 Good morning to everyone. I'm Tomasz Wolczynski and I'm a product manager at RF Elements. And today we'll continue in our mini-series on sector antennas. And we'll talk about the patch race. So in our previous webinar, a few weeks back, we talked about horn antenna sectors. But one of the most used sector antennas that WISPs deploy or choose to deploy in their networks are also patch array antennas. So today we'll dedicate this webinar to patch arrays. And if you missed our first webinar about the horns, make sure to check our YouTube channel where you can find the recording of this webinar. So you have a complete comparison of both technologies. And before we go into the topic directly, make sure you actually write down the questions as they pop. In your webinar tool, there is a section for questions and answers. So make sure to write them there and we'll get to them after the presentation is over. So what makes a great sector antenna? And there are many parameters antennas have, of course. But it makes sense to actually consider which parameters are important for WISPs networks and why. So because the noise or interference is the number one problem in WISPs networks, you definitely want an impeccable beam performance. Meaning minimum side lobes and really exact radiation angles and similar properties. But on the other hand, also, again, because of the noise, you want to consider what's the maximum gain you want to use. And of course, WISPs use quite a wide bandwidth. So the bandwidth antennas work in should cover at least the bandwidth the radios are working in. And also to provide a stable and reliable service to your customers, you want your antennas to simply have very low frequency dependence of their properties, which it turns into a reliable and stable service you provide to your customers. And there are many other parameters that go into consideration. But of course, we understand that being a WISP, you're actually multitasking between all kinds of tasks every single day. So you might not have the time to give a proper care and thought to each deployment. And that's perfectly fine, of course. But just know that whenever you have the time and space to actually look into the choice of the antenna more carefully, that the recording of this webinar will be also available on our YouTube channel where you can access it any time you need. And there are great differences in performance and all other properties between the horn sectors and the patch array sectors. Because these two antennas are fundamentally different. There are different types of antennas working on different physics principles. So their performance really differs in all pretty much almost all the parameters that we're looking at. And of course, again, based on these differences in the physics and performance, also the suitability of each antenna type is varying depending on the frequency range they're used in and the application. So let's go to the patch array antennas as advertised. So first of all, why do we call these antennas patch arrays? It is because they're composed of a number of patches. And this single patch is a basic radiating element of each antenna array, in this case patch array. And as you see, it's a simply a metal sheet etched on a surface of a printed circuit board in a particular shape. But as soon as we stack one, I mean two or more patches above each other and feed them with the same signal, we call it an array. And this is actually a value regardless what is the single radiating element. But in this case, because we use the single patch antenna, it's called patch array. So let's look closer at a single patch. So patch array antenna is a resonant type of an antenna, which means that if its length is equal to half of the wavelength of the feeding signal, it resonates. Which practically means that the antenna radiates the RF signal into the space. And this resonance is a phenomenon connected to the size of the patch. So when the size of the patch again is half of the wavelength, the patchry antenna starts to radiate. And as I mentioned, because the size of the patch determines the resonant frequency, we can play around with it. So as you see, when we're, for example, now decreasing the size of the patch, the resonant frequency is increasing and vice versa. If the size of the patch is growing, the resonant frequency is decreasing. This is a very typical scenario and very common in our engineering where the size of an antenna and its resonant frequency are actually counter dependent. So if frequency is increasing, then the size is decreasing and vice versa. And besides the size of the patch itself, there is also other parameters that influence the properties of the resulting antenna. So and those are the properties of the substrate, the printed circuit board on which the patch is etched. So the height of the patch influences the resonant frequency and the amount of parasitic radiation one sees from this antenna. And the second parameter of the dielectric or the substrate itself is its permittivity. And this is a number which tells us how strongly the material of which the PCB is made influences the radiation or influences the electromagnetic wave. And in effect, it influences the how big the size is of the patch or can be and also the bandwidth of the resulting antenna. And the substrate itself also has losses, you know, so some power inevitably gets dissipated in the substrate itself. And this is expressed in by the tangent delta, which in eventually results into into varying gain. So the bigger the tangent loss tangent, of