 Welcome everybody. Today's presentation is on APS style and you know, what is APS style, why is it important, what are the elements of APS style, how, you know, we can use it for our writing, etc. So, without any other explanation, I'll straightaway go to the presentation. And I'll just share my screen in a moment's time. We are at present using the APS style, the seventh edition. So, if you search for the publication manual of the American Psychological Association, it's the seventh edition that we are using and there are certain changes in the seventh edition. That is why this particular session is even more important because you know, we have to understand what are the changes and you know, and what are the consistencies. So, I'm sure you can see the screen, right. So, why is style important, APA stands for American Psychological Association, as I said, and why is it important, because it helps authors present their ideas in a clear, concise and organized manner. And I'm sure as journalism students, we know the important points of style because you know, even in our print editions or in television or in, you know, our other platforms, the consistency and uniformity is a very important element. Because if the way you write and the way you present things, they are not consistent and they are not uniform, then you know, the focus shifts, then the readers get distracted. That is why this uniformity and consistency is important and that is why we need to have a style which people across the board, they can follow. So, this enables readers to focus on the ideas, you know, rather than formatting and all those things and they can also, you know, quickly scan for where are the quick points, where the findings, who are the sources. So, it also encourages authors to disclose all the important information because anybody who's working on that field, you know, he might need additional information and it's that is how they get this information. It also, as I said, allows readers to dispense with all the distractions because there would be no omissions that, you know, because the style would deal with, you know, almost everything about writing. We are only touching on the important parts of this APA style in this one presentation and one presentation will never be enough for, you know, the entirety of APA stylization. But, you know, it concerns almost everything from punctuation to capitalization to how things are cited to how the statistics are presented to how figures are formatted to how tables are constructed so on and so forth. So, that is why anybody, especially those in research writing, they have to be aware of these style requirements. Most of the social science work we do, including in media and communication is on APA style. There are many other styles. I'll introduce you to some of them at the end of this lecture. And but this is one thing that we must know the APA style. If we know, then, you know, the others will be easier. Before I start, these are the kinds of articles that the APA manual talks about. And I'm sure you are aware of, you know, the difference between quantitative and qualitative articles. If a case study or a biological study or whatever, that would be a qualitative article. We have particular study is replicating one study which has taken place in one set of conditions. So, there are replication articles as well. And I'm sure you can understand that, you know, all these articles will be very different in their approach. They will have, you know, different focus. We have meta analysis as well, which is a kind of, you know, an overview of maybe a quantitative approach on a particular topic or a qualitative approach on a particular topic. So a meta analysis is another kind of a research approach. We also have literature review articles. It's basically about, you know, what people have been working on. Say, for example, you know, the representation of COVID in the media. So we have such kind of articles as well. Another kind of article that this manual talks is about, you know, theoretical articles. So this is about trying to put across a theoretical basis for certain things that, you know, interest the researcher. It could also be about methodological approaches. So in communication, for example, you know, there are various fields. You know, say, for example, using computing, you know, for, for, you know, communication purposes and also, you know, other methodological approaches. It could be the use of machine learning. It could be the use of coding, et cetera, et cetera. So, or, you know, other kinds of approaches as well. So that are those kind of articles would be concentrating on the methodological approaches. We could also have, you know, that is viewed as others in the manual. But basically, it could include comments. So maybe somebody has written a paper and, you know, some other author has to, has a view on that particular paper. So he could write a comment in the same journal or in another journal. It could be a book reviews, of course, is known to people. It could be letters or even obituaries. So these are, you know, some of the rare articles. So these are the basic nine kinds of articles that there are others as well. So these are the major ones. So I'm straight away going on to the do's and don'ts of APS style. So as we have just, you know, spoken about, there has to be certain kind of consistency. There has to be certain kind of uniformity and, you know, making it reader friendly so that anybody who's reading this particular article would be, you know, would not be distracted by other things. Earlier, you know, if you see the earlier editions of APS style, they generally will talk about 12, you know, writing everything in that 12 point times New Roman. But off late, because, you know, there are so many other