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Biology
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1
That's Why Carbon Is A Tramp: Crash Course Biology #1
by crashcourse 796,328 views
And thus begins the most revolutionary biology course in history. Come and learn about covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. What about electron orbitals, the octet rule, and what does it all have to do with a mad man named Gilbert Lewis? It's all contained within.
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Chapter Timecode:
1. Re-watch the whole video = 00:00
2. Carbon is a Tramp = 01:51
3. Electron Shells = 04:23
4. The Octet Rule = 06:52
5. Gilbert Lewis = 05:09
6. Covalent Bonds = 04:41
7. Polar & Non-Polar Covalent Bonds = 07:58
8. Ionic Bonds = 08:29
9. Hydrogen Bonds = 10:11
biology, crashcourse, gilbert lewis, carbon, hydrogen, electron, proton, covalent bonds, ion, octet rule, covalent bonds, polar, non-polar, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, hank green, john green, vlogbrothers, nobel -
2
Water - Liquid Awesome: Crash Course Biology #2
by crashcourse 378,480 views
Hank teaches us why water is one of the most fascinating and important substances in the universe.
Follow SciShow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
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Review:
Re-watch = 00:00
Introduction = 00:42
Molecular structure & hydrogen bonds = 01:38
Cohesion & surface tension = 02:46
Adhesion = 03:31
Hydrophilic substances = 04:42
Hydrophobic substances = 05:14
Henry Cavendish = 05:49
Ice Density = 07:45
Heat Capacity = 09:10
Citations:
http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/youthdevelopment/components/0328-02.html
http://www.uni.edu/~iowawet/H2OProperties.html
http://www.hometrainingtools.com/properties-water-science-teaching-tip/a/1274/
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o7.htm
http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/chemistry/biography/cavendish.htm
http://chemistry.mtu.edu/~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/HenryCavendish.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/030/000083778/
http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ca-Ch/Cavendish-Henry.html
TAGS: water, hydrogen, oxygen, molecule, covalent bond, cohesion, adhesion, polarity, hydrogen bond, surface tension, capillary action, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, ionic bond, ion, universal solvent, henry cavendish, chemistry, specific gravity, density, heat capacity, evaporation, biology, crashcourse, crash course, hank green -
3
Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course Biology #3
by crashcourse 332,534 views
Hank talks about the molecules that make up every living thing - carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - and how we find them in our environment and in the food that we eat.
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Resources for this episode in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-citations2
TAGS: biological molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, food, biolography, william prout, urea, energy, monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, disaccharides, sucrose, polysaccharides, simple sugars, cellulose, starch, glycogen, glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid, cholesterol, enzymes, antibodies, hormones, amino acids, nitrogen, polypeptides, protein synthesis, biology, molecule, crashcourse, hank green -
4
Eukaryopolis - The City of Animal Cells: Crash Course Biology #4
by crashcourse 286,457 views
Hank tells us about the city of Eukaryopolis - the animal cell that is responsible for all the cool things that happen in our bodies.
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More info. on the structures described in this video linked to in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-1TR_
Table of Contents time codes
1) Robert Hooke 1:59
2) Cilia/Flagella 2:52
3) Cell Membrane 3:32
4) Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton/Centrosomes 3:58
5) Endoplasmic Reticulum 4:41
6) Ribosomes 5:45
7) Golgi Apparatus 6:00
8) Lysosomes 6:47
9) Nucleus 7:06
10) Mitochondria 9:14
TAGS: crashcourse, biology, animal cells, cell membrane, eukaryote, eukaryotic, organelle, organ, tissue, muscle, nerve, animalia, robert hooke, cilia, flagella, microtubules, cytoplasm, ctyoskeleton, centrosome, nucleus, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, amino acid, polypeptide, golgi apparatus, golgi, lysosomes, DNA, chromatin, rRNA, mRNA, mitochondria -
5
In Da Club - Membranes & Transport: Crash Course Biology #5
by crashcourse 235,237 views
Hank describes how cells regulate their contents and communicate with one another via mechanisms within the cell membrane.
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"Concert" music used with permission from Chameleon Circuit.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org: a list of these sounds can be found in the Google document here, along with the citations for this video: http://dft.ba/-1ZRl
Table of Contents time codes:
1) Passive Transport - 1:17
2) Diffusion - 1:25
3) Osmosis - 2:12
4) Channel Proteins- 4:37
5) Active Transport - 4:58
6) ATP - 5:37
7) Transport Proteins - 6:19
8) Biolography - 6:37
9) Vesicular Transport - 9:02
10) Exocytosis - 9:21
11) Endocytosis - 9:50
12) Phagocytosis - 9:57
13) Pinocytosis - 10:29
14) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - 10:48
TAGS: crashcourse, hank green, biology, chemistry, cell, cell membrane, selective permeability, selectively permeable, active transport, passive transport, solution, concentration, concentration gradient, atp, adenosine tri-phosphate, jens christian skou, vesicular transport, phagocytosis, endocytosis -
6
Plant Cells: Crash Course Biology #6
by crashcourse 187,012 views
Hank describes why plants are so freaking amazing - discussing their evolution, and how their cells are both similar to & different from animal cells.
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This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this video, in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-22aJ
Table of Contents annotations:
1. Re-watch the whole video 0:00
2. Introduction 0:00
3. Plant Evolution 0:56
4. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells 2:33
5. Cellulose and Lignin 3:58
6. Plastids and Chloroplasts 7:05
7. Central Vacuole 8:10
TAGS: crashcourse, biology, hank green, plants, plantae, chemistry, energy, learn, course, lycophyte, scale tree, carboniferous, angiosperm, eukaryotic, nucleus, prokaryotic, membrane, cytoplasm, organelle, cellulose, lignin, energy, photosynthesis, plastid, chloroplast, central vacuole, turgor pressure -
7
ATP & Respiration: Crash Course Biology #7
by crashcourse 304,474 views
In which Hank does some push ups for science and describes the "economy" of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP.