course, the smaller the resulting gain of the antenna and vice versa. And this is an example how substrates used for manufacturing of patch or antennas look like. So it's a thin sheet of some sort of material, which has metalization most commonly copper on the top or even bottom surfaces. Yeah, depends. I mean, there is great variety of the substrates and the quality can differ, of course. And naturally, the less lossy substrate is the more expensive it becomes. And also the higher the relative permittivity is the more expensive it becomes as well and so on. And as you can see, the patch antennas can have various shapes, and these are not not, you know, they're just for fun. Like each of these shapes has, you know, results into specific properties of the resulting patch or antenna. And these different various cutouts, you can or shapes, you know, these sharp shapes really influence the properties like bandwidth, you know, or, or, or the gain of the resulting antenna, and so on. So how does a single patch antenna radiate. And here you can see the 3d radiation diagram of a single patch antenna. So because it's a it's a small element, I mean, electrically compared to the wavelength, its radiation pattern is similar to that of a dipole. Yeah, but because of the presence of that of that ground plane, most commonly, the radiation is sort of pushed up. Yeah, so we see that on the bottom there, the radiation pattern or the gain is quite, quite small, it's weak, but and the patch antenna radius mostly in the upward direction, or the perpendicular direction to the to the substrate itself. And there are few properties, which, which basically make a single patch array and or patch antenna, an insufficient antenna for for application in West network. So one of them is that fixed beam with, you know, because a single patch antenna is just one radiating element. There is really not much we can do about the beam with its most fixed and quiet wide, and it's kind of has this mushroomy shape. So there is that's really not so favorable for a sectorial or point to point application and with networks. And on the other hand, also the game of this antenna is typically quiet low. But I mean, of course, it's higher than the than a single dipole simply because of the presence of that of that ground plane. Another not so favorable property of the of the single patch antenna is that it's being with is I mean bandwidth is usually quite narrow. And that's because the resonance and the phenomenon, which makes the patch radiate is a narrow band phenomenon, meaning that it only the patch antenna only radiates in a narrow band of frequencies around the resonant frequency. In this example, you can see that the highlighted bandwidth is around 500 megahertz. And that's that's because that's simply because the right, of course, the the the resonance is not like a super narrow frequency, right? So there is also some span of frequencies around the resonance that in which in which it actually works. But of course, as wasps, you use much wider spectrum because the radios you use in your networks work typically within even like one gigahertz and beyond. So obviously 500 megahertz is not enough. So the solution to to these properties is to make a patch array. Let's have a detailed look at that. So as you add more patches on top of each other, you start seeing the the radiation pattern changing. So obviously, first thing is that the gain is growing now because more patches means bigger aperture and that means higher gain. And the second second thing you'll notice is that the the the shape of the main beam is also changing. So as we in this example, as we stack the patches in the vertical direction above each other, we see that the the beam width is changing in the in the elevation plane. So it's counterintuitive. One would sort of intuitively assume that if I if I stack them in a vertical direction, the the beam width will also be narrowing in a vertical direction, but it's actually the opposite. So that's one of the things that are that are sort of counterintuitive in our engineering, but it's just the fact to to get used to really there's nothing, nothing strange about it. But we can also stack the patches in a in a in a surface, not only in horizontal or vertical direction. So as you stack more and more patches, and on a surface, you see that the the beam width is actually increasing or shrinking, sorry, is shrinking, not only invert in elevation, but also the azimuth plane. So we're basically forming a very narrow pencil shaped beam. But another thing we'll see is also that the the side loops are growing. And this brings us to to the things that are that are maybe unfavorable for patch array antennas or their application and with networks. And one of them is their side loops. And as I said, as soon as you so here you see an example of how one patch irradiates. If you put more use start C in the near field irradiation that the that one main beam is formed, which is great. That's what we want, you know, higher gain in there. But there's also side loops which start appearing. And this is because of the physics of an array is so called array effect. And this happens regardless of what's the basic building block of an antenna array because of the wave interference. Because you have multiple sources, or in this case, multiple patches that are fed with the same signal. The waves from each of these patches start to add. And there is so called interference somewhere it's constructive, somewhere it's destructive. So where it's constructive, you get a maximum or a low in our