options available and there are so many kinds of, you know, writing that has to be done. The APS style book, it talks about, you know, other fonts as well. It talks of a sans serif. Now I'm sure you understand the difference between serif and sans serif. The font which you, which I've used on this particular thing. This is Bookman Antica and this is a serif font. And the other font, the one which you can see down here, this is a sans serif font. So the ones which have a slash at there, you know, on these letters, they are serif fonts. But if there are no slashes, say, for example, Ariel, then that would be a sans serif font. So the APS style sheet talks of both kinds of, you know, fonts. It talks of sans serif font like Calibri or Ariel or Lucida sans unicode or a serif font such as times New Roman or 11 point Georgia. So some are in 10, some are in 12. I'm sure you understand, you know, those, you know, an 11 point Ariel would appear as big as 12 point times New Roman. We are not in a, you know, we're not talking about, you know, these type fonts and all, but you know, there is an explanation for that. There is another application known as Latech and that uses a font called known as computer modern. So these are the ones which APA recommends. So if you are doing in any kind of writing, you would be advised to do this, you know, use this earlier. It used to be only 12 point times New Roman. Now we have some other options. So I'm sure, you know, you understand the importance of, you know, fonts. If somebody is using Comic Sans, for example, you would immediately understand, okay, that person is taking this a little bit more casually. So the font itself, you know, has a personality. It could be stayed. It could be funny. It could be, you know, irreverent. It could be, you know, kidish. It could be a major issue, so on and so forth. So the type, the font that you use for your writing is a very important decision you make. Most of the writing for academic purposes, they are double space. And this space has to be, you know, done on the, you know, commands. It shouldn't be done by, you know, just repeatedly hitting enter after, you know, type of line. So it should be, you know, there in the original command that you put in the page margin, etc. The margin required for academic articles is one inch on all sides. So that would be about 2.54 centimeters if you don't like inches. So that's very important. These might appear, you know, very basic, but if you do something wrong there, then the person who's reading the paper, you know, immediately gets the impression that you do not know APA style. Hence, you know, there is one kind of a distraction there. So it's important that we understand, you know, what all this means. Paragraph indentation, every first line of a new paragraph should be indented half an inch from the left margin. It should be, you know, a half an inch on the inside. Half an inch would be about, you know, 1.27 centimeters. So that's again a very important thing to understand that, you know, when we do our normal writing or even in the word processor, when you hit enter doesn't indent by itself, but it's important that we give that indentation. Alignment again is very important. It has to be left justified all the time. It shouldn't be full justified. And that again is an important decision that you should remember that let's not make it full justified. It should be left justified so that the right margin is ragged. And that's how, you know, all academic articles are punctuation, you know, it should be followed by one space. That's pretty basic. So this is about the basics. Now there are some exceptions to the font. So I'll just talk about those exceptions. So it might contain other fonts or font sizes under the following circumstances within figure. We'll talk about those figure images. We have we are supposed to use a sans serif font with a type size between 8 and 14 points. So you can use anything between 8 and 14, whatever there is a figure and you're, you know, trying to emphasize something or you're trying to present something. We'll come back to figures again. When presenting computer code, you can use a mono space font. That means something which has just a single space, not a double space. It could be 10 point Lucida console or 10 point courier new. And when you're presenting a footnote in a page, then the default footnote settings of the word processor, Microsoft Word or, you know, any other processor that can be used. For example, it could be just 10 point font with single line spacing. So all these recommendations are from the seventh edition of the American Psychological Association publication manual. And the latest one is from this year is from 2020. Now we are going on to what should be there in the title page. The most important part of the paper or the one that, you know, your reader is first going to have a look at. So the title page should have the paper title. Obviously, it should have the author names and affiliations very, very important, you know, your name and your affiliation. If you're not affiliated to any university or a college or an institute, then you should write about, you know, independent or whatever. But at least, you know, your identification should be there and an author note. I will explain all these three things in a moment's time. So these are the information which are supposed to be there on the title page of a journal paper. If you can see that what I'll do is I'll try and zoom it for a moment. So if you see that the first thing is that there is the running head. So every APA style journal paper has to have a running head. And that's one thing that we must remember. And then, you know, there's a page number. It starts from page one itself. If I zoom in here again, the page title, who are the