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Special thanks go to Stafford Fitness (www.staffordfitness.net) for allowing us to shoot the gym scenes in their facilities.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this episode, in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-25Ad
Table of Contents:
1) Cellular Respiration 01:00
2) Adenosine Triphosphate 01:29
3) Glycolysis 4:13
A) Pyruvate Molecules 5:00
B) Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation 5:33
C) Aerobic Respiration 6:45
4) Krebs Cycle 7:06
A) Acetyl COA 7:38
B) Oxaloacetic Acid 8:21
C) Biolography: Hans Krebs 8:37
D) NAD/FAD 9:48
5) Electron Transport Chain 10:55
6) Check the Math 12:33
TAGS: crashcourse, biology, science, chemistry, energy, atp, adenosine triphosphate, cellular respiration, glucose, adp, hydrolysis, glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, fermentation, lactic acid, enzyme, hans krebs, citric acid, ATP synthase -
8
Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8
by crashcourse 268,954 views
Hank explains the extremely complex series of reactions whereby plants feed themselves on sunlight, carbon dioxide and water, and also create some by products we're pretty fond of as well.
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This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this episode, in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-29ai
Table of Contents:
1) Water 1:16
2) Carbon Dioxide 1:32
3) Sunlight/Photons 1:43
4) Chloroplasts 1:57
5) Light Reaction/Light-Dependent 2:42
a. Photosystem II 3:33
b. Cytochrome Complex 5:54
c. ATP Synthase 6:16
d. Photosystem I 7:06
6) Dark Reactions/Light-Independent 7:55
a. Phase 1 - Carbon Fixation 8:50
b. Phase 2 - Reduction 11:31
c. Phase 3 - Regeneration 12:02
tags: photosynthesis, biology, science, crashcourse, plants, light, calvin cycle, respiration, water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, xylem, time lapse, stomata, chlorophyll, photon, plastid, chloroplast, oxygen, thylakoid, grana, lumen, stroma, chemistry, fusion, photoexcitation, photosystem II, electron transport chain, protein, cytochrome complex, carbon fixation, rubisco, phosphoglycolate, reduction, regeneration, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, G3P, glucose, cellulose, starch, life -
9
Heredity: Crash Course Biology #9
by crashcourse 187,729 views
Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.
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This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the REFERENCES for this episode, in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2dlR
tags: crashcourse, science, biology, evolution, genetics, heredity, aristotle, bloodlines, gregor mendel, mendelian genetics, mendelian trait, classical genetics, chromosome, gene, polygenic, pleiotropic, allele, ear wax gene, somatic, diploid, gametes, sperm, egg, haploid, polyploid, dominance, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype, punnett square, reginald c. punnett, sex-linked inheritance, autosome -
10
DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10
by crashcourse 280,812 views
Hank introduces us to that wondrous molecule deoxyribonucleic acid - also known as DNA - and explains how it replicates itself in our cells.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2hCl
1:41 link to Biological Molecules http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0
Table of Contents:
1) Nucleic Acids 1:30
2) DNA
-A) Polymers 1:53
-B) Three Ingredients 2:12
-C) Base Pairs 3:45
-D) Base Sequences 4:13
3) Pop Quiz 5:07
4) RNA 5:36
-A) Three Differences from DNA 5:43
5) Biolography 6:16
6) Replication 8:49
-A) Helicase and Unzipping 9:22
-B) Leading Strand 9:38
-C) DNA Polymerase 10:08
-D) RNA Primase 10:24
-E) Lagging Strand 10:46
-F) Okazaki Fragments 11:07
-F) DNA Ligase 11:47
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, chromosome, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, RNA, polymer, nucleotide, double helix, nucleotide base, base pair, base sequence, friedrich miescher, rosalind franklin, replication, helicase, leading strand, lagging strand, rna primase, dna polymerase, okazaki fragment -
11
DNA, Hot Pockets, & The Longest Word Ever: Crash Course Biology #11
by crashcourse 223,492 views
Hank imagines himself breaking into the Hot Pockets factory to steal their secret recipes and instruction manuals in order to help us understand how the processes known as DNA transcription and translation allow our cells to build proteins.
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Table of Contents:
1) Transcription 2:12
A) Transcription Unit 3:00
B) Promoter 3:10
C) TATA Box 3:32
D) RNA Polymerase 4:12
E) mRNA 4:15
F) Termination signal 5:21
G) 5' Cap & Poly-A Tail 5:34
2) RNA Splicing 6:08
A) SNuRPs & Spliceosome 6:26
B) Exons & Introns 6:56
3) Translation 7:28
A) mRNA & tRNA 8:01
B) Triplet Codons & Anticodons 8:39
4) Folding & Protein Structure 10:51
A) Primary Structure 11:11
B) Secondary Structure 11:23
C) Tertiary Structure 11:58
D) Quaternary Structure 12:44
Links to episodes referenced in the video:
DNA structure episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
Animal cells episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY
Fold-it SciShow episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdBcpdH_ptA
REFERENCES for this video can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2mxX
This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"IMPresora.wav" by melack
"swishes.wav" by pogotron
tags: crashcourse, science, biology, DNA, titin, hot pocket, transcription, translation, gene, RNA, enzyme, transcription unit, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, TATA box, DNA strand, mRNA, messenger RNA, RNA polymerase, uracil, termination signal, RNA splicing, SNuRPs, spliceosome, exons, introns, ribosome, tRNA, transfer RNA, amino acid, nitrogenous base, codon, anticodon, polypeptide chain, folding, helix, pleated sheets, protein biosynthesis, gene expression -
12
Mitosis: Splitting Up is Complicated - Crash Course Biology #12
by crashcourse 202,426 views
Hank describes mitosis and cytokinesis - the series of processes our cells go through to divide into two identical copies.
