm. Have you used an enthusiastic enough tone or not? Also, if you feel that the tone is too enthusiastic, then you need to moderate it. Agar aapko lagi ki aapki tone me bohot hi zyada enthusiasm hain, to usko aapko kam karna hoga. Aur agar loves aapne istran ke istamaal ke hain jo bohot mushkil lagh rahe hain. Aapka hi kya kyaal aakishit padne wale ko mushkil lagin, to onko bhi aap hatake unki jaga asaan alfaaz istamaal karein. So, you will eliminate words that seem unfamiliar even to you and because of the seem unfamiliar to you, then they will definitely seem unfamiliar to your reader. Also, you need to look at the mechanics and format, which means that you will look at the, at how you have included the words and the vocabulary. If you have used any abbreviated words, then you will spell them out. Whatever it is that you have, whatever language you have used in your message, you will make sure that it is clear and it is easy for the reader to understand. So, abbreviations will be spelled out to avoid any confusion. Now, once you've planned your message, composed it, revised it, then try to leave it for a day or two and so that you can better evaluate it. Because once if you are reading something constantly, then a lot of the times you become blind to the mistakes that you have made yourself. So, try to review your message for the content, for the organization. You come back to whatever message it is, you come back to it with a fresh version of the message. So, if you are reading something constantly, then it is better to leave it for a day or two and then if you have enough time to leave it for a day or two, then it will be better to keep it aside and then after a day or two or a few hours come back to it with a fresh perspective, if you review it after a gap. Also, if you are looking at it from a fresh perspective, then you can judge whether there is a good balance between the general and the specifics. Also, if you can see, if you have provided enough support for your ideas, then you can ensure that you have double checked your facts and figures. That is something that is important. If you are using facts and figures, then you need to double check them so that there is no room for error. Coming to style and readability. Style is the way you write and how you come across to the reader. Once you are satisfied with the structure, once you are satisfied with all the content and how it has been structured, then you will review your message for the style and the readability. Style, as I said, one main factor of style is the tone that you use, the U attitude, whether you have the U attitude or not. Readability depends on word choice, sentence length, sentence structure and physical appearance. The word choice, what are the sentences used? How long are your sentences or are they small? How is the structure of the sentences? Is it difficult or easy? We will talk about that later. And physical appearance, how is the page and your message? All these things come in readability. Readability should be easy. Your message should be easy so that the reader can easily use all these factors so that the reader doesn't have any enemy. Talking about word choice, the two key aspects of word choice are correctness and effectiveness. Whatever language you use, you have to make sure that you are actually putting across the correct message. Whatever you are trying to say, whatever words you have chosen, those words are the same message that you are sending or you have used such words so that your message reaches the reader in the wrong way and then you have to change those words. Also, effectiveness, which means have other chosen words actually conveying the message in an effective manner or not. The words you have used are so strong that whatever you are trying to say will reach you effectively. Many times the message is reaching you correctly but it doesn't have an impact on the reader. So, you have to use these words that are correct and effective. And if you feel that this word is not right or that you can use better words, then check it in the dictionary, replace it, put a synonym or ask someone so that your sentence is more effective. For example, instead of saying something like the data on our market share is consistent from region to region, you will use the data on our market share are consistent from region to region. The difference is only changing is to are but it becomes more effective, it becomes more clear because when you talk about data you will use are not is. You have to keep in mind that plain English is very close to spoken English and can be more easily understood. So, try to use simple language plain English in your writing because that is simplest to spoken English and that is what your reader will find easy to understand. If you try to put very difficult, very big words in your message which are not common in use, which are not common in speaking then it will be difficult for your reader too. You will also make sure that you have the correct balance between functional words and content words. When we say functional words, then there are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. These are functional words, these are words that are expressing relationships amongst content words. Functional words are those which show relationship between content words and content words are those which express the actual idea in your sentence or it shows what it is talking about. For example, some objective observers of the biscuit market give real the edge in quality but gala is loaded for superior distribution. Now, as you see on the screen in this example, the content words are in italics and the function words are things like off the but for etc. These are words if you look at them separately, they have no meaning but when you put them in between content words they make the sentence complete. So, without them the sentence does not have any links. You just have a lot of nouns and verbs but there is no connection. Also, content words have both a denotative, a dictionary meaning and a connotative which is associative meaning. The content words can have a dictionary meaning which means you open a dictionary and immediately you get its meaning. And the associative meaning of the word