 ಸುಜುರಗತೊಲಿನು ಿದ೉ಎು ಆದ್ದಲಿನು ಲಿಉಲೋಲು ಕಿಸಿಲವಾಬಲ್ರಂಟವತು ಜಾವಾರಟವಿಯಾಗಳಾದು ವೀಕಹಿತೆದವದು ಕ್ತರಂ ಮಿಬಿ ಜಾರತ್ತರಿತು ಪಾ ಹುತ ತರೆಸಿಫುತಕರಿದಾಮಾ  BRIGD గ Naruhodou మాతిటక విదిన న వితిన ఇందిలిన నినందియికాత88 పనికిదంతిని పనికివితిక౿న౤ిని మూదిమిక౿క మనితికిక మన౿నిక ందికినిక కికిక. if భekkür భConnell బుఽాతమౚౕ, తుమౚౚౚ బూ ఇడ్ో సీంనీ సీంఝస్ మ౦స్పస్ బూళ౻ౚితుస్ సీహ్కకదచీ ఆఋంనకం మాస్ți న� ruleriantizma � Mengen మిళొ నుilles పిదు�有點 పెనింనియో that is moral principles. Now let us see about ethical theories. So already we knew that definition of ethical then what about theories? So theories means it can be identified as formal statements that explains a certain matter. Therefore we combine the ethical theories or nothing but formal statements that explains certain matter about what we should do. When we face with ethical dilemma or you can say ethical situation in ethics to examine what problems have arisen with the theories in the past and work towards a better understanding of morality as a whole. But the reason we still search for a consistent theory of morality is because we cannot ignore the raw feeling that some things are right and some things are wrong. So in short, ethical theory is the systematic effort to understand the moral concepts as well as justify moral principles and theories. Some ethical dilemmas or moral problems such as the question about the morality of abortion pre-marital sex, capital punishment, euthanasia means assisted suicide and animal rights and etc. So in these situations people have taken the systematic effort to understand the moral concepts and justify moral principles and theories. It provides part of the decision making foundation because these theories represent the viewpoints from which individuals seek guidance as they make decisions. We will see the types of ethical theories. So there are the three types of ethical theories. First one normative ethical theories. Second descriptive ethical theories and third one contemporary ethical theories. So first type of ethical theories is normative ethical theory. So here norms are nothing but sentences with practical that is action oriented import. It is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when we think about the question how ought one act morally speaking means how should we behave with others morally. So ethical theories are the rules, principles with the help of them we have to determine right and wrong for a given situation means it examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions. So for any act there are three things that might be thought to be morally interesting. So first one that is agent. Agent means the person performing the act then second act itself and the third one is consequences of the act. So consequences of the act means result or importance of the act. So now we will see the types of normative ethical theories. First type is virtue ethics. So virtue ethics is nothing but it concentrates on the moral character of the agent. So according to virtue theory we should too possess certain character traits, courage, kindly, honourable, compassion etc. and this should be shown or revealed in our actions. So this focuses on character of the human beings that is nothing but virtue ethics. Then second type is deontological ethics. So deontological ethics means it concentrates on the act being performed. So according to deontological theories certain types of the act are intrinsically good or bad that is good or bad in themselves and third type is consequentialist. So consequentialist means it holds that we ought always to act in the way that brings about the best consequences. Means people feel very strongly about moral judgments that brings best in all situations. So here it does not matter what those acts are the agent justifies the means all that matters for ethics is making the world a better place. So these are the types of normative ethical theories. Now we will see second type of ethical theories so it is a form of empirical research into the attitudes of individuals or groups of people. Because descriptive ethics involves empirical investigation. It is a field that is usually investigated by those working in the fields of evolutionary biology, psychology sociology or anthropology. So it's aim is what to uncover people's beliefs about such things as values which actions are right and wrong or situations you have to reveal in front of people and these characteristics of moral agents are good. It also investigates people's ethical ideals also. So value theory can be either normative or descriptive but it's usually descriptive. We will see the difference between the normative ethical theories and descriptive ethical theories in short. So normative ethical means it claims or claims about what is right or what is wrong and descriptive ethical claims are nothing but the claims about what people believe to be right or wrong. Means in both situations we have to decide whether right or wrong and in normative ethics this is depending on the claims what is right or wrong. In descriptive ethical theories here we have to decide from the people's believe means whether this is right or wrong. Now we will see example of both. So example of normative is infanticide is wrong. So here it depends on the claims about what is wrong and example of descriptive is Americans believe that infanticide is wrong. So here it depends on claims about people believes to be wrong. So here this is the difference between the normative and the descriptive. Now we will see the third type of ethical theories is contemporary. So contemporary ethical theories and approaches are not mainly in the western world from early 20th century. These new approaches to ethical thinking and it has changes in how people think about the societies and their relations with cultural achievements such as the philosophical thinking. So it has many links with other disciplines in philosophy itself We will see types of the contemporary ethical theory that is nothing but in short about each ethics. So first is ethical relativism So ethical relativism is nothing but its opinion is that ethics is what a particular society happens to believe what is right and what is wrong. So it is related to society Second is postmodern ethics So it is an approach that locates morality beyond the sphere of rationality in an emotional moral impulse towards others. Then third one is analytical ethics So here it concentrates on meta-ethics It seeks to understand ethical judgments and the character of moral reasoning and search the solution for the problems Then last one is nothing but it includes the other ethical theories So these are the types of contemporary ethical theories These are the references of this video lecture Thank you