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References for this video can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2rVV
Table of Contents
1. Mitosis 0:24
2. Interphase 3:27
a) Chromatin 3:37
b) Centrosomes 3:52
3) Prophase 4:14
a) Chromosomes 4:18
b) Chromatid 4:31
c) Microtubules 5:07
4) Metaphase 5:22
a) Motor Proteins 5:36
5) Biolography 6:13
6) Anaphase 9:00
7) Telophase 9:15
8) Cleavage 9:25
9) Cytokinesis 9:36
This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"Opening Scotch Whisky.mp3" by Percy Duke
crashcourse, biology, mitosis, cell biology, cell division, cell, replication, splitting, chromosome, diploid cells, nucleus, DNA, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, chromatin, chromatid, centrosome duplication, centromere, microtubules, motor protein, walter flemming, tomomi kiyomitsu, dynein, cleavage, cytokinesis, daughter cells, science, education, college, university, learn, teach, hank green -
13
Meiosis: Where the Sex Starts - Crash Course Biology #13
by crashcourse 189,589 views
Hank gets down to the nitty gritty about meiosis, the special type of cell division that is necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2wDm
Table of Contents
1) Homologous Chromosome Pairs 2:10
2) Primary Oocytes 3:30
3) Primary Spermatocytes 3:30
4) Meiosis 2:59
5) Interphase I 4:04
6) Prophase I 4:37
a) Crossover 5:05
b) Recombination 5:05
7) Metaphase I 7:53
8) Anaphase I 8:05
9) Telophase I 8:19
10) Prophase II 8:57
11) Metaphase II 9:23
12) Anaphase II 9:28
13) Telophase II 9:32
Want to see Hank play Assassin's Creed? Check out http://www.youtube.com/hankgames
Watch the AC: Brotherhood playlist here: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0B3CD662A033D273
Watch the AC: Revelations playlist here: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC5C810D94ADB2080
reproduction, sexual reproduction, sex cell, sperm, egg, meiosis, crashcourse, crash course, biology, cell replication, chromosome, gene, allele, homologous chromosome, haploid cells, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, oocyte, spermatocyte, centrosome, microtubule, crossover, homologous recombination, natural selection, cytokinesis, polar body, endosperm -
14
Natural Selection - Crash Course Biology #14
by crashcourse 174,345 views
Hank guides us through the process of natural selection, the key mechanism of evolution.
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Table of Contents:
1) Natural Selection 1:27
2) Adaptation 2:56
3) Fitness 3:36
4) Four Principals 3:54
a. Variations 4:01
b. Heritability 4:17
c. "The Struggle for Existence" 4:25
d. Survival and Reproductive Rates 5:00
5) Biolography 5:59
6) Modes of Selection 7:40
a. Directional Selection 8:17
b. Stabilizing Selection 8:56
c. Disruptive Selection 9:27
7) Sexual Selection 10:22
8) Artificial Selection 11:24
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2Ank
This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"20071104.forest.04.binaural.mp3" by dobroide
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland
crashcourse, science, biology, natural selection, genetics, peppered moth, inherited traits, population genetics, charles darwin, darwin, on the origin of species, evolution, adaptation, galapagos finches, fitness, variation, phenotype, heritable, malthus, survival rate, reproductive rate, crossbreeding, inbreeding, genotype, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, selective pressures, sexual selection, artificial selection, selective breeding -
15
Speciation: Of Ligers & Men - Crash Course Biology #15
by crashcourse 143,935 views
Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2DnD
Table of Contents
1) Species 0:30
2) Hybrids 1:52
3) Reproductive Isolation 2:48
a) Post-Zygotic 3:31
b) Pre-Zygotic 3:51
4) Allopatric Speciation 4:23
5) Sympatric Speciation 6:03
6) Biolography 6:32
7) Dogs 8:37
This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"bird tweet.aif" by tigersound
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland
"morning_in_the_forest_2007_04_15.wav" by reinsamba
"AMBIENT LOOP - Perfectly Clear - Wilderness Hillside - FILTERED.mp3" by Arctura
"oceanwavescrushing.wav" by Luftrum
biology, speciation, science, species, evolution, homo sapiens, organism, liger, napoleon dynamite, fertile, sterile, hybrid, hybridization, reproductive isolation, genetic isolation, pre-zygotic isolation, behavior, geographic, allopatric speciation, natural selection, galapagos, finch, artificial selection, corgi, greyhound, puppy, dog -
16
Animal Development: We're Just Tubes - Crash Course Biology #16
by crashcourse 114,601 views
Hank discusses the process by which organisms grow and develop, maintaining that, in the end, we're all just tubes.
