 Hi, today we will discuss another important pulse and oil seed crop, you know the country is in need of the pulses and oil seeds, oil is imported and the pulses are also imported. So, there is a need to increase the production and productivity among the pulses, soybean is one of the important pulse crop cultivated across the country, soybean also suffers from both nationally significant pests and also regionally significant pests. Coming to insect pests of national importance, we have stem fly, tobacco caterpillar, semi looper, girdle beetle, pod borer to some extent white fly. Similarly, the pests of regional importance which are sporadic, blue beetle particularly in western MP, leaf miner in Maharashtra and Karnataka, gravy wheel again in Delhi and Punjab area, Bihar Eric caterpillar in Uttarakhand and western MP, leaf folder again in Karnataka, Maharashtra and all along the MP, pink pod borer in North Karnataka, leaf defoliator in central and western MP. We will try to understand in detail about the pests of national significance among them as I said major important pest is stem fly, which occurs in almost all this soybean growing areas. It is a seedling pest in simple, which is technically referred as melanogram isozozae belonging to family agromysidae order diptera. The adult fly prefers almost 10 day old seedling for egg laying and also it prefers to lay eggs on the first pair of leaves of the seedlings. Then the maggot is the damaging stage, it mines into the leaves and the petiole and then gets entry into the stem causes extensive tunneling, which results in withering and drooping and total death of the plant. You know total seedling mortality takes place in the field situation. In this photograph, if you see the mining of the maggot on the leaf, which later gets entry into the stem, the maggot causes severe damage and then pupation also takes place in the stem itself adult emerges inside the stem and we see a small hole, the adult emergence hole. Under field situation, a healthy plant looks like this, wherein the stem fly infected plant looks like this and the total death of the plant is normally seen. The most important pest is tobacocaterpillar spodoptera litura, which is a polyfagus pest. Larvae is the damaging stage, it lays eggs in masses on the under surface of the leaf and immediately after hatching, the larvae unitedly script the leaf chlorophyll content from the leaf and then in the later stage, we find a total defoliation in case of soybean. Afterwards, you also see the damage to the pods also. Here also, we can see the damage done to the pods by the caterpillar at the later stages. Next in the order is soybean pod borer helicover parmigera, which is again a polyfagus pest on many of the commercially grown crops. The larvae is the damaging stage, it usually prefers to feed on the tender shoots as well as the developing pods also and once the podding stage is there, it prefers to feed on the pods and then during the 15 days larval period, it can consume 20 to 25 pods resulting in significant loss to the soybean crop. Next in the series is biar hericaterpillar spilozoma obliqua, which is also again a polyfagus pest. The larvae is the damaging stage, it lays eggs in groups on the under surface of the leaf. Immediately after hatching, the scraping of the leaf is seen, wherein we can identify such scraped leaves even from a distance. Later on, when the larvae reaches second and third in star, they migrate and cause a severe defoliation. Next in the series is a semi-looper thysanoplusia orichalcia, which is again a sporadic pest on soybean. Caterpillar is the damaging stage. In the early stage, it makes holes on the leaf. Later on, it skeletonizes the whole plant and then defoliation is normally seen on soybean crop. Particularly in Madhya Pradesh, we have this serious pest soybean stem borer, dectus texanus texanus belonging to colioptera and the grub is the damaging stage. On an average, 10 to 15 percent yield loss is seen due to the damage of this particular insect. It bores into the leafy petiole and then enters the stem. Because of this, the death of the plant also takes place. Then we have a leaf eating coliopterus insect as we will particularly in the early stage. Its damage is seen from the borders. The young seedlings, particularly of 15 to 20 days old, will be totally defoliated and we lose lot of plants and the field looks lot of gappy appearance. According to the integrated pest management of these soybean pests, mechanical practices includes collection and destruction of the guard beetle, infested parts and also we know polyfagus pests, they lay eggs in masses and then early stage larvae feed gregariously by staying in one place. Such egg masses and larvae can be collected and destroyed. Then erection of bird purchase to the tune of 10 to 12 per hectare is also one of the recommendation. Then installation of pheromone traps for particularly spores podoptera and helicoverpa is also an IPM component. Use of castor as a trap crop, particularly for tobacco caterpillar and daincha for girdled beetle is also an IPM recommendation. Then among the biological control, conservation is one of the most important thing because soybean ecosystem includes lot of