authors and what are their affiliations. So again, you know, they are double space, but between the paper title and the author, there is an extra space as you can see there. And down below, you know, there is the author's note. And along with author's note, they have this, at times this orchid identity to identify them. So if there are two people with the same name, you know, they'll have different orchid identities. So that's, you know, kind of a digital identification mark that you have. So this is, you know, a kind of a title page. Again, you know, this is from that same book that I was talking about. It is having a paper title. It is having a running head. It's having a page number. It's having authors, affiliations and author's note. So, so far very simple. In the author's note, you know, if there is some change of affiliation, there are times, you know, when the page was written and when it was accepted, you know, it's a long time, it takes a long time. They might have, you know, changed their jobs by then. So that has to be there on the author's page. There are disclosures and acknowledgments. If somebody had paid, you know, maybe if it was a UGC sponsored or an ICSSR sponsored or whether it was sponsored by some other agency, it has to be provided there. Contact information, again, is very important. If somebody wants to contact the, you know, the author, they must get the information right there up front. So there we go into the page elements. What are the things which are there in the page elements? So there are, you know, these seven or eight elements. First of all, there is a page header. I've just spoken about those running heads and the page number, which have to be there. Most journal articles have an abstract, you know, maybe within maybe a time from 150 to 500 words, which has all the important information about the paper. It will have a reference list at the end. The key word identify, letting people identify what the paper is about. Say for example, if it's a communication paper from the computer field, the key words will make me understand that, okay, it's not for our social scientists, it's for the technical people. So the key words are, you know, often placed just immediately after the abstract. We have footnotes at times just to provide those explanations and we have figures and we have appendices. So these are the information that we have on the page elements. How are they ordered? The first page should be the title page, the one I just showed you. Immediately after the title page, we should have the abstract. It should start on a new page after the title page. The text should not start beneath the abstract, but it should start on a new page. As I said, these are very important things because people get used to reading things like that. So if you violate some of these guidelines, then there will be some kind of a distraction for the person who's used to reading things in a systematic manner. There are references which will be after the text and there may be footnotes on a new page after the references. Tables, you know, it can be placed on two different places. I'll talk about the tables and figures later on and then, you know, we can have appendices or any other supplementary material that is there. So this is the order of pages according to the APA style. So I'll straight away go on to figures first and then, you know, we'll come back to text and, you know, the citation on which are the more important part. So the figure, you know, whatever figure you are choosing to use for your paper, you should, you know, keep all these things in mind. First of all, it should augment the text. It should not just be a repetition of whatever is there in the text. It should convey only the essential information. So if you're cluttering the figure with a lot of information, then you are not doing a good job. It omits visually distracting details. So even in our data visualization classes, we talk a lot of these things. So it should not have too many things. It should have only the important information which you are trying to convey. It should be easy to read because, you know, whatever symbols or lines or, you know, whatever it should make sense. They're large enough to be seen. So it shouldn't have to use a microscope or, you know, you shouldn't have to bring it very close to an eye to, you know, see an interpreter. It should be large enough on its own. It must be easy to understand. So the purpose must be readily apparent. It must be carefully planned and prepared and it must be consistent with the similar figures in the same article. So every other figure, you know, in terms of the font you're using, in terms of the labeling, in terms of other conventions that you're using, they should be consistent across the same article. This is about the index citation. I'll talk about those citations in greater detail. But here I'm just introducing if there is just one author, then the citation is, you know, we last write the last name of the author and the year in which it was published. When there are two authors, we just write, you know, the name of the two authors. If there are three or more authors, we write the name of the first author and then we write it all. Then a full stop comma and then the year. If there is a group author, for example, then in the first instance, I will put on the full name with the abbreviation. Later on I'll use the abbreviations. So I'll come back to these citations in bigger detail in a moment's time because, you know, citations are of two kinds. The in-text citation. When you are writing a text and you are citing somebody's work. Because, you know, that is the job. That is why, you know, we have all these style sheets and all. The first thing is to cite the author of different kinds of work. I will talk, you