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Table of Contents
1) Zygote 2:38
2) Morula 2:53
3) Blastula 3:25
4) Radial Symmetry 4:11
5) Bilateral Symmetry 4:26
6) Gastrulation 4:52
7) Blastopore 5:02
8) Gastrula 5:17
9) Protostomes & Deuterostomes 5:33
10) Germ Layers 6:22
a) Diploblastic 6:32
b) Triploblastic 6:44
11) Biolography 7:27
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://bit.ly/IS8lMi
animal development, biology, science, crashcourse, animal, classification, phylum, embryo, multi-cellular, sea sponge, symmetry, organs, cells, complexity, tube, life form, tissue, jellyfish, coral, sperm, egg, zygote, morula, blastula, mouth, anus, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, digestive tract, gastrulation, gastrula, protostome, deuterostome, chordate, vertebrate, ectoderm, endoderm, germ layer, mesoderm, ernst haeckel, recapitulation theory, ontogeny, phylogeny, evolution, embryology, developmental biology -
17
Evolutionary Development: Chicken Teeth - Crash Course Biology #17
by crashcourse 126,730 views
Hank introduces us to the relatively new field of evolutionary developmental biology, which compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine their ancestral relationship, and to discover how those processes evolved. Also fruit flies with eyes on their legs and chickens with teeth!
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here:
Table of Contents
1) EVO/DEVO - 00:51
2) Developmental Regulatory Genes - 2:00
3) Gap Genes - 2:39
4) Homeobox / HOX Genes - 2:50
5) Messed-Up Experiment - 6:16
6) EVO/DEVO & Evolution - 7:26
a) Chickens with teeth - 8:14
evolutionary developmental biology, biology, evo-devo, evolution, animal, organism, genetics, science, crashcourse, developmental regulatory genes, gap genes, homeobox genes, hox genes, instructions, hierarchy, bill mcginnis, junk DNA, gene products, embryo, switzerland, fruit fly, scientist, mutation, gene expression, chicken, teeth -
18
Population Genetics: When Darwin Met Mendel - Crash Course Biology #18
by crashcourse 121,081 views
Hank talks about population genetics, which helps to explain the evolution of populations over time by combing the principles of Mendel and Darwin, and by means of the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2HbN
Table of Contents:
1. Population Genetics 1:05
2. Population 1:14
3. Allele Frequency 1:41
4. 5 Factors 1:58
a) Natural Selection 2:12
b) Natural Selection/Random Mating 2:27
c) Mutation 3:18
d) Genetic Drift 3:49
e) Gene Flow 4:05
5. Hardy-Weinberg Principle 4:45
6. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 5:15
7. Hardy-Weinberg Equation 6:18
gregor mendel, heredity, genetics, charles darwin, natural selection, evolution, offspring, population genetics, species, population, generation, allele frequency, allele, selective pressure, sexual selection, non-random mating, preferred traits, fitness, mutation, DNA, genetic drift, chance, gene flow, immigration, emigration, godfrey hardy, wilhelm weinberg, hardy-weinberg equation, hardy-weinberg equilibrium, phenotype, genotype, earwax, mendelian trait, homozygous, heterozygous, evolutionary biology
This video contains the following sound from Freesound.org:
"LucasGonze-HomestyleMandolin-17.aiff" by lucasgonze -
19
Taxonomy: Life's Filing System - Crash Course Biology #19
by crashcourse 119,730 views
Hank tells us the background story and explains the importance of the science of classifying living things, also known as taxonomy.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2L2C
Table of Contents
1) Taxonomy 0:00
2) Phylogenetic Tree 1:24
3) Biolography 2:26
4) Analogous/Homoplasic Traits 3:48
5) Homologous Traits 4:03
6) Taxa & Binomial Nomenclature 4:56
7) Domains 5:48
a) Bateria 6:04
b) Archaea 6:44
c) Eukarya / 4 Kingdoms 6:54
-Plantae 7:56
-Protista 8:23
-Fungi 8:56
-Animalia 9:31
taxonomy, classification, classifying, evolution, filing, science, biology, life, organism, relationship, ancestor, ancestry, evolutionary tree, phylogenetic tree, tree of life, biolography, carl von linnaeus, linnaeus, botanist, botanical name, morphology, homologous traits, systema naturae, taxa, groups, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, binomial nomenclature, latin, domain, archaea, eukarya, division, autotrophs, heterotrophs, protist, fungi, animalia, animal, cat, kitty -
20
Evolution: It's a Thing - Crash Course Biology #20
by crashcourse 207,757 views
Hank gets real with us in a discussion of evolution - it's a thing, not a debate. Gene distribution changes over time, across successive generations, to give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization.
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Table of Contents
1) The Theory of Evolution 1:49
2) Fossils 2:42
3) Homologous Structures 4:36
4) Biogeography 7:02
5) Direct Observation 8:52
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2Oyu
evolution, theory, biology, science, crashcourse, genetics, gene, facts, fossil, fossil record, dinosaur, extinct, extinction, organism, dorudon, rodhocetus, vestigial, structure, similarity, homologous structure, related, relationship, morganucodon, fore limb, hind limb, vertebrate, molecule, DNA, RNA, chimpanzee, fruit fly, biogeography, marsupial, finches, direct observation, drug resistance, resistance, selective pressure, italian wall lizard -
21
Comparative Anatomy: What Makes Us Animals - Crash Course Biology #21
by crashcourse 97,975 views
Hank introduces us to comparative anatomy, which studies the similarities and differences in animal anatomy to support the theory of evolution and the shared ancestry of living things.
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References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
CliffsAP Biology, 3rd ed.
Thomas Henry Huxley: http://www.strangescience.net/huxley.htm
Tissues: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm
Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1689654/
Table of Contents:
1) Comparative Anatomy 0:00
2) Locomotion 1:19
3) Heterotophy 1:41
4) Convergent Evolution 2:40
5) Biolography 3:40
6) Tissues 6:00
a) Epithelial Tissue 6:11
b) Connective Tissue 6:33
c) Muscle Tissue 7:01
d) Nerve Tissue 7:14
7) Organs 7:32
8) Organ Systems 7:39
crashcourse, crash course, biology, comparative anatomy, evolution, ancestry, animal, kingdom, locomotion, organism, heterotroph, heterotrophy, convergent evolution, vertebrate, environment, thomas henry huxley, paleontology, agnostic, dinosaurs, charles darwin, prehistoric, fossil, tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue, organ -
22
Simple Animals: Sponges, Jellies, & Octopuses - Crash Course Biology #22
by crashcourse 101,179 views
Hank introduces us to the "simplest" of the animals, complexity-wise: beginning with sponges (whose very inclusion in the list as "animals" has been called into question because they are so simple) and finishing with the most complex molluscs, octopuses and squid. We differentiate them by the number of tissue layers they have, and by the complexity of those layers.