predacious insects starting from spiders to chrysoperilla to tachnid fly, dragon flies, they all should be conserved by not spraying particularly the broad spectrum insecticides. Then there is a recommendation of release of an egg parasotoid, telenomas rumus to the tune of 50,000 per hectare, particularly against spodoptera litura. Then we have microbial insecticide sprays of basillus thuringiensis, commercially the products are available with various trade names, it is also recommended against the defoliators and semi-looper. Then whenever spodoptera is a problem in the area, recommendation of spodoptera NPV at the rate of 250 le per hectare is also recommended. Lastly, the botanical spray of a neem seed kernel extract 5 percent for the management of these defoliators and also sucking pests is one of the IPM component. Again insecticides also become a chemical component in IPM. There are specific recommendations for specific insecticides, you know defoliators series of insecticides have been recommended, white fly also thiamethoxam seed treatment is most effective and then for stem fly also thiamethoxam seed treatment is recommended. Kindly note this is grams per kg of seed not kg per hectare, it is grams of thiamethoxam insecticide per kg of seed. And for pot borer also there is a recommendation of insecticides, galbitl also trizophos is one of the most effective chemical. So all these components needs to be integrated effectively and there are recommendations of resistant or tolerant genotypes against specific pest like stem fly, lot of varieties from madhya pradesh have been recommended, for tobacco caterpillar also some of the resistant genotypes have been recommended, semi-looper also lot of varieties have been suggested, galbitl also we have series of resistant or tolerant varieties. All these can be incorporated for the effective IPM technology of soybean pests. We will move on to the next important crop of the country mustard which is an important oil seed crop. Mustard also suffers from 4 to 5 major insects, one is a painted bug, bugrada hilaris which is a sucking pest, both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the affecting the growth of the plant. In addition to sucking they also excrete a short of resinous material which spoils the pod and the seed also. Then one of the endemic pest mustard aphid life office species you know wherever mustard is grown this particular aphid is known to occur. The nymphs as well as the adults they de sap from all parts of the plant, thereby affecting the vigor of the plant in particular and then affects the developing parts thereby shriveled seeds are commonly seen in aphid infested plants on the mustard. The yield significantly is reduced almost to the tune of one fourth or even to the tune of one fifth. Another most important pest is mustard safli athelia belonging to a hymenopterous order very exceptional pest because majority of the hymenopterous insects are the parasitoids where in the grub of this safli is a very destructive pest on mustard. They bite holes into the leaves particularly in the ang seedlings and then the total death of the plant is normally seen particularly in case of later stages it also feeds on the leaves affecting the death of the older plants also even there will not be any bearing of the seed on the plant itself. Coming to the management aspects of the mustard insects series of recommendations have been made. One of the most important recommendation is intercropping which is very effective in case of mustard you know in north India intercropping chickpea with mustard is one of the commonly adopted technology and lentil and mustard is another intercropping system which reduces majority of the insects in north India particularly on mustard. It is on early showing of mustard crop escapes from the aphid incidence to a considerable extent then that early showing on or before 20th October is most important then irrigation application particularly in the seedling stage can bring down the incidence of a safli to a greater extent because larvae died due to the drowning effect even severe cold during November and December month also reduces the incidence of safli to a greater extent then collection and destruction of the grubs of the safli which are very clearly visible is also one of the good mechanical measure then conservation of the parasitoid and the bacterium associated with these mustard insects is also one of the biological control strategy. Whenever we see the incidence of a painted bug seed treatment is found to be most effective with imidaclopid 70 WS insecticide at the dosage of 5 grams per kg of seed gives an effective control up to 30 to 35 days and for the mustard aphid economic threshold level has been worked out 50 aphids per plant whenever the population crosses systemic or insecticide application is the recommendation included in the IPM and in the later stage of the crop growth spraying of any of the contact insecticides will also help in bringing down the population of safli that means from intercropping to seed treatment conservation will all form an important components of the IPM in case of mustard thereby we can increase the productivity with the maximum net profit. Thank you.