case, main loop and the side loop. And where it's destructive, you have the minimum, which is the which is the blank spaces between the side loops. And that's that's something that's just the, you know, the physics of these antennas. There is really no way around it and avoiding it. Another source of the side loops in the patch array antennas is actually the feed lines. So the feed lines are inevitable because we have to bring the RF signal to the patches somehow. So typically the feed lines is a network of a thin of a thin metal stripes, which basically branched the signal from the from the coaxial connector to however many branches we need to be able to feed each and every single patch. And unfortunately, these these feed lines have their own resonant frequencies and their own radiation, which adds even more side loops on top of those side loops which are stemming from the array effect we explained in the previous slide. So not only that. So one of the things is the radiation of the of the feed lines, but there is also something called lateral radiation, which which is caused by the surface waves. And this is basically the same RF signal, you know, with which you feed the the patches themselves, which propagates along the surface of the of the substrate itself. Again, it's an undesirable property of the patch antennas. And which results into into yet more side loops. And here we can see an example of how the feed lines were radiated. So when we look closer, and when we just want to see how the feed lines radiate, so we remove the patches themselves and simulate just that structure. This is what you come to it's the radiation pattern of the feed lines themselves. So you can clearly see that indeed, the, you know, the feed lines definitely do cause an additional radiation. And you can you can see it actually it's not negligible because the maximum gain of these side loops is run for and have a DBI. And a typical answer a manufacturer and Wisp industry would give to, you know, the issue of the side loops with patch arrays is to use all kinds of metal shields and aftermarket shielding kits, examples of which you can you can see in this slide. So how do they actually work? What do they actually do? So seeing the simulation of the near field near the antenna. So now when you look at the antenna from the top, this is what you'll see. And the left side is the result for an antenna patch or antenna without any shield. And you can see, well, it radiates in the in the main direction we want it from the bottom up. But then there's a lot of radiation kind of bending around the edge of the antenna and going all the way to the back and resulting into the antenna radiating pretty much everywhere. So on the right side, you can see the same antenna simulation, but with a shield, which you can see as that as those two wings on the side. And mind you, the shield is sold to you with the hope that, OK, this should mitigate the the side loop radiation. But as you can see, the fields still bend around the edge of the shield itself. And there is still strong radiation in the back. So unfortunately, these shields really don't do much to the side loops that patch or antenna suffer from. They sort of rearrange the side loops. They made them pointing in different directions, maybe somewhere there, you know, they're a little bit smaller. But altogether, the effect is really is really negligible to nonexistent. And here is the same example, but looking at the far fields of these two antennas. So on the left again, an antenna without any back shield. You can see substantial loops in the backward direction. And on the right side, you can see, OK, the antenna with the shield. So the main loop changed a little bit. It's a little bit more pointy. OK, maybe the maximum gain is a little bit higher. But looking at the side loops in the bag, you'll see that, well, the shape is changed a little bit. But other than that, they're still there. And this is yet another look on another view on the side loops of the patch array antennas. So on the left, you can see how the coverage looks like with using an antenna without any shield. So yeah, some typical coverage. You have those back loops close to the antenna and the oval coverage provided by this antenna. But on the right side, you see the coverage provided by that antenna with the shield. So you see that the main beam actually and the coverage pattern itself has actually changed substantially. So especially for the customers who are sort of near the edge of the sector or the coverage area, they might actually experience their service getting even worse, where you actually deploy the antenna with the shield hoping that it will improve something. So again, the conclusion for the patch array antennas with the shields is that, well, you might as well just buy a different antenna simply because the shields really don't mitigate the side loops at all. But there is a way to go around. And one of the solutions is shown here. So here you see an example of a patch, a circular patch with an air core. So on the right side, you can see the side view. And there is an air core, meaning that there is nothing there. The substrate was milled away. And they're also fed by a coaxial cable from the bottom. So the coaxial feed from the bottom ensures that the radiation, parasitic radiation from the feeding lines is not there. And the air core mitigates to some degree the parasitic radiation through the surface wave, which we talked about before. And on the left, you can see the antenna structure looking from the top. So on top of