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Table of Contents:
1) Porifera 1:33
2) Cnidaria 2:36
a) Diploblasts 2:48
3) Platyhelminthes 3:33
a) Triploblasts 3:56
b) Coelom 4:36
4) Biolography 5:36
5) Nematoda 7:26
6) Rotifera 7:57
7) Molusca 8:33
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2V_c
crash course, biology, anatomy, animal, simple, complex, tissue complexity, tissue, sponge, development, porifera, multicellular, eukaryotic, eukaryote, species, cnidaria, jellies, anemone, hydra, coral, germ layer, body cavity, endoderm, ecotoderm, dipoloblast, stinging cell, cnidocyst, platyhelminthes, fluke, triploblast, coelom, acoelomate, biolography, cambrian explosion, adaptation, fossil, evolution, diversity, nematoda, pseudocoelomate, hookworm, rotifera, mollusca, chitin, snail, bivalve, octopus, squid, visceral mass, foot, mantle, radula, gastropod, cephalopod -
23
Complex Animals: Annelids & Arthropods - CrashCourse Biology #23
by crashcourse 63,085 views
Hank continues our exploration of animal phyla with the more complexly organized annelida and arthropoda, and a biolography on insects.
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References:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100726222316.htm
http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/earthworm-appreciation-day.htm
http://annelidsf.blogspot.com/
http://www.bukisa.com/articles/41743_amazing-facts-about-arthropods#ixzz1sXW1Jigp
http://www.ehow.com/about_6292974_interesting-crustaceans.html
crashcourse, crash course, biology, complex animals, annelid, arthropod, segmentation, evolution, diversity, chordate, vertebrate, ancestor, earthworm, beetle, anatomy, synapomorphy, chaetae, shared traits, trait, plesiomorphy, worm, leech, phyla, class, insect, scorpion, butterfly, lobster, thorax, exoskeleton, chitin, jointed feet, cheliceriformes, arachnid, myriapoda, biolography, pollination, flowering plants, flight, metamorphosis, nymph, pupae, crustacea, shrimp, crab -
24
Chordates - CrashCourse Biology #24
by crashcourse 85,452 views
Hank introduces us to ourselves by taking us on a journey through the fascinatingly diverse phyla known as chordata. And the next time someone asks you who you are, you can give them the facts: you're a mammalian amniotic tetrapodal sarcopterygian osteichthyen gnathostomal vertebrate cranial chordate.
Table of Contents:
1) Chordate Synapomorphies 1:04
2) Cephalachordata 1:20
3) Urochordata 3:16
4) Vertebrata 3:49
a) Myxini 4:30
b) Petromyzontida 4:51
c) Chondrichthyes 5:32
d) Osteichthyes 6:05
5) Biolography 7:29
6) Amphibia 9:02
7) Reptilia 9:47
8) Mammalia 10:57
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-31eh
This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Moog_woodenBlocks.aiff" by Feenixx
biology, crashcourse, crash course, phyla, animal, ancestry, chordates, chordata, evolution, mammal, synapomorphy, lancelet, cephalochordata, spinal chord, notochord, vertebrate, nerve chord, pharyngeal slit, urochordata, backbone, vertebrata, brain, myxini, hagfish, craniate, skull, agnathan, shark, gnathostome, cartilage, bone, skeleton, endoskeleton, osteichthyes, fish, coelacanth, biolography, hendrick goosen, fisherman, tetrapod, fins, limbs, frog, amphibian, amniote, amniotic egg, reptilia, ectotherm, endotherm, heart, bird -
25
Animal Behavior - CrashCourse Biology #25
by crashcourse 85,202 views
Hank and his cat Cameo help teach us about animal behavior and how we can discover why animals do the things they do.
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References: http://dft.ba/-35Uh
crash course, biology, animal species, animal behavior, cat, pets, natural selection, sexual selection, morphology, physiology, structure, function, heritable traits, learned behavior, genetics, adaptive, evolution, stimulus, ethologist, proximate cause, hamster, ultimate cause, reproductive success, offspring, biolography, niko tinbergen, karl von frisch, konrad lorenz, austrian, Nobel prize, imprinting, nazi, foraging, optimal foraging model, alligator snapping turtle, bower bird, vampire bat, altruism, william hamilton, fitness, inclusive fitness, ethology, behavioral ecology, ecology -
26
The Nervous System - CrashCourse Biology #26
by crashcourse 175,390 views
Hank begins a series of videos on organ systems with a look at the nervous system and all of the things that it is responsible for in the body.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3a36 -
27
Circulatory & Respiratory Systems - CrashCourse Biology #27
by crashcourse 130,402 views
Hank takes us on a trip around the body - we follow the circulatory and respiratory systems as they deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells, and help make it possible for our bodies to function.