which is not in the dictionary but we can use it for such things which means it is not in the dictionary. For example, you may say I have uncovered some interesting dirt on the police officer and you may use the same word dirt as my land has fertile and dark dirt. So, in this example, in the second example you are using the denotative meaning of dirt, the dictionary meaning which is actually that something which is dirty and maybe mud. But in the first centres I have just uncovered some interesting dirt on the police officer. The word dirt is not being used in its dictionary sense, it is being used in an associative sense. So, the both sentences are using dirt but with different connotations. The more abstract a word, the more removed from the tangible objective world of things it is. So, try to use words in their dictionary meaning rather than with their associative meaning. Try to use the denotative meaning of a word or the dictionary meaning rather than associative or figurative meaning. Because if you use a word in its abstract meaning then its different meanings can be used. For example, if you use a word in its dictionary meaning then there is no confusion in it. Try to rewrite the sentence that you are going to see without using the words in italics and then things will become clearer for you. The sentence says we hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that amongst these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Now, if you try rewriting the sentence without the words in italics the meaning or by changing the words in italics the meaning can be completely changed. So try to make sure that the words that you use are those that actually express a very solid meaning rather than being vague. You have to think like a wordsmith. You have to use words that communicate. Wordsmiths are people who are concerned with being clear, concise and accurate in the use of language. So when you are editing your message think like a wordsmith. Try to be clear, concise and accurate in the message rather than saying something which is so vague that the words substituted by any other words would make sense as well. If you write such a message that if you put out a few words or some other words then the sentence may look good but the message becomes completely changed then your message is very abstract. So try to use a few words which have a very clear relationship with other ideas which are being used in that message. Verbs and nouns are more concrete than adverbs and adjectives. If whatever verbs you are using the more dynamic and specific it is the better it is. The more dynamic and specific your sentence becomes. So try to use more verbs, action words, more nouns naming words in your sentences rather than adverbs and adjectives because adverbs and adjectives even if they are taken away the sentence does not lose much. For example, talking of weak and strong words weak words or phrases would be something like a wealthy businessman whereas you could substitute that for a strong word which would be tycoon. Similarly business prosperity sounds although it sounds long but it is weak most strong word would be boom. Similarly hard times can be substituted for stronger word which would be slump. Also you will communicate best with words that are familiar to your reader and along with keeping in mind familiarity that words which are familiar to one reader may be unfamiliar to another reader. So apart from familiarity you have to keep your audience in mind as well. Who is it that you are writing for and will this particular word be familiar to the particular audience that will be reading your communication. For example, if you are using unfamiliar words like a certain the more familiar word which would be better to use would be find out learn. Also words like consummate are best substituted by more familiar words like close or bring about peruse can be substituted by read or study. These familiar words are closer to the audience they are more easy to understand and they will obviously make your message more effective and more readable. Also short words are usually more vivid than long ones and they improve the readability of a document. If you are using very very long words it becomes difficult for the audience to read them and it becomes difficult for the audience to understand them. The longer words need to be studied to understand what they mean. Whereas short words short words mean they come into your mind and their image stays in your mind for a long time. They are more vivid. For example if you say something like during the precedent here the company accelerated productive operations the sentence sounds impressive because it has got a lot of heavy words in it but the meaning is difficult to grasp. If you read it it seems that they are very English but the meaning of the sentence is to understand the reader will have to read this sentence 2-3 times. But if you write something like last year the company sped up operations the meaning is clear the sentence is shorter and the reader gets the message immediately. The meaning is the same in both the sentences. It's just that this one in the second sentence the meaning has been expressed in a more concise and precise manner whereas in the first sentence the emphasis was more and using long words to impress the reader. Also try to turn whatever try to use verbs in their original sense because if you turn verbs into nouns and adjectives your writing becomes weaker. So don't camouflage your verbs use them as they are as much as possible. Obviously you have to change the verb but try to use the verb in its original form. Watch for endings like I-O-N-T-I-O-N-I-N-G etc. which you can see on the screen. These verbs change the verb form and the sentence writing becomes unfamiliar and the structure becomes difficult. So try to use verbs in their simple form. Let's have a look at some examples. For example if you say the manager undertook implementation of the rules, here you are camouflaging the verb implement by adding I-O-N to it. It would be better to say the manager implemented the rules. First you made the implementation noun. Here you are using implement as a verb just by using the past tense. Similarly if you say verification