know, in details about, you know, from journal articles to web sites. I'll talk about different kinds of articles and how we do it. I'll show it on a Microsoft Word thing as well. So it could be parenthetical citation. You know, they are, for example, at the end, you have, you've cited, you know, for example, who's coverage can distort the public's perception of consistency on an issue. The citation is, you know, goes like this, the name of the author comma the year. So this is the parenthetical citation. If other text appears within the parenthetical citation, then we have to use a comma after the year. So, for example, we'll see C-pundit 2020 for more detail. So this is what a citation appears. It is inside the text and that's important because, you know, it doesn't stop people from, you know, reading further. Because earlier, and there are many other ways of, you know, citing and, you know, there were things where people would write those numbers. And for that, you know, people would have to go back and see again and so on and so forth. So that is why this particular citation is a very good way of not restricting the flow of the reader. The other citation is the narrative citation. So here the author appears in running text and the date appears in parenthesis. So it is in a running text. The other, the earlier one was, you know, you were citing the author at the end of the sentence. But, you know, it has to be before the full stop. It's not like full stop and then this. It's inside the full stop. And the parenthesis is for the author. It's not only for the year. When it is a part of the narrative, when it is a part of the text itself. Say, for example, the same thing written like that, 2020 noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage. So this means you're citing it as part of a narration. You are not putting it at the end, but you are citing it as part of the narration. In cases where author and date both appear in the narrative in 2020. So, you know, the narrative is about the year itself in 2020 when you noted the dangers of whatever. Don't give stress to the name. It's just a fictitious name. So in 2020 he noted the dangers of falsely. So these are two different kinds of citations. And I will give you very many examples of these kinds of citations. These are in text citation. While you're writing, you are citing your sources. Because you have to keep on citing the sources as you write down. Another important element for the APS style is to reduce bias in terms of, and there are, you know, lots and lots of recommendations about, you know, how you should talk about, you know, older people, how you should talk about adolescence, how you should talk about, you know, so that, you know, there is no bias in your language in terms of gender, in terms of disability, in terms of stereotype as well, in terms of socioeconomic status as well. So not, you know, avoiding all kinds of bias when you're referring to people of this kind. Even for, you know, the racial and ethnic identity, you should be aware of not making it bias. And especially about stereotypes. You shouldn't be, you know, promoting stereotypes. There's another thing which is very interesting is about the concept of intersectionality. Because there are people who have, you know, multiple, they identify themselves in multiple ways. It could be your religious identity, it could be your regional identity, it could be linguistic identity, it could be a professional identity. So you should understand, you know, whenever there is that question of intersectionality, that has to be put out like that. And again, go back to the figures that I was talking about earlier. So now we are talking in greater details. So make sure that the labels are next to the elements themselves. We've spoken about the sans serif fonts. Very important that the figures should be understood on their own. You don't have to read the text to understand that. It should, you know, it should be self-sufficient. So that is what good figures are. And avoid decorative flashes. You're not supposed to use all those, you know, decorative frames or, you know, trying to make it appear more ostentatious. So it's about information. It's about putting it, you know, in a uniform and consistent manner. Where do you place the tables and figures? And earlier also I said, you know, there are two ways of doing it. So the first option is to place all tables and figures on separate pages after the reference list. So you do that after the reference list, you know, after the references. So it is not inside the text. Inside the text you will say that place table 1 here. And then, you know, table 1 is not there inside the text, but it is there outside. It is there after the reference table. So that, you know, somebody is reading that is not distracted by figures. The second option is to use the table and figure within the text after its first call out. First call out means the first reference to the table or a figure. So different journals, you know, they ask you to do these things separately. Some of them ask you to put the table and a figure on a separate page after the reference list. Others, they would ask you to embed each table and figure within the text. So it depends on what are the specifications of the journal. So you have to follow that. If you see this table, this is one kind of a table that we are showing you. This is a mean. This is the mean. This is the standard deviation. This is the range. This is the convex alpha. If you see carefully, you know, there are all these important elements there. First of all, the APS style sheet does not have tables with these vertical lines. So there are no grid lines, only one line, you know, at the top about the column and one at the end. It has, you know, the name, the description