those two things, there is also metal fences, which are just dashed lines of metal between the patches to separate them even better. And here you can, on the right side, you see the resulting radiation pattern. So there are two lines. One is for the azimuth cut and one is in the elevation. So of course, the azimuth cut is pretty wide because it's a vertical antenna array or patch array. And the red one shows us the elevation plane. And now we can see the green line dashed line shows us that the side loops are more than 20 decibels below the main hole, which is really amazing result for a patch array antenna. But as anything in our engineering, this comes at a price. Everything is a trade off. And one of them is that the bandwidth of this antenna is very narrow. And that's because we removed those feed lines, which extend the bandwidth of patch array antennas typically. But because now we're feeding them with the coaxial probe from the bottom, well, that additional bandwidth is gone. And not to say that the price for this kind of antenna would be a lot higher than what you're used to paying for your typical patch array antennas in the WISP industry. So probably many WISPs would be very much hesitant to actually buy this type of an antenna. Another possible solution to the parasitic radiation or the side loops of the patch array antennas are frequency selective surfaces. And that's the metal profile on which the antenna is attached that basically suppresses that tangential radiation to the side. So it mitigates the side loops in the azimuth direction. And this is the cold solution we called back shield that we use for our patch array antenna sector. And here is the result of comparison of how patch array antenna works with and without the back shield. So on the left, you can see an antenna radiation pattern without the back shield. So looking at the azimuthal side loops, you can see they're strongly present as we would expect. But looking on the right, the antenna with the back shield, you can see that these side loops are effectively mitigated, which is really great because that's exactly what the back shield is supposed to do. But looking at this same example from the side, we can see comparing the side loops in the elevation. Yeah, there is really not much difference. So with or without the back shield, these side loops in the elevation plane are still there, maybe somewhat rearranged, pointing in slightly different directions, but nevertheless, still strongly present. And these are the side loops caused by the array effect we talked about before. And unfortunately, this is, again, the natural property of the antenna array, and therefore it's actually impossible to remove completely. Another of the issues with the patch arrays is actually their low beam efficiency. So what is beam efficiency? It's the ratio of the energy and antenna radiates that's contained in the main loop to the energy that an antenna radiates, to the total energy and antenna radiates. So effectively, it tells us what part of the energy antenna radiates is in the main loop. So beam efficiency can have values from zero to 100%, where 100% is the best, meaning that an antenna has literally zero side loops. And the lower it is, the more side loops an antenna has is that simple. So as a WISP, you should definitely use antennas with as high beam efficiency as possible. And here you see an example of a typical patch array antenna. So 58% beam efficiency means that this 58% of energy this antenna radiates is in the main loop. So what about the remaining 42%? Well, obviously it must be in the side loops because anything outside the main loop is a side loop, right? So this is basically actually a very simple and effective measure of how to compare antennas in terms of the side loop or noise mitigation capability. So the higher beam efficiency an antenna has, the better it mitigates the noise. And here we show examples of sector antennas WISPs used in a licensed 5GHz band. And you can see that the patch array sectors are on the tail of the beam efficiency performance. So anything between 58% to 69%, that's the beam efficiency these antennas can typically achieve. And you can also see we're showing some horn sectors there, which are just to highlight that actually not as soon as you have the horn, it doesn't mean that its beam efficiency is high. It really takes considerable effort to actually optimize an antenna or a horn antenna more specifically to have a high beam efficiency. So unfortunately because of the physics of the patch array antennas, their beam efficiencies are pretty low. Meaning that this is really the ultimate measure of the noise mitigation capability. And because it's a clear number and that is based on the properties of an antenna. So obviously it's as simple as the higher number wins. The higher the beam efficiency is, the better an antenna suppresses the noise. And these are the antennas WISPs should definitely use in their networks because the noise or interference is the number one problem in WISP networks. So yet another issue with the patch arrays is their unbalanced performance. And this translates into two things. So first looking on the left graph, you see how the gain of a typical patch array antenna changes with changing frequency. And you can see that it's changing a lot at the beginning of the of the useful bandwidth. You know, it's pretty low. Actually, it's almost nonexistent. It's around two or close to zero decibels. Then okay, then it grows up and then it's somewhat stable, let's say from 5.4 to 5.9 gigahertz. And then it