 When we talk about the behaviorism, then we always have some idea about the behaviorism that we are talking about the behavior of humans or behavior of animals. And behaviorism basically, it always define learning in the, in context with the stimulus and response. And stimulus not only can be the human, but stimulus can be an object, stimulus can be an event, stimulus can be anything in the environment that will stimulate you to take action. So the concept of stimulus is like that, that it can be any motivational force, it can be any pushing force to motivate you to do anything, any action and to complete any task. So these are the basic concepts of behaviorism. And from the behavioral school of thought, we will discuss today the Skinner's theory and Skinner's thoughts, what Skinner is saying about. Skinner has presented the theory operant conditioning. And he actually in the opinion that he is actually not aggressively talking about the stimulus, but he is talking about the reinforcement of the actions, reinforcement of response. He is talking about the response that when we will strengthen the response, then the person will learn more and person will give more feedback positive. So in that, he gave the concept of operant conditioning, he said, it is not necessary that the first school of thought, like Pavelov, he said that stimulus and response will be stimulated, then we will give the response, action and reaction that he has said. Skinner is saying that when any student or child works, and we get positive feedback, then we try to work better with happiness and motivation next time. The theory of Skinner is that operant means actions that we take, if we strengthen it, anything can happen, if you make a female's dish at home and the response is very good, then they will again present you with a better recipe and they will be motivated. Similarly, if a student motivates and appreciates the work of the teacher, then next time they work better. This is basically what Skinner wants to say, if we have an average response, then we should not degrade it, we should strengthen it, this time it is an average score, but you can get the highest score in the next attempt. So these comments will motivate the child to do better than the next task. So here, he did an experiment with pigeon to explain the whole process, that a pigeon had to run and train it to reach its target. During that time, he had kept some cues in between, some had placed a green light on it. And as soon as the pigeon started to run, it reached somewhere in the middle of the beginning, so it was running with the help of hazard, with trial and error, sometimes here and sometimes there. But suddenly, by chance, a lever is pressed on its legs, some of which have cranes that the pigeon eats happily. Now, within the pigeon, obviously, there is a fuel and a motivation. It goes ahead with that motivation and then it crosses the target. Now, there is a green light that burns first, then a dump, then a pound lever is pressed on it, and then it gets cranes. So this whole process, when the pigeon reaches, it takes a lot of time in the first bar, but then next time, when it is experimented to train it again, the pigeon takes less time and its motivation, the grains that were getting it, it starts to do it happily and quickly. So here, what I want to say is that when we motivate someone, the changes that we want to bring into their behavior, through our positive feedback, through our positive reinforcement, the changes in their behavior come quickly. Instead of being authoritative and trying to bring changes into someone, obviously, it will become obedient in front of you. But the change in their behavior means that the work that you don't like or for the child is unwanted, so we need to positively motivate the unwanted work from the outside. So he said that we can shape anyone's behavior in this way. It is very important for imitation that the children learn by observing. Like a teacher's model, like a parent's model, the children observe and learn their behavior. So if we want to bring changes in their behavior, then the reinforcer, the teacher or the parent, they will have to bring changes in their behavior. If they bring changes in their behavior, then your child automatically observes you, by observing you, he will bring changes in the same way. Aggressive father always communicates his child with aggression. Children always listen and learn from lies and abuse in their home. So here, the word chaining, the pigeon experiment, he said that when we bring changes in someone's behavior, then it cannot come at once. We have to chain it. The skinner who got the grains of the pigeon, for that light and then the liver, he had put it on the steps in which he was accusing him that you are going in the right direction. So when we have to bring changes in someone's behavior, then we have to take it step by step. Today, the child has come into the class from time to time, so you should appreciate him. And next time he will meet your deadline, then you should appreciate him. If you say immediately that there will be changes in his behavior, then it cannot come. We always have to bring changes in the behavior of the child, or if he has a negative attitude, then we should work step by step for his withdrawal.