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Follow us! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Respiratory System 00:48
2) Simple Diffusion 00:55
3) Respiratory Anatomy 02:35
a) Trachea to Capillaries 03:10
4) Lung Function & Thoracic Diaphragm 04:37
5) Circulatory System 05:35
6) Circulatory Anatomy 05:54
a) Left Ventricle to Capillary Beds 06:50
b) Veins to Left Atrium 08:46
7) Endotherms & Ectotherms 09:20
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3cHg
This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"00559 deep breathing 1.wav" by Robinhood76
crash course, crashcourse, biology, animals, oxygen, carbon dioxide, cellular respiration, circulatory system, respiratory system, circulation, respiration, heart, lung, artery, vein, pulmonary, simple diffusion, membrane, lungfish, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus, capillary, blood, inhale, exhale, diaphragm, thoracic, pressure, breathing, breath, pump, red blood cell, four chambered heart, ventricle, muscle, aorta, vena cava, atrium, endotherm, ectotherm, hank green -
28
The Digestive System: CrashCourse Biology #28
by crashcourse 155,064 views
Hank takes us through the bowels of the human digestive system and explains why it's all about surface area.
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Table of Contents
1) Surface Area to the Max! 3:21
2) Mouth to Esophagus 5:23
3) Stomach 6:38
4) Small Intestine 7:55
5) Large Intestine 9:44
References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071008102334.htm
crash course, biology, anatomy, digestive system, animal, development, digestive tract, nervous system, vertebrate, micro-ecology, microorganism, human, omnivore, acid, enzyme, surface area, mouth, teeth, saliva, nutrient, intestine, salivary amylase, swallow, mastication, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, epiglottis, bolus, peristalsis, rugae, gastric juice, pepsin, chyme, duodenum, absorb, secrete, villi, gall bladder, liver, bile, emulsify, fatty acid, cecum, appendix, poop, anal, sphincter -
29
The Excretory System: From Your Heart to the Toilet - CrashCourse Biology #29
by crashcourse 113,642 views
Hank takes us on the fascinating journey through our excretory system to learn how our kidneys make pee.
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References
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookexcret.html
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/the-kidney-and-nephron
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
Table of Contents
1) Homeostasis & Osmoregulation 00:00
2) Urea & Uric Acid 01:30
3) Kidneys 02:49
4) Nephron 03:40
5) Glomerulus 4:15
6) Bowman's Capsule 04:25
7) Proximal Convoluted Tubule 04:49
8) Biolography 06:16
9) Loop of Henle 07:36
10) Distal Convoluted Tubule 09:23
11) Collecting Ducts 09:57
12) Ureters, Bladder & Urethra 10:45
crashcourse, crash course, biology, science, human, anatomy, physiology, homeostasis, organ, urine, urinary, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, osmoregulation, balance, metabolism, ammonia, urea, uric acid, toxicity, blood, nephron, renal artery, glomerulus, bowman's capsule, filtrate, loop of henle, renal cortex, renal medulla, freidrich henle, diuretic, anti-diuretic hormone, kangaroo rat, beaver, pee, osmosis -
30
The Skeletal System: It's ALIVE! - CrashCourse Biology #30
by crashcourse 145,456 views
Hank introduces us to the framework of our bodies, our skeleton, which apart from being the support and protection for all our fleshy parts, is involved in many other vital processes that help our bodies to function properly.
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Table of Contents
1) Endoskeleton 2:03
2) Biolography 3:27
3) New Bone Formation 6:36
4) Bone Structure 8:00
5) Bone Remodeling 9:48
References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/animals&plantsbook/animals/07-Arthropods.htm
http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/Size.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308163
http://www.shwachmandiamondamerica.org/blood_and_Marrow.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001285/l
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius
http://projectskeletal.tripod.com/Scientists.htm
crash course, crashcourse, biology, skeleton, skeletal system, organ, anatomy, physiology, vertebrate, chordate, hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, endoskeleton, bone, skull, biolography, adries van wesel, osteology, andreas vesalius, doctor, medicine, human dissection, de humani corporis fabrica, illustration, cartilage, chondrocyte, collagen, osteoblast, ossification, calcium phosphate, bone matrix, marrow, hematopoeisis, diaphysis, epiphysis, pituitary gland, growth hormone, remodeling, osteoclast, resorption, parathyroid, thyroid -
31
Big Guns: The Muscular System - CrashCourse Biology #31
by crashcourse 105,945 views
Hank tells us the story of the complicated chemical dance that allows our skeletal muscles to contract and relax.
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Table of Contents
1) Cardiac, Smooth, & Skeletal Muscles 01:09
2) Muscle Anatomy 02:03
a) Muscle Fibers 03:07
b) Myofibrils 04:15:1
c) Sarcomeres 04:19:1
d) Myofilaments 04:37:2
3) Biolography 05:37:1
4) Sliding Filament Model 07:47
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3syE
crash course, crashcourse, biology, muscular system, muscle, cellular respiration, energy, ATP, human body, chemistry, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, contract, relax, tendon, anatomy, physiology, fascicle, fibers, protein, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament, actin, myosin, sliding filament model, biolography, electron microscope, tropomyosin, troponin, sarcoplasmic reticulum, motor neuron -
32
Your Immune System: Natural Born Killer - Crash Course Biology #32
by crashcourse 171,555 views
Hank tells us about the team of deadly ninja assassins that is tasked with protecting our bodies from all the bad guys that want to kill us - also known as our immune system.