of shipments occurs weekly, here again you are changing it by adding T-I-O-N if you say shipments are verified weekly, the sentence becomes more direct, it becomes simpler to understand, the verb is actually used in verb form not in noun form. Another aspect that is very important when you are editing your message or when you are revising your message is bias free language. You have to make sure that your message does not use any bias language. We have already talked about this and I am emphasizing it again because it makes a big difference on the tone of your message and the way it receives and perceives from the reader, it makes a big difference. So avoid bias language that might offend the audience. Try to avoid any type of cultural bias, gender bias, racial ethnic bias and disability bias. If you feel that if you have used any of these four or five of them or if you have hurt the audience then avoid them. If you feel that as a cultural or as a gender or as a racial or ethnic or as a racial or ethnic or as a racial or ethnic or if you are in pain then try to to use alternative words. Lets have a look at some examples of gender bias. For example if you say mankind you are using the word only to include men and excluding women, so it might be preferable to say humanity or humankind. Humanity is more commonly used. Similarly by saying again, not including women in that, so it would be better to say artificial or synthetic. Similarly, manpower, it would be better to substitute that by words like workforce or human energy. Now you deke in saare alfaaz mein yeh gender bias hai kyunke in sab mein khawatin ko exclude kiya gaya hai terminology se. For example, if you are talking about children from Sindh who come from disadvantaged backgrounds, it might be better to delete the word Sindhi from your sentence because that would imply that all children from Sindh are disadvantaged. It might be better to say children from lower income families. This way you are not targeting any particular race, but you are talking about an income group. Similarly, instead of saying something like Ali is an unusually tall Punjabi, it would be better to say Ali is tall because it really does not matter whether he is Punjabi or not or Sindhi or Balochchi or Pathan. What you are most interested in telling the audience is that this boy is tall, so you do not really need to include his ethnic background. And also if you are saying unusually tall, then you are implying that Punjabis are generally not tall, so that shows a bias. So it is better to delete such adjectives and verbs or nouns which indicate some kind of disadvantage towards a particular ethnic or racial group. Similarly, a lot of the times when we talk or write, we tend to forget that we are expressing some kind of a disability bias and we need to be very careful of that. It would be unacceptable to say something like crippled workers face many barriers in their jobs. If you want to express the same idea, it would be better to say workers who have physical disabilities face many problems on the job. Substituting the word crippled by people who have physical disabilities sounds much better. It is more preferable. It is acceptable because it shows that you are aware of their problem but you are not talking of it negatively. As you edit your message, you will find yourself rewriting passages, you will find yourself rewriting sentences or even whole sections because you will find that there are many areas in your message that need to be changed, that need to be redrafted. And if you need to do that, it is perfectly okay. If you feel that you need to rewriting some sections when you are editing, then there is no need to panic or worry about it, it is a very normal phenomenon. It is very common that we write a whole message and at that time we feel that we are okay. When we rewatch it, we find that there are special mistakes and that is why we revise and edit a message so that we can improve the mistakes of it. So there is no need to worry about it, there is no need to be disheartened, if you have to rewrite your different sections, that is the point of editing a message. That is what editing is all about. If you feel that you need to rewrite sentences, then they would probably be because the sentences are not effective enough. Effective sentences to create, you will need to have a look at their structure. You will need to keep in mind that every sentence contains a subject, which would be a noun or a noun equivalent and a predicate, which is a verb and related word. So if you feel that there is no subject or predicate in your sentences, then you have to rephrase that sentence so that there is a subject or a predicate in it. It is very common that we write a sentence and then when we read it later, we get an idea that we do not know what the subject is performing or who is performing it. Or that their relationship is not that clear or the emphasis is not that clear, then we need to reword it or rewrite it. There are three types of sentences. They are simple sentences, compound sentences and complex sentences. And to give your sentences variety, you will need to use all three types. In the messages, you will try to use three types of sentences so that your message is more effective and there is no bore to read some variety in it. Otherwise, if you only write simple sentences in your message, then it will look very basic, it will look very childish and the reader will be bored. Similarly, if you only use complex sentences in your message, then they will become more complicated and the meaning of the job will not be very clear. So you will need to use a variety and a mixture of all three types of sentences, maybe use complex and compound sentences to express ideas and then use simple sentences to emphasize ideas as well. Let us have a look at the difference between these three types of sentences to quickly revise what they are. A simple sentence has a single subject and a single predicate. For example, profits have increased in the past year. Profits is a subject, have increased is the predicate. Profits have increased what is happening to the profits is the predicate, the verb or the rest in the past year, that is the related idea. A compound sentence