goes down again. And that's unfortunate because you cannot really use effectively use all the channels you have at hand. Because, you know, seeing a clear channel you want to switch to by doing so, you might actually lose quite a lot of decibels in the single strength, which, you know, leaves you just, well, you know, wondering what, what do I do now? So that's one part of the problem. And the second is that the horizontal and vertical polarization curves are different too. So when you're using different, so using the two radio channels you have, their performance is actually different at the same frequency, which is, again, another undesirable property because you cannot rely on the performance of such antenna. And on the right, you see how the radiation pattern of patch array antenna in vertical and horizontal polarization may look like. So again, there is a mismatch, meaning that the radiation pattern is simply different in each polarization, which, again, another undesirable property of the patch array antennas as you switch between the polarizations, you see a different coverage and your customers might eventually see a different quality of the internet connection you're selling them. And the list goes on. There is definitely more issues still. And mind you, these are the parameters that are actually important in WISP networks because you want your antenna to have high beam efficiency. You want your antenna to have very high frequency stability. You want your antenna to have wide bandwidth. You want your antenna to be mounted easily. So we're not just picking these parameters based on our whim, but actually based on considering what's important for this particular application in WISP networks in unlicensed frequency bands. So looking at the frequency stability of patch array antennas, we see that the side loops and the main loop are actually changing substantially with the frequency. And that's, as I mentioned, it's really undesirable in WISP networks because you cannot rely on the coverage you're seeing at one frequency. As you change the channel, the coverage will change. The noise background will change inevitably because of the frequency instability of the radiation pattern the patch arrays have. And here you see another view on the frequency instability. This is a simulation, the closest thing to reality because this animation you see is a result of simulation with the real 3D radiation pattern of this antenna and how it changes with frequency. So you see the frequency changing in the lower right corner. And you can see how the coverage changes with the frequency. So this is really speaking for itself. As you change the channel, the coverage changes substantially. Talking about the mounting, typically these patch array antennas are having quite a complicated mounting system that is composed of many parts that are easy to lose. Especially as you climb high up on a tower, which can be quite difficult in terms of the save installation and the time actually spent on the tower. So typically the patch array antennas mounting mechanism is quite cumbersome and not really user friendly. But patch arrays also have their strengths and one of them is their scalable gain. So this is the example of how the radiation pattern of a typical patch array looks. And we see again as we now we already understand that having a vertical patch array, we see the radiation pattern being squeezed in the elevation plane. While in the azimuth plane, the shape of the radiation pattern is still similar to that single patch array antenna. And right, this is something you're of course used to from your daily operations in your wrist networks. So as we grow the number of patches in an array, we see the main loop thinning down. And that definitely puts a limit on how big the gain. I mean, despite that, we can put as many patches into an array as we want, which is great because we can grow the gain and thus keep increasing the distances which we can cover. The definite limit on the number of patches is actually the beam width in the elevation plane. For example, these 32 patches, the beam width becomes so narrow, but so narrow that it's actually very difficult to provide that sectorial coverage. We all know that the down tilt is a very sensitive setting. You have to be very careful with how you adjust the down tilt of the patch array antenna. And this is exactly why, because the thin radiation pattern in the elevation plane causes that anything beyond a few degrees of the down tilt, the coverage is gone. And if you think that, well, I want a really high gain patch array antenna, why don't I get it? Well, this is why, because it would be extremely difficult to aim these antennas such that they would provide reasonable coverage area. Which would result, I mean, let's assume, okay, this is what happens when you have a patch array with many patches stacked on top of each other. And this is how the coverage looks. You experience that the null zone near the tower is actually increasing with the growing amount of patches. Yeah, okay, you get the gain, but then you're losing the coverage. So that's, again, another trade-off which makes the patch arrays more difficult to use and more difficult to scale for a higher gain. So another strength of the patch array is their cost. They're very attractively priced. And that's simply because the printed circuit board technology is a very old technology and it's very well developed. So it's very cheap to manufacture the patch array antennas, which makes them also cheap for the end consumer. So this is actually really