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Table of Contents
1) Innate Immune System 1:45
a) Mucous Membranes 2:54
b) Inflammatory Response 3:44
c) Leukocytes 4:45
2) Open Letter 6:33
a) Natural Killer Cells 6:56
b) Dendritic Cells 7:57
3) Acquired Immune System 8:36
a) Antibodies 9:08
b) Lymphocytes 9:48
c) Cell-Mediated Response 10:17
d) Humoral Response 13:00
References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units18to20/blood/white.htm
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animation__the_immune_response.html
This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Pigs-01.flac" by Erdie
"straw slurp.wav" by dparke4
"Disgusting Slop.wav" by Ighuaran
"Sonar Ping.wav" by digifishmusic
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"swing.mp3" by morgantj
crash course, crashcourse, biology, immune system, anatomy, physiology, human, health, microscopic, pus, pathogen, bacteria, body, organism, virus, immunity, innate, acquired, animal, vertebrate, germ, skin, mucous membrane, digestive tract, mucus, inflammatory response, mast cells, histamine, allergic, allergy, infection, phagocyte, macrophage, natural killer cell, lymphocytes, white blood cells, antigen, t cell, humoral response -
33
Great Glands - Your Endocrine System: CrashCourse Biology #33
by crashcourse 124,602 views
Hank fills us in on the endocrine system - the system of glands which produce and secrete different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development & function.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-1lsU
Table of Contents
1) Signalling Systems 2:07:0
2) Pituitary 3:19:1
3) Hypothalamus 4:17:1
4) Thyroid 4:52:1
5) Adrenal 5:38:1
6) Pancreas 6:51:1
7) Biolography 8:49:2
biology, crash course, crashcourse, hank green, anatomy, physiology, endocrine system, hormone, gland, human, body, science, exocrine, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, paracrine signalling, autocrine signalling, signal receptor, steroids, peptides, monoamines, brain, hypothalamus, oxytocin, negative feedback loop, kidney, stress, ACTH, epinephrine, organ, glucose, insulin, glucagon, testes, androgen, testosterone, ovaries, estrogen, progestin, estradiol, progesterone, sex, alfred jost, embryologist, secretion, embryonic development, embryo, mammal, fetal development, puberty, reproductive organs -
34
The Reproductive System: How Gonads Go - CrashCourse Biology #34
by crashcourse 125,769 views
Hank lets us in on the meaning of life, at least from a biological perspective - it's reproduction, which answers the essential question of all organisms: how do I make more of myself? So, sex, how does it work?
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Table of Contents
1) Gametes: Ova and Sperm 2:27
2) Sex Determination 4:59
3) Secondary Sexual Characteristics 6:48
4) Female Reproductive Structures 7:25
a) Uterus & Oviducts 7:40
b) Endometrium (Menstruation) 7:57
c) Cervix & Vagina 8:32
5) Male Reproductive Structures 8:45
a) Scrotum, Sminferous Tubules & Epididymas 8:59
b) Penis 9:37
c) Vas Deferens to Eurethra (Emission) 10:13
References
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/281/5385/1979
http://www.medicinenet.com/miscarriage/article.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559814/)
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
crash course, crashcourse, biology, science, reproductive system, reproduction, asexual, sexual, eukaryote, genome, offspring, sex cell, sex, animal, gamete, ovum, egg, ovule, sperm, hermaphrodite, genitals, male, female, behavior, production, storage, delivery, courtship, fertilize, gonads, organ, sex determining chromosome, nipple, estrogen, testosterone, puberty, secondary sex characteristics, breasts, human, ovary, fallopian tube, menstrual cycle, ovulation, uterus, cervix, vagina, testes, penis, erection, coitus, semen, emission, ejaculation, vas deferens, prostate gland -
35
Old & Odd: Archaea, Bacteria & Protists - CrashCourse Biology #35
by crashcourse 78,877 views
Hank veers away from human anatomy to teach us about the (mostly) single-celled organisms that make up two of the three taxonomic domains of life, and one of the four kingdoms: Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists. They are by far the most abundant organisms on Earth, and are our oldest, oddest relatives.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-1EvY
Table of Contents
1) Archaea 03:23
a) Methanogens 04:02
b) Extremophiles 04:24
2) Bacteria 05:24:2
3) Gram Positive 06:50
a) Proteobacteria 07:15
b) Cyanobacteria 07:30
c) Spirochetes 07:42
d) Chlamydias 07:52
4) Protists 08:12
a) Protozoa 09:03
b) Algae 09:54
c) Slime Molds 11:13
crash course, biology, archaea, bacteria, protists, unicellular, life, origin, evolution, evolve, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, DNA, chromosome, plasmid, extremophile, methanogen, hydrothermal vent, halophile, parasitic, antibiotic, immune system, horizontal gene transfer, diverse, gram staining, gram positive, proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, spirochete, chlamydia, protozoa, algae, dog vomit, slime mold, heterotrophic, flagella, cilia, amoeba, photosynthesis, diatom, sailor's eyeball, bubble algae, seaweed, green, red, brown -
36
The Sex Lives of Nonvascular Plants: Alternation of Generations - Crash Course Biology #36
by crashcourse 75,416 views
Hank introduces us to nonvascular plants - liverworts, hornworts & mosses - which have bizarre features, kooky habits, and strange sex lives. Nonvascular plants inherited their reproductive cycle from algae, but have perfected it to the point where it is now used by all plants in one way or another, and has even left traces in our own reproductive systems.
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Table of Contents
1) Key Traits of Nonvascular Plants 01:42
2) 3 Phyla of Bryophytes 02:52
3) Alternation of Generations 04:33
a) Gametophyte Generation 05:04
b) Sporophyte Generation 05:25
c) In Vascular Plants 07:48
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-1TpW
crash course, biology, plants, nonvascular plant, algae, simple, liverwort, hornwort, moss, reproduction, reproductive cycle, sex life, trait, conductive tissue, water, moisture, osmosis, diffusion, growth potential, small, cell wall, cellulose, bryophyte, phyla, species, fossil, haploid, gamete, diploid, alternation of generations, gametophyte, sporophyte, asexual, chromosome, sporangium, spore, antheridia, archegonia, calyptra, germinate, germination, gymnosperm, pollen, angiosperm -
37
Vascular Plants = Winning! - Crash Course Biology #37
by crashcourse 76,103 views
Hank introduces us to one of the most diverse and important families in the tree of life - the vascular plants. These plants have found tremendous success and the their secret is also their defining trait: conductive tissues that can take food and water from one part of a plant to another part. Though it sounds simple, the ability to move nutrients and water from one part of an organism to another was a evolutionary breakthrough for vascular plants, allowing them to grow exponentially larger, store food for lean times, and develop features that allowed them to spread farther and faster. Plants dominated the earth long before animals even showed up, and even today hold the world records for the largest, most massive, and oldest organisms on the planet.