and the column, and then there is a note at the end. So this is one example of a table. I'll just explain it in greater details in the next slide. So this is what an APSL table looks like. So the first important thing to understand is there are no grid lines. So if you are using it from an Excel or from another thing, other application, you have to remove the grid lines. So there are no even horizontal grid lines inside the table. And of course, there are no vertical grid lines anywhere. There are no vertical grid lines. I'll just zoom it and, you know, show it to you. First of all, the table number, because that is how you're identifying, according to table number one or according to whatever. So you're identifying that. Then you're having the table title. Very important because that title gives people an idea about what they are reading. Stub heating, heading is the, you know, that describes the leftmost column. This is the, they are describing as a stub heading. The column spanner, because, you know, this is about, you know, this is kind of a deck headline, as you can see. Headline so that, you know, you are avoiding repetitions. You're not writing boys, boys, you're not writing girls, girls. This is, this is without, this is about girls and this is about boys. So that is why we are talking them as a column spanner. So as you can understand, you're trying to make it as readable as possible, trying to make it as minimal as possible. Then the column headings, which are necessary. These things are known as cell. We are not going to talk about that. Of course, you know about that. This is the table body, you know. It is a heading that covers, we have table spanners too, it covers the entire width of the table body. It allows for future division. So this is again, you know, this is about wave one, wave two, so on and so forth. Plus we have the table notes at the end to explain about the table itself. So these are the elements of, you know, the table. So this is a very complex kind of a table. All your tables will not be that complex, but I took this complex example just to demonstrate that this is how tables are constructed according to APA style. The reference is supposed to have these four important elements. We have spoken about citations. We have spoken about tables and figures. Now we're going to talk about one of the most important things, which is about the reference. Because every work that you use has to be cited. It has to, you know, have a reference. And the reference should have these poor information necessarily. It should have the author. It should have the date. It could be here. I mean just writing about date. If it's a website, it can be a particular day or month. But generally, you know, it talks about here if you're talking about a book. The title and the source. Where do you get that? So these are the four important elements of reference. This is how you reference a journal article. So if you just see that we're having the author. This is the name of the author. Always the surname first comma the initials, not the full name. So APA style will have always like that. The surname comma initials and, you know, again surname comma initial. Then the year. As I said, you know, this is about journal articles. So there is only year. But they're describing as date because, you know, if it's a social media source or if it's a website, there will be particular dates. The title of the article that you're citing and where do you get it? You get it in a journal called Development Psychology 54.9 in the 54th edition, the ninth volume, or the 54th volume, the ninth unit. These are the pages. And every journal article, you know, as far as possible, they should have this digital object identifier DOI. So all journal articles, they should have this so that, you know, anybody who wants to read more about it, they can just search it through this DOI. So in the next few slides, I'm going to talk about, you know, all different kinds of references. And then I will show you on Microsoft Word on how to, you know, create these references. So if it is a journal article, as I said, the name first, followed by the year, then the title, the language learning as a language user, et cetera, et cetera, then the source with the object identifier, the parenthetical citation. I'm sure you remember that, you know, if you want to cite, you know, at the end of your sentence, that this is what I'm referring to in my text. Then it will be written like this. It will be those two surnames comma the year. If it is a part of a narrative, it is going, if it is going as part of the narrative, then you'll be saying that Macaulay and Christians in 2019 speak of language learning as this, this, this, et cetera. So that is how you cite a journal article. If it is an authored book with, which doesn't have a DOI, then it will be just the name of the author, followed by the year, then the title of the book and the publisher. Earlier, we also used to have the city of publication in seventh edition. They're not having the city of publication. But if you're using the city where it was published from, then there's no harm in that. Again, the parenthetical citation is about the name and then the year. And the narrative citation, the name comes and the year comes in parenthesis. Chapter in edited book with DOI. So these are all different sources that we are talking about. So say, for example, there are these many authors, Balraj comma KF, Murthy comma CR, Junaid comma KP, and Saha comma whatever. So this is about the article name. This is the article or this is the chapter and this is the book. What is the book? Culturally Responsible, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Practice and Supervision. Second edition. And where do the chapters appear? They appear on page numbers