great because that's something, especially when you're starting out, you're, of course, very happy to have an antenna that doesn't cost much. I mean, which might be good for the starters, but in the long run, you know, you'll definitely notice that the noise is actually a problem and a growing problem with networks. And then you have to start looking at other antennas as well. So scaling the horn, I mean, scaling the patch array for higher gain is very easy. All you need to do is to grow the area of the printed circuit board, meaning stack more patches. It's as simple as that. Yeah. So and for example, here you see a comparison of a 18 dbi patch array and a 24 dbi patch array at five gigahertz. So if you increase the print circuit board area five times, you get six decibels higher gain, which is really nice because you only you only increase the the area of the antenna and not the volume. And that's very attractive because the again, the printed circuit board is is is a technology that it's very well developed and and it's very cost friendly. And so having a patch array with higher gain is actually doesn't come at the at the very much increased price. So let's sum it up with the patch arrays. It's very easy to achieve high gain of the main and that's by simply stacking more and more patches. But again, there's a limitation to that to that beam with their cost is also very attractive, which is also one of the reasons why we use them so widely. I mean, besides also the historical reason that that was pretty much the only antenna that was available for the sectorial coverage back in the day. And they're also very easy to manufacture. And so they're very big with us all around the world. And because they're also used in other applications, like especially the cellular industry has has really pushed the the popularity of these antennas above and beyond. But there is a lot of a lot of cons of the patch array and tennis. So they're their frequency dependence. That's that's definitely a thumbs down. There are side lobes which unfortunately we cannot avoid. I mean, okay, we could but it becomes really expensive. So nobody really does that. And also the other parasitic radiations which are which are difficult to deal with. And again, that high gain is actually a really great thing, but it has its limits simply because the coverage area is is difficult to achieve as you grow that gain. Not to say that also mounting these antennas on the tower becomes is typically cumbersome. So and if you watched our previous webinar about horns. We now bring you a comparison of these two types of sector antenna technology. So in terms of high gain, the patch arrays are a little bit better, but the horns are not far behind. And honestly, the other properties like the lack of side lobes or high beam efficiency of horns really, really compensate for those one or two decibels of the gain difference very well. So you may lose two decibels in the signal strength, but you gain even good 10, 15 decibels in decreased noise floor, which is a trade off. You definitely should be happy to do simply because it's the signal to noise ratio that matters the most, not the signal strength alone. And if the signal to noise ratio is higher, the radio can leverage higher modulation encoding scheme rates. And overall throughput can be higher. So in terms of the gain stability, horns are definitely the winner here. As we saw the patch array radiation pattern changes substantially, whereas with the horn, it barely changes at all. As I mentioned, horns do not have any side lobes, which means their beam efficiency is between 93 up to actually 99%. For example, the ultra horn has beam efficiency 99%, which is really amazing and really unmatched in terms of noise suppression and wisp industry. Whereas patch arrays, unfortunately, do have a lot of side lobes, which are avoidable, right? But the cost is really way too much for the wisp industry altogether. In terms of bandwidth, the horns are also very good. They definitely cover a wider bandwidth than the patch arrays do. And again, with patch arrays, it's possible to make them a wide band, but then again, there comes the trade off with other properties. And the pattern stability is very high with horns, whereas unfortunately with patch arrays, there is very little of that as well as the balance between the horizontal and vertical polarizations of these antennas. Simply because all these parameters, the horizontal vertical balance, pattern stability, and the amount of side lobes really are all those parts components that are adding to the quality. To the quality of the perceived service from the side of your customers. So you want no side lobes or high beam efficiency. You want very high pattern stability. You want an antenna to have very balanced horizontal and vertical polarizations because those are those building blocks that ensure that your wisp network analysis bands will be stable and reliable. And with consistently high overall throughput. So horns on the other hand are more expensive to manufacture, obviously because they're they're basically like, you know, a metal full metal structures with some with some complicated ridges inside. So yes, they may be more expensive, but they can be definitely the manufacturing process can be optimized to the level that these antennas are attractive even in the wisp industry. While the patch arrays are typically one of the cheapest antennas, which is really great, great attraction for wisp. So in our development, we, we try to, we are leading the wisp industry in terms of antenna