 Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more today we will be seeing about enamel hypoplasia enamel hypoplasia Is an incomplete or defective formation of the organic enamel matrix of the teeth So basically we have two types hereditary type and environmental type hereditary is the ectodermal disturbance Which occurs during the embryonic development? So basically it has three types That is hypoplastic Which is like defective formation of organic matrix and hypo-calcified Which is defective mineralization of the matrix and hypo maturative Hypo maturative where there is defective maturation of the matrix and And the second category is the environmental one This is caused by the environmental factors that cause damage to the enamel cells So either deciduous or permanent teeth are involved and sometimes a single tooth Here both the enamel and dentine are involved in varying degree. Okay So hypoplasia results only if the injury occurs during the time that the teeth are developing or more specifically During the formative stage of enamel development So only during the calcification or formation stage if something happens or the environmental factors affected The hypoplasia will result in So after the calcification no such defect can be produced. So in environmental factors We have almost eight categories one is due to the nutritional deficiency such as vitamin D In briquettes hypoplasia due to the exanthematous diseases such as rash then syphilitic hypoplasia Hypoplasia due to hypocalcemia hypoplasia due to the birth injury Turner's hypoplasia which commonly affect one tooth and The fluoride that is dental fluorosis and tetracycline hypoplasia So this video is basically about two hypoplasia that is one is Turner's hypoplasia and the next one is syphilitic hypoplasia because those two are very commonly asked Shocknotes one is Turner's and syphilitic Hypoplasia because it has got more features. So only questions will be asked when there is something to write in detail So Turner's and have syphilitic has more features to write. So these are very commonly asked shocknotes So we'll directly go to the Turner's hypoplasia first Turner's hypoplasia, which is also known as Turner's tooth. So question might be asked as Turner's tooth Turner's syndrome is a different one. Okay, don't get confused Turner's tooth or Turner's hypoplasia so this is Basically a localized type of hypoplasia caused by the local infection or trauma the two Causes either it could be due to the local infection or due to trauma Okay So The local infection first will take the local infection case where if the deciduous teeth, okay, suppose we have a deciduous tooth This is our deciduous tooth and we have a permanent tooth Coming here Okay, this is slowly emerging. This is the gum and We have the deciduous tooth so if local infection if The tooth that is our deciduous tooth is carries if it has got carries. So this is carries involving carries what happens is It will affect the Succeeding permanent tooth which is under formation. Okay, so then there is spreading of bacterial infection Okay, so this is deciduous tooth and this is permanent tooth So this spreading of bacterial infection To the permanent tooth that is a tooth but which results in Disturbance of the ameloblastic layer of this tooth but okay So this is almost like a bud which is erupting and it will Expose the crown so this will disrupt the ameloblastic layer of permanent tooth But which results in hyperplastic crown. So that is the local infection. So when There is an infection and the deciduous crown So there are high chances if it is not treated properly the high chances the upcoming permanent tooth will be Hyperplastic because of this bacterial spread and affecting the ameloblastic layer. Okay So that is the role of local infection. Now, what is the role of trauma? similar scenario we have this deciduous tooth and the upcoming permanent tooth So what happens is when deciduous tooth have been driven into alveolus. Okay, so something happens and If trauma happens to this tooth And if it have disturbed the permanent tooth, but if it disturbed Permanent tooth, but by any cause if it is an intrusion or a surgical Some problem happened if anything happened For the take the bud of the permanent tooth which is yet to be erupted. What happens is again There will be disruption and the ameloblastic layer. So which results in yellowish or brown stains on the enamel so most commonly the turner's tooth is seen on the Permanent Premolus so only premolus are there. There is no need of permanent or deciduous. So premolus because The molars the deciduous molars are the most commonly Caries involving teeth in deciduous condition. So the permanent successors are Premolus, so that is why premolus are most commonly affected. So that is turner's Hypoplasy or turner's tooth due to local infection or trauma There is hypoplasy on the permanent teeth that is most commonly the premolus So this appearance most commonly ranging from mild brownish discoloration to severe pitting and Irregularity of crown. Cement may also be stained yellowish brown. So that's all about turner's hypoplasy Now, let's see what is syphilitic hypoplasia? So syphilitic hypoplasia in Patients worth syphilis. So most commonly the involved teeth are The maxillary and mandibular permanent incisor. Maxillary and mandibular incisors and the first molars. So maxillary and mandibular incisors, which is known as Hutchinson's incisors. Hutchinson's incisors, whereas the molars has got many names that is mulberry molars, Mones molars or Farners molars. So this is all hypoplastic cases. The Hutchinson's incisors. As you see the picture here The upper central incisors are a screwdriver shaped Mesial and the distal surfaces of the crown are tapering and Converging towards the incisal edge rather than towards the cervical. So incisal edge is also notched. Can see on the incisal edge the cause being absence of Central tubercle or Calcification center. That is why that notch is pressed Whereas the mulberry molars or moons molars or Farners molars So crown of first molar in congenital syphilis is affected. So the enamel of occlusal third appears to be arranged in a agglomerate mass or globule rather than well-formed cusp as you see the picture So it is like a agglomerate mass or globule. It is not like cusp as you usually seen on the Occlusal surface of molars. So this crown is narrower on occlusal surface than at cervical margin. So that is the two peculiar features of syphilitic that is a congenital syphilitic patients, Hutchinson's incisors and Mulberry molars. So question might come separately as what is Hutchinson's incisors or mulberry molars or moons molars or Farners molars So there are other reasons for the hypoplases such as hypocalcemia or birth injury and the fever Fluorosis. Fluorosis are mentioned in detail in other videos. So these two are very commonly asked short notes So hope you understood these two small short notes. I'll come up with a new topic in the industry. Thank you