 Okay, Michael asked, how did Israel overcome its Kantian foundations? Were the founders all Marxist Kantians? Why did they allow for private property? So Israel did indeed, was indeed founded by intellectuals who were Kantian, neo-Kantians, leading neo-Kantians, German neo-Kantians founded the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. The founders of Israel were socialists, former communists, or many of them were, not all of them, but many of them were. Socialism was a big part and a significant part of the founding of the Israeli state, and it was a quite socialist country. It embraced democracy, the rule of the majority, but also the political party, the one election from 1948 when the state was founded until 1977 was the labor party, the socialist party, but they were not communists. And I know some of you don't think there's a difference, but there is. They recognized that they needed private property, they needed entrepreneurs, they needed business, whether small business or large industrial businesses, in order to provide the jobs, the prosperity that allowed a society to grow. Socialists realized that they need private property to create the right kind of incentives so that people create wealth so that then they can tax that wealth away and redistribute it. But without the private property the wealth is not created and without the creation of wealth there's no redistribution. You can't help the poor. And Israeli socialists at the beginning of the founding of this country were smart enough and knowledgeable enough about the history of Europe, about how socialism works. Most of them had the experience of living in a kibbutz or working on a kibbutz or observing how the kibbutz worked. And they realized that a kibbutz was not enough, a kibbutz was not enough of a productive engine to fuel a nation. So they allowed private property for practical reasons because, well, two reasons. One, because they at some level believed in individual freedom and individual liberty. They founded a country that was basically free where people were free to live, to speak, to write, to debate, to argue where they were free to challenge the socialist politically which had multiple political parties including parties that opposed socialism from the beginning. And so they had a certain respect for private property which they had gained in Europe and that they believed in. So as part of individual liberty. But they also believed that the state had a big role and the state needed to have central planning at some level and needed to invest in certain industries and that the state needed to redistribute wealth on a large scale. And the two don't conflict. I mean, you see the same thing although on a smaller scale than Israel. You see it in Scandinavian countries where there's a lot of private property but then that private property is taxed and those taxes go to massive redistribution of wealth programs. So anyway, that's where they had private property. I don't know how Marxist the founders were. I haven't really gone into, once by 1948, how Marxist they were. Certainly in their youth almost all of them were Marxist to some extent or another. But by 1948 they were really adults and I think they'd grown out of kind of the idealism of Marx and were more practical and more interested in survival and more interested in the flourishing of the Israeli state they had real problems to deal with. And when you ask how did Israel overcome its Kantian foundations in many ways it hasn't. In many ways the Kantian foundations at the core of the mixed economy in many ways the Kantian foundations at the core of the not just tolerance but adoration and groveling before the religionists. I think Kantianism leaves you completely open to the power and the strength of religion. So I'm just looking at something here in the chat. So they overcame the Kantian foundations because they had practical needs to fulfill. So yes, they're still counting in many respects but they also want to survive and they also want to thrive and they also want to get rich and they also want to beat their enemies, i.e. survive. In order to do all that they have to be practical. In other words there's a sense in which they have to be Aristotelian. They have to be connected to reality. They have to use logic. They have to use reason. They have to solve problems. They have to build. They have to create. They have to make. And so it's not like they've rejected Kant for another philosophy. They are, what is it, Kantian sometimes. Kantians to some extent. Look, even Mises, Ludwig von Mises, the greatest economies to ever live, was in many respects a Kantian. And his epistemology and his way of thinking is very influenced by Kant. And yet he comes up with the greatest economic theory ever in explanation of economic phenomena anybody's ever come up with. So Kant doesn't, it's the extent to which you take him seriously. It's the extent to which you integrate him throughout all your knowledge. It's the extent to which you accept duties and categorical imperatives and faith ultimately. Above reason that determines to what extent you put Kant into action. And most Kantians don't put him into action in that way. I mean, again, one of the problems with saying people are Kantian is that almost everybody bad in the world is Kantian. And almost everybody is a Kantian in a sense, because he dominates the philosophy so much. And the manifestation of Kant are many because he opens up so many doors to bad things. But Israel overcame it, I think, because of its need to survive. And it's practical need and its focus on that practical need. And they adopted a kind of socialism that was prevalent in Europe that basically combined social welfare programs with private property and private enterprise. And it's a combination that didn't work very well until the 1980s where the 1980s the shift moved towards more private property. The shift moved towards more individualism. There was a shift towards production and towards entrepreneurship and breaking up of unions and breaking up of certain monopolies. Although certain government granted monopolies, although certain government granted monopolies still exist in Israel. And a much significant liberalization of the economy that happened in the 80s a little bit and then accelerated in the 90s. And that Israel has benefited enormous farm, enormously farm, although nobody in Israel will recognize that. Nobody in Israel actually says that. And just making an appropriate contribution on any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see the Iran Book Show grow, please consider sharing our content. And of course, subscribe, press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get an announcement when we go live. And for those of you who are already subscribers and those of you who are already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.