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SagansCosmos
LHC News: First heavy ions in the Large Hadron Collider
(1 year ago)

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CERN News: First heavy ions in the LHC.
The LHC runs led ions for the first time, reaching unprecedented ...
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FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/ScienceReason
CERN News: First heavy ions in the LHC.
The LHC runs led ions for the first time, reaching unprecedented collision energy. Interviews with Jürgen Schukraft (ALICE spokesperson), Bolek Wyslouch (CMS run coordinator), Peter Steinberg (ATLAS Brookhaven National Laboratory), William Brooks (ATLAS Brookhaven National Laboratory).
--- Please subscribe to Science & Reason: • http://www.youtube.com/Best0fScience • http://www.youtube.com/ScienceTV • http://www.youtube.com/FFreeThinker ---
First heavy-ion collisions in CMS
The CMS experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has recorded its first Lead-Lead collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair, marking the start of its heavy ion research programme. Physicists around the world expect a wealth of new results and phenomena from these collisions, which occur at energies 14 times higher than previously achieved by the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC, Brookhaven, USA).
At 11:20:56, on 8th November the LHC Control Centre declared stable colliding beams of heavy ions. CMS immediately detected the first collisions, each producing thousands of particles whose trajectories are reconstructed in the CMS silicon detectors and whose energies are measured in the calorimeters. Moments later, the data were analysed and the first images of these events were produced.
• http://cms.web.cern.ch/cms/News/2010/...
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CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world's largest and most respected centres for scientific research. Its business is fundamental physics, finding out what the Universe is made of and how it works. At CERN, the world's largest and most complex scientific instruments are used to study the basic constituents of matter — the fundamental particles. By studying what happens when these particles collide, physicists learn about the laws of Nature.
The instruments used at CERN are particle accelerators and detectors. Accelerators boost beams of particles to high energies before they are made to collide with each other or with stationary targets. Detectors observe and record the results of these collisions.
Founded in 1954, the CERN Laboratory sits astride the Franco--Swiss border near Geneva. It was one of Europe's first joint ventures and now has 20 Member States.
CERN's mission:
• Research: Seeking and finding answers to questions about the Universe • Technology: Advancing the frontiers of technology • Collaborating: Bringing nations together through science • Education: Training the scientists of tomorrow .
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SagansCosmos
While astronomers have identified over 500 planets around other stars, they're all too small and distant to fill even a single pixel in our most powerful telescopes. That's why science must rely on art to help us imagine these strange new worlds.
(1 year ago)

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NASA/JPL-Caltech: Gallery Explorer - The Art of Exoplanets (Hidden Universe 34)
Wh...
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Science & Reason on Facebook: http://tinyurl.com/ScienceReason
NASA/JPL-Caltech: Gallery Explorer - The Art of Exoplanets (Hidden Universe 34)
While astronomers have identified over 500 planets around other stars, they're all too small and distant to fill even a single pixel in our most powerful telescopes. That's why science must rely on art to help us imagine these strange new worlds.
--- Please subscribe to Science & Reason: • http://www.youtube.com/Best0fScience • http://www.youtube.com/ScienceTV • http://www.youtube.com/ScienceMagazine • http://www.youtube.com/FFreeThinker ---
Even without pictures of these exoplanets, astronomers have learned many things that can be illustrated in artwork. For instance, measurements of the temperatures of many "Hot Jupiters," massive worlds orbiting very close to their stars, hint that their atmospheres may be as dark as soot, glowing only from their own heat.
While "Hot Jupiters" would be relatively dark in visible light, compared to their stars, their brightness is proportionally much greater in the infrared. Illustrating this dramatic contrast change helps explain why the infrared eye of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope plays a key role in studying exoplanets.
As our understanding evolves, so must the artwork. Astronomers found a blazing hot spot on the exoplanet Upsilon Andromedae b that at first, appeared to face towards its star. More data has revealed that the hottest area is actually strangely rotated almost 90 degrees away, near the day/night terminator.
WASP 12b is as hot as the filament in a light bulb, and would be blazing bright to our eyes. Most interestingly, if it proves to have a strongly elliptical orbit, as first thought, calculations show it would be shedding some of its outer atmosphere into a gassy disk around its star.
Computer simulations of HD 80606 b, constrained by global infrared measurements, are helping astronomers to better understand the details of how its atmosphere circulates. These computations can feed back into the artwork helping us produce more plausible illustrations.
The closest known exoplanet is 10 light years away in the Epsilon Eridani system. Excess infrared light found here by Spitzer has led astronomers to conclude it also has two asteroid belts, hinting at the possibility of other small, rocky worlds.
Perhaps the strangest known planetary system orbits the pulsar PSR B1257+12, the neutron star remnant of a supernova. Astronomers have detected three planets that either survived the explosion, or formed afterwards in this region filled with spinning magnetic fields and hostile radiation.
Until the day we can explore other star systems as thoroughly as our own, exoplanet art inspired by the real science will help fill in the gaps in our imagination.
• http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/ .
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SagansCosmos
Evolution - The first four billion years
(1 year ago)
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SagansCosmos
Tool-making and meat-eating began 3.5 million years ago. Small-brained human ancestors used stone tools to whack into large mammals some 800,000 years earlier than previously thought.
(1 year ago)

Science & Reason on Facebook: http://tinyurl.com/ScienceReason
California Academy of Sciences: Human Evolution -- Tool use by early humans start...
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Science & Reason on Facebook: http://tinyurl.com/ScienceReason
California Academy of Sciences: Human Evolution -- Tool use by early humans started much earlier. The Academy's Zeray Alemseged reveals his latest discovery: human stone tool use dating back to 3.4 million years ago. Small-brained human ancestors used stone tools to whack into large mammals some 800,000 years earlier than previously thought.
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- The earliest known evidence for stone tool use and meat eating among early humans is found. - The evidence -- butchered, fossilized bones -- dates to roughly 3.4 million years ago. - It's believed the ancestor Australopithecus afarensis (to which "Lucy" belongs) used the tools.
• http://news.discovery.com/archaeology...
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BBC News: Tool-making and meat-eating began 3.5 million years ago
Researchers have found evidence that hominins - early human ancestors - used stone tools to cleave meat from animal bones more than 3.2 million years ago. That pushes back the earliest known tool use and meat-eating in such hominins by more than 800,000 years.
Bones found in Ethiopia show cuts from stone and indications that the bones were forcibly broken to remove marrow. The research, in the journal Nature, challenges several notions about our ancestors' behaviour.
Previously the oldest-known use of stone tools came from the nearby Gona region of Ethiopia, dating back to about 2.5 million years ago. That suggests that it was our more direct ancestors, members of our own genus Homo, that were the first to use tools.
But the marked bones were found in the Dikika region, with their age determined by dating the nearby volcanic rock -- to between 3.2 million and 3.4 million years ago.
A battery of tests showed that the cuts, scrapes and scratches were made before the bones fossilised, and detailed analysis even showed that there were bits of stone lodged in one of the cuts.
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-env...
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Calacademy's 'Science in Action' strives to make science accessible for everyone and discuss its relevance in our everyday lives. We bring you science news through media screens and live chats on the museum floor, the Science Today website, podcasts, and monthly Nightlife programming. We gather and disseminate content through our partners, local programs, other media and Academy staff.
• http://www.calacademy.org/sciencetoday/ .
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CG
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