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Table of Contents
1) 3 Tissue Types 02:37
2) Primary Growth 03:04
3) Secondary Growth 03:28
4) Dermal Tissue 04:47
a) Epidermis 04:54
5) Parenchyma Cells 05:39
6) Vascular Tissue 05:58
7) Xylem 05:58
8) Collenchyma 07:10
9) Sclerenchyma 07:35
10) Ground Tissue 08:25
a) Mesophyll 08:17
b) Photosynthesis 08:47
11) Phloem 09:54
References
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect17.htm
http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700071982/Central-Utahs-Pando-worlds-largest-living-thing-is-threatened-scientists-sa y.html?pg=all
http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-02/200000-year-old-patch-seagrass-worlds-oldest-living-organism
crashcourse, biology, vascular plant, plant, successful, diversity, diverse, conductive tissue, evolution, growth, largest, most massive, oldest, dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue, photosynthesis, sprout, germination, primary growth, herbaceous, secondary growth, woody tissue, organ, root, stem, meristem, leaf, epidermis, cuticle, trichomes, root hairs, parenchyma, cortex, xylem, evapotranspiration, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, lignin, mesophyll, chloroplasts, stomata, phloem, sieve cells, sieve-tube elements, internal pressure, diffusion -
38
The Plants & The Bees: Plant Reproduction - CrashCourse Biology #38
by crashcourse 66,181 views
Hank gets into the dirty details about vascular plant reproduction: they use the basic alternation of generations developed by nonvascular plants 470 million years ago, but they've tricked it out so that it works a whole lot differently compared to the way it did back in the Ordovician swamps where it got its start. Here's how the vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms) do it.
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Table of Contents
1) Sporophyte Dominance 01:55
2) Ferns 02:14
3) Gymnosperms 03:35
4) Angiosperms 05:33
5) Truth or Fail: Fruit Edition! 08:28
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2d8V
crash course, biology, plant, reproduction, sporophyte, gametophyte, diploid, haploid, cell, alternation of generations, vascular plants, cone, flower, strategy, reproductive, sex, dominance, chromosome, sporophyte dominant, fern, spore, frond, extinct, pollen, ovule, seed, evolution, gymnosperm, conifer, ginko, cycad, lodgepole pine, serotinous, forest fire, competition, angiosperm, flying insect, coevolve, mutualism, perfect flower, male, female, sepal, petal, anther, filament, stamen, ovary, style, stigma, pollination, bee, fertilization, fruit, hank green -
39
Fungi: Death Becomes Them - CrashCourse Biology #39
by crashcourse 83,008 views
Death is what fungi are all about. By feasting on the deceased remains of almost all organisms on the planet, converting the organic matter back into soil from which new life will spring, they perform perhaps the most vital function in the global food web. Fungi, which thrive on death, make all life possible.
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Table of Contents
1) Biolography 02:07
2) Structure 04:53
3) The Decomposers 06:10
4) The Mutualists 06:38
5) The Predators 07:23
6) The Parasites 07:35
7) Reproduction 08:24
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2i0c
crashcourse, biology, hank green, fungi, fungus, detritivore, species, taxonomy, yeast, disease, death, organic matter, louis pasteur, biolography, beer, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, pasteurization, decompose, decomposition, soil, nutrient, recycle, mushroom, heterotroph, hyphae, chitin, mycelium, decomposer, mutualist, predator, parasite, enzyme, lignin, haustoria, mycorrhizae, sex, reproduction, spore, propagation, plasmogamy, asci, disperse, ascocarps, molds -
40
Ecology - Rules for Living on Earth: Crash Course Biology #40
by crashcourse 97,646 views
Hank introduces us to ecology - the study of the rules of engagement for all of us earthlings - which seeks to explain why the world looks and acts the way it does. The world is crammed with things, both animate and not, that have been interacting with each other all the time, every day, since life on this planet began, and these interactions depend mostly on just two things... Learn what they are as Crash Course Biology takes its final voyage outside the body and into the entire world.
Stay tuned in the coming weeks for a new Crash Course in ECOLOGY!
Like CrashCourse: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Table of Contents
1) Ecological Hierarchy 02:01:2
a) Population 02:12
b) Community 02:26:1
c) Ecosystem 02:50
d) Biome 03:22:1
e) Biosphere 03:51
2) Key Ecological Factors 04:07
a) Temperature 05:06:1
b) Water 05:37
3) Biome Type 06:03:1
References/Image Licenses: http://dft.ba/-2qQ3
crash course, biology, ecology, hank green, science, organism, interaction, molecule, environment, hierarchy, Earth, ecological, population, community, predation, cooperation, competition, ecosystem, soil, water, air, temperature, energy, materials, physical environment, biome, technique, adaptation, condition, evolution, biosphere, biotic, abiotic, predator, animal, plant, food, shelter, moisture, sunlight, elevation, category, chemistry, enzyme, photosynthesis, physiognomy, biodiversity, tropical rainforest, tundra, desert, grassland, taiga, human impact
