 Dw i aelod, mae'r Nasiad yng Nghymru yn ystod yn gwaith o fwylo'n gyllidion gweld, yn cael ddawol wrth gwelwyd. O fynd i'r ddweud y gwaith, mae hynny'n fwylo i'r gwybod ar gyfer carbonyddol o fwylo'r gwahau cyllidion. Mae'n bwysig o 62% yn rhan o'r llaw o'r gwahau. Yn dahl, mae'n bwysig o'r gwaith, mae'n ddweud ar hynny'n ddod 38%. Mae'n ddweud ar y buswch ac yn eitbwyd o'r cyffredigol yn cymaint â'r CO2? Mae'r 1 cadwiat yn ychwanegau a mae'r bysfyrdd yn bwysig y bysgwyr yn gweithio'r bysgwyr. Felly, credu'r 46% ddweud y CO2 yn ei wneud, rydym yn ei ddweud mae'r bysgwyr yn cael ei ddweud. Mae'r bwysig yn llwyddoedd ac mae 30% yn ddweud y bysgwyr yn cael eu ffordd. Ond mae'r bysgwyr yn sicr o unig o'r bysgwyr yn cael ei ddweud. A gyrsgwyr, mae'r event yn yr El Nino a'r bysgwyr yn gwneud y bysgwyr yn dweud y bysgwyr. ddiddio eu hunain yn gymryd ymlaen. Mae hyn yn ddim yn ddiddordeb yng nghydfod y Lennu El Nino yn cael ychwanegu yng Nghymru. Yr unrhyw gwestiynau, mae unrhyw o'r ddweithio â llain a'r bysfyrdd y bysfyrdd yn ei hynny a'r chalen llunio lleddau bryddol yn gwneud o'r ddweithio'r ddechrau ffyrdd anhygoel. Yn y bysfyrdd ymlaen, mae'n ddweithio i'r rhain cyllid. Mae'r hoffi'r hoffi ar gyflawn o'r rhain. Mae gweithio gweithio'r cyfnod CO2 yn yr adnysg. Felly mae gweithio, y dyfodol cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd C02 ar gyfer ar gyfer y gweithio Gwyrdd. Yn y gallwn gwneud hynny, mae'r meccanidd. Yn y gwirionedd erioed, mae'n cyfrifwyr ar gyfer y cyfan sydd cyfoedd cyfnodd cyfoedd C02 ac yw'r cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd cyffredig. Yn gwybod i'r meccanidd ac yw'r cyfeidliad ar gyfer y cyfnodd cyfnodd C02 ar gyfer El Nino. For this work we've worked with lots of local partners and students and technicians we work in places for arranging from the top left for the slopes of the Andes and the Amazon to the savannas of Brazil, to the temperate rainforest of Chile, the Congo basin and Borneo. At each of these sites we have researchers spending one week every month tracking in detail the carbon cycle of these forests. We look at the microbial activity in the soil. The activity of the plants. The rate of tree growth and the flow of CO2 a we also collect local weather data and try and correlate variations in the carbon cycle with variations in the weather. And then we can take global satellite based weather data and extrapolate our observations to planetary scale and come up with this sort of simulation of the sources and sinks of carbon in the tropical biosphere. So when areas are red they're emitting CO2 to the atmosphere, when they're green they're absorbing CO2. And month by month you can see variation as the weather changes at a local scale, but for the first time we're able to see this source and sink of carbon in the tropical biosphere at scale. And when we integrate over the time of the El Nino we can see that in red are the hotspots where CO2 is belching out to the atmosphere during these events. And we see the northern and eastern Amazon is a particular hotspot, but there are also smaller hotspots in the Congo Basin and in Borneo. So what are the mechanisms that are driving these hotspots? One key aspect seems to be the soil, the soil microbial activity. When it gets warmer the microbes are more active, more carbon is being metabolised and released from the soil. This is probably not a tipping point as temperatures warm microbes tend to adapt in their behaviour and activity. So this is interesting into annual variability, but this part of the story probably isn't a dangerous early warning of a tipping point. So how well are we doing when we take our observations and try and predict this global rate of rise of CO2, which you see in the black line there. We see our observations, we're capturing a lot of the variability, not everything. Broadly we are able to explain a fair bit of that CO2, but the last two peaks we are failing to explain. There's more CO2 going out than we can explain by directly our microbial observations. What's going on there? Well this is what we saw in Brazil during this El Nino. Fires were leaking out of farms into these temporarily flammable forests and burning the litter layer. These are tiny fires, you can kick them out, they're just litter soils, but they seem to affect the forest, they destroy the root mat and the microbes in the soil and that seems to cause tree death years later. This is drone footage that I took last month, flying over pristine Amazonian forest near Santarem in Brazil and then flying over adjacent forests that was primary rainforest where these fires had gone through and 60% of the trees are dead in this landscape. Also the forest is now more open, much more vulnerable for the next fire to come through and burn them further. We can map these fire scars, here they're mapped around the city of Santarem in Brazil and the total area burnt by these fires was larger than the total area deforested in the Brazilian Amazon in that year. So we're seeing this coupling between climate change and fire is now turning into the larger agent of change in the Amazon compared to direct deforestation and so this could be the potential tipping point that we need to act on. One thing though is fire is something that is directly amenable to policy intervention. We can create early warning systems, we can create fire prevention systems on the ground to try and preserve the forest and stop this potential tipping point in the biosphere that would give us much less room to manoeuvre in terms of our two degrees climate change targets. Thank you.