expresses two or more independent related thoughts. For example, wage rates have declined by 5%, and employee turnover has been high. As you see, it is a compound sentence, there are two independent ideas. One idea is that rates have declined. The second idea is that turnover has been high. Obviously, they are related but each of them in their own right is a complete idea, a complete thought. In a complex sentence, there will be one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. For example, although you may question Ali's abilities, you must admit that his morals are strong. Now in this, you is the subject, must admit is the predicate. So, you must admit that his morals are strong, but although you may question Ali's abilities, is a dependent clause. So, it is only when you combine the dependent and the independent that you get a complex sentence. So, try to use all three types of sentences, because if you have only one type of compound or a simple sentence, then your message will be boring in terms of its readability and not comprehensible. Also, looking at sentence style, try to break the sentence if it is long, try to break it into shorter ones to improve readability. If you have used too many passive sentences, try to convert some of them into active voice, because active sentences are stronger than passive sentences. If you write all the sentences in a passive voice, then it will be difficult to understand and the effect will be over. So, you have to keep active sentences as well because they are more strong. Also, use passive sentences to soften bad news. If you want to give bad news, then use passive sentences, because it will help you to come into the background and also bad news also goes into the background. And also you can create a more impersonal tone by using passive voice. So, you will need to decide when you are revising your message, you will need to make decisions about whether you want to keep a sentence in its particular voice or you want to change it to active or passive as the case may be. For example, the use of passive voice can be seen by this example. If you say sales were increased by 32% last year, this is a sentence in passive voice. It would be an improved way of saying the same thing would be sales improved by 32% last year. Because if you say sales were increased by 32% last year, then the increase in sales impact will be reduced and the impact will be increased by some other person. If you write the same path in an active sentence, sales improved by 32% last year, then the emphasis will be on improvement and increase. That is why the sentence becomes more effective. We talked about redundancies earlier. Eliminate any extra words, unnecessary words and phrases Be on the lookout for inefficient phrases. If you feel that you are not able to fulfill your meaning properly or that you are inefficient and that you have included in the sentence or paragraph, then remove them or change them. Also, redundancies as I said earlier, any extra words which are present in your message, you need to remove those. And unneeded relative pronouns and articles. Words that are not really necessary, they are relative pronouns, they are articles and they are extra. You will need to reduce those so that the content words have more stronger meaning. Let us have a look at the use of articles and how that can improve a sentence. A confusing sentence would be the project manager told the engineer last week the specifications were changed. A much better, much clearer way of saying the same thing would be the project manager told the engineer last week that the specifications were changed. So just by including the word that, your sentence becomes much stronger. The links between the ideas become much more clearer. You will also, when you are editing your message, need to emphasize key thoughts. Look at your message, read it, see if whatever key thoughts, key ideas you have, see if they are actually being put across in an effective manner. And if you feel that they are not, then you need to emphasize them. You will emphasize parts of a sentence by giving them more space, by putting them at the beginning or end of a sentence, and by making them the subject of the sentence. In these three ways, remember the different parts of a sentence, give them more space, express them in more words, or change the place in the sentence, whether they are in the beginning or the end of the sentence, if you feel that they are more emphasized in this way, or make them the subject of the sentence. Let us have a look at a sentence in its less emphatic form, and more emphatic form, a form which has less emphasis, and then we will see the same sentence with more emphasis. If you say something like, we are cutting the price to stimulate demand, in this sentence, there is not much emphasis on what is happening, and what the result will be, what it is that you really want to emphasize. Whereas if you say, to stimulate the demand, we are cutting the price here, you have more emphasis on the fact that demand will be stimulated, and also the fact that price will be reduced. Apart from the sentence, you also need to look at your writing on a paragraph level, when you are editing it. You will need to develop coherent paragraphs. As we have talked about earlier, paragraphs are functional units that revolve around a single thought. You will try to make sure that every paragraph has one main idea, one single thought, and everything in that paragraph is related to that thought, and everything in that paragraph is actually expressing or expanding that thought. The elements of a paragraph are the topic sentence, which expresses the main idea, what is being talked about in the paragraph, the related sentences, sentences which show some relationship between themselves and to the topic, and the transitional elements. These are elements, which link those related sentences to each other and the topic sentences. These transitional elements can be conjunctions, prepositions, etc. But a lot of the times they are conjunctions. There are five ways to develop a coherent paragraph. You could develop a paragraph by the pattern of illustration, in which you are illustrating something, or expanding something. You could