to eight, seven, two, three, one, four. How to get this? Because, you know, this will be very difficult for us to remember so many things as we carry on. So what I'll do is I'll show you, demonstrate it to you on Microsoft Word, how to add this to your database or how to cite it when you want to cite it inside the text. Then you know where you get it from. This is the publisher, which is American Psychological Association plus the DOI. There are books which have DOI. There are books which don't have DOI. And as I told you, when there are more than two authors, if you see the earlier thing, when there were two authors, we wrote both their names inside the text when we were talking about the citation. But when there are more than two authors, here we have one, two, three, four authors, we'll just write the name of the first author at all. So the first author is getting prominence here. So Balsam et al. 2019, this will be a narrative citation. This will be a parenthetical citation. This again is, you know, if you're talking about reports. So there are, you know, many, many kinds of sources that you can cite. I'm just demonstrating the most important ones. If you have to go through those sites, you will see that there are many other examples. So this is about an annual report from the United States Securities and Exchanges Commission. This is the final report. This is how you cite inside and this is how you cite on a narrative. Paper presentation. Somebody has presented a paper at a conference and you are quoting from that or you are citing that particular paper. So this would be about, you know, this is how you do it. The name of the author always comes first. Then if you see this, you know, here you're having the year comma, the dates of the conference, March 32, April 2. If mama ain't happy, nobody's happy. The effect of parental depression on mood, dysregulation in children. Then in third bracket, you have paper presentation. Where was it presented? It was presented in Southeastern Psychological Association. 60-second annual meeting New Orleans, LA, United States. So this is how we cite about paper. So it need not always your published work. It could be about a paper which was presented in some conference. And this is how they are cited inside the text. If it is an unpublished PhD work or some other dissertation, so this is how it goes. You write the name of the author followed by the title. And then you describe it as an unpublished doctoral dissertation and the name of the university. And the citation would always be in the name of the author. If it is a book review in a newspaper, again, you know, the name. And here you can see that the date is exact date. So it's January 11, the year followed by the month and then the day. This is how you write the date. Then the title, Reframing Refugee Children's Stories, review of... Then we are suggesting that, okay, what is that? That's a review of this particular book. It was in New York Times. We are also putting down a source there. So if somebody wants to have a look there, they'll just have to click this and they can do that. And this is how we cite it, you know, at the end. And this is how we cite it as part of the narrative. It could be a data set as well. For example, if it is from a Pew Research Center, then, you know, we are just writing the corporate name followed by the year, then, you know, what that data set is about and where do you get that data set. In citations, we'll just cite the name of the center. If there are mobile apps, you know, this is a mobile app apocytist. So we write about that. And where do you get it? We get an app store and we write down the hyperlink of that particular app store. And here we'll just be talking about that particular app. So this is an app they're talking about. We'll mean another language. And there, you know, we credit the director. If the director is not known, then we must create somebody who's in a similar post. So the director is the author. And then the year, then the name of the film, if it is not in English, then you'll have to translate the name in the third bracket. So if it's a Bengali film, for example, you'll have to translate the name. Then you suggest, say that it's a film and then you write about the producer of the film. So this is how we cite films. It's always about the director. So it's not the name of the film, but the director who directed that particular film. It can be a Facebook post as well. So the name of the person who's posting the date and the year, the first year and then the date. Then, you know, what that post is, you know, whether, you know, they have a title to that post or the first line or whatever. It could be, you know, or even if it's a status update or whatever. And then, you know, you suggest if there's an image attached or whatever, and then the link to that particular post. If you are citing somebody's post in your writing with a webpage on a news website, it could be, you know, something like this, the name, the name of the webpage and the website where you got it from. You cite it like these things. They might appear very difficult, but I'll just show you on Microsoft Word. This can be done very, very easily. So I'll stop the presentation here. And within the next five minutes, I'll try and I'll try and demonstrate this on a Microsoft Word for you how to add citations, how to add, you know, those references and how to get it in APA style. So I'll just try and share. Can you see the Word file on your screen or what is the Word file visible on the screen? Yes, sir. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Very good. No, sir. I'm not being able to see the screen. You can't see the webpage? Yes, sir. Right now I can. Now I can. Okay. Okay. Very good. So what we do, I'll just, you know, try and zoom some parts of it to make it clearer to you. So if you can see, you know, the menu here, there is something known as references. Can you see these references here? Is this part visible? Yes, sir. Very good. Very good. So if you see the references here, this is where we have to go. And there is this particular screen where you have managed sources. If you click on to this drop down, it says APA style. There are many other styles. There's Chicago. There is, you know, a host of other sites that we don't want to show you everything. We will just click on to the latest edition. I have the Word 2019 version. So I have the APA 6th edition. How do you go about it? You have to click on to manage sources and you have to keep on adding, you know, whatever information. So I'll just show you one or two and then, you know, we will talk about that. So say, for example, this thing is already there. I have, you know, already written about, say, for example, yeah. So this is a book. This is by, these are the things that I have to, you know, keep on adding there. If I write show all bibliographical fields, there will be many other fields there. So first of all, you know, as soon as I click on manage sources, you know, that these things will appear. I can use a book. I can use a book section. I can talk about a journal article. It could be an article in a periodical. It could be conference proceedings. It could be report. It could be website. It could be document from a website. It could be electronic source. It could be art. It could be sound recording, performance, film, interview, patent, case, miscellaneous. If you can see, you know, there are a whole lot of things that I can use on Microsoft Word to add here. So if it is a book, then I have to write about the author, then the title, the year. If it is, if the city is known, I write the city. And, you know, if, if, if other information is available, I can write about that. Otherwise, you know, this is how it goes. I will just press. Okay. And this is now added onto my database. And I can use it to, if I press on to insert citation, I'll first have to save this. So let me zoom it again. So just, you know, create an author. Let's call him, whatever. Virat Kohli, for example. Suppose he's written a book called how not to lose a test match ever. It should be a book. It shouldn't be a book section. Let's use a book. And he wrote it. This year, 2020. And say the publisher is BCCI. And the city is from Delhi. See, this is now the citation. If you, if you can see this, it is, it has been added to my placeholder. It is now present there. If I add references that I've just added a citation, you know, either the text citation or the, sorry, the parenthetical citation or the narrative citation. If I want to insert a reference thing there, I will just click here and this is what I get. So I don't have to do anything. I just add information to my word file. And, you know, it will immediately translate it to the APS style and then it will, you know, put it on the name of the, the surname of the author first, then the name, then the year, then the title, and then, you know, I didn't, if I didn't write the city, then it would just be, you know, the source where it was available from. So this is one very easy way of using the Microsoft word. Let me just demonstrate it once again for you. So I'll just zoom it again so that you can see it clearly. Go to Manus sources. Click on to Manus sources. Click on to new. Say for example, I'm talking about an article in a periodical. It could be a newspaper. Say the author is some journalist. Okay. Whatever. For example, Biden on road to victory. The periodical title, say for example, is a New York Times. Here is 2020. What is the month? November is telling us how to write it because, you know, when we are putting to the database, we have to follow their instructions because if I'm right now using APS style, I have to convert it into some other style. I don't have to work again. It is there in the database. It will, you know, change by itself. The date today is six and say it was on front page. Again, you know, I'm writing some text and I want to cite, you know, Shubhudev Gosha's article. What I'll do, I'll just go to insert citation. I don't know whether you can see this insert citation or not. But, you know, I'll just let me zoom it. There is a thing called insert citation here. The moment I insert citation, it will tell me which are the ones you want to insert. So I'll just insert this. It will just use that particular format that we have just seen in a while ago. So we evaluate these folders, we can use it whenever. And the works cited, I just have to update. You know, they have updated all the three we have added there. So this is about, you know, just see this closely, the name of the author, the date including the, you know, month and the day, the title and the source where you get it from and which page it is. So you can add as many placeholders as you want to, you know, just have to know many sources. It will be there in that particular word file that you're using. You just keep on adding new and you keep on adding the sources. You keep on, you know, it could be, I used an article in a periodical, it could be any of these things. So you just keep on adding that and, you know, as you're typing, you don't have to do anything. You just insert citation and at the end you get the reference on your own. So if you're using Microsoft Word, you don't have to bother about all that. You know, it takes care of all the style requirements all by itself. So if we know the other parts, you know, this style sheet thing becomes a lot more easier. So I'll end my presentation here. I guess, you know, you've been able to understand the basics of APS style and how to use it through Microsoft Word.