 Well, my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic is Ratification of ILO Convention. The question arises, what is ratification? My dear students, ratification is basically the International Act in which a state indicates its consent to be bound by a treaty if the parties intended to show their consent by such an act. ILO has created a standard in which other countries have accepted it. I also believe in it and ratify it. My dear students, ratification is basically the International Act in which a state indicates its consent to be bound by a treaty signed by different countries. Dear students, ratification is accomplished by exchanging the requisite instruments and in the case of multilateral treaties, the usual procedure is for the depository to collect the ratifications of all states keeping all parties informed on the situation. This ratification, the institution of ratification, the act, grants the states the necessary time so that they can approve this convention on a domestic level and make necessary legislation for it so that it can give a domestic effect to the convention. Now, the question arises, what is convention? My dear students, convention is basically an agreement in international law. We are living in the age of free consent, we are living in the age of civilization, we are not slaves anymore or rule of law is the basic essence of the civilization and the convention is an agreement and agreement is always between two parties or more than two parties. And agreement is basically the result of free consent in which there are terms and conditions and parties agree that they will do amal dharma, amal para honk. So this convention is an international contract and the contract's sanctity is that if you have become a signatory and you have an obligation on it, then you have to fulfill it and this convention is based on international law. What are the conventions of ILO? Let's look at them. The conventions of ILO cover social areas, cover labour issues and basically basic human rights, minimum wages, industrial relations, employment policy, social dialogue, social security, etc. And the purpose of the conventions is social justice, peace, security, dignity and decent work opportunity. Dear students, the gender related conventions of ILO have a long history and as early as 1990 when the ILO was founded, ILO adopted the first two conventions on women. The convention number is three my dear students and it pertains to maternity protection and the convention number four relates with night work for women. Apart from this, there are many conventions that ILO has done so that social justice can be dispensed, brought to peace and the striving class can be created between them. In 1990, maternity protection convention was signed. In 1951, equal remuneration convention was created. In 1958, discrimination convention was created. In 1965, workers with family responsibilities recommendation was created. In 1975, UN International Women's Year celebrated. My dear students, there are as many as 39 conventions which are very important from civilization point of view and to strike a balance between the striving classes in a state. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.