develop it by comparison and contrast, in which you are comparing two or more things or contrast, or cause and effect, where you are showing that one thing caused another, or one thing was caused by another, or classification, where you are grouping ideas together and actually talking about them, and problems and solutions, where you are talking about a problem and giving the solution for that problem, how it can be solved. These are the five different ways in which paragraphs can be developed and if you keep broadly these patterns in mind, then it will be very easy for you to revise your paragraphs and to make sure that if there is anything within the paragraph which does not conform to the particular pattern that you have in mind, then that idea should be dealt with maybe in another paragraph. When you actually produce your document, you have to make a lot of decisions about the design of the document. First of all, we talked about the content of a document and the ideas that have been organized and the things that you have to say or use, the ideas that you have to use, how you have to structure them. Now we will talk about the organization in terms of visuals. How it will look and what impact it will have on your reader. Design elements include white space, how much of the text is free of art and artwork, how much of the page is covered by print. It also includes design elements, also include margins and line justifications. How much space have you left on each side of the page, the left and the right? Is your page left justified or not? Left justified and rugged, right side gives the document an open feeling. If your document is left justified which means that all your left side is starting with the margin but from the right side there are no lines, so your document has an open effect. If you justify your document on the right side all lines are closed at one place at the end of the sentence then your document has a closed look. Let's have a look at an ineffective page design and an effective page design. As you see on the first slide there is very little white space there is very little space between paragraphs although it is left justified and the right side is rugged the lines are so close together that visually there is no impact whereas the same text is given on the page next to it and here as you see the page is drafted in such a way that there is no white space there are more spaces between different paragraphs or between sections of the message and the message is actually divided into sections with headings and numbers and this gives the message a more effective look and a more impressive look as well. Other design elements are headings and captions headings help the reader quickly identify the content they help the reader For example, I just saw that by giving headings the effectiveness of the page has increased and you get an idea of what this topic is and what it is about in this paragraph. Also the typeface the physical design of the letters what the letters look like is important and the type styles are also important A word using type styles that slow your readers down there are a lot of writing styles that are easy to read and there are a lot of difficult ones so whatever typeface or type style is you can use it to make it easy to read Let's have a look at some examples The Serif typeface is what you see in the first box on the left here if you see we have Times Roman which is often used for text so if you are writing a long text then Times Roman is the most common form of typeface used also Times Roman is harder to read if it's all capital so try to avoid capital letters in Times Roman Helvetica on the other hand is often used for headings and if you use it in capitals Helvetica is a cleaner face to use than Times Roman so in your text you will try to use Times Roman and in your headings especially if they are in capital form then you will use Helvetica As far as your design decisions are concerned for effective design try to pay attention to consistency that the same type of design should be used across all pages of the message and in all sections of the message you should use the same type of headings give the same amount of spacing between paragraphs not that in the first section there is one line spacing and in the next section there is no spacing or you have used one typeface for one paragraph and for another typeface all these things should not be used your message should be consistent also there should be balance for what you are using you cannot have too many headings and not enough text look at the page and see how it looks visually that is important restraint detail what it is that you are using where are the different elements placed and what is the exact detailing of the visuals of your page those are important in the kind of impact that will be made on your audience you will also once you have done all this when you have edited for content the organization you have looked at the design then finally you will proofread your message because that is what really makes your message credible if you at the end have mistakes in your message then are errors spelling errors simple grammatical errors and that seems very sloppy so credibility is affected by your attention to detail and format use grammar and spell checks now it is very easy most of the work is on the computer there are grammar and spell checks always no matter what you do no matter how much of a rush you are in use a spell check and a grammar check so today we learnt to edit messages for content and organizational style and readability we learnt to choose the most correct word and most effective words we also looked at how to rewrite sentences to clarify the relationship amongst ideas and to make your writing interesting we learnt how to identify the different elements of the paragraph what are the different elements and their purpose we also looked at the different designs for written documents how to rewrite paragraphs using appropriate development techniques and important to proofread your message for mechanics and format and with this we come to the end of today's lecture if you have any questions please feel free to email the address is english at vu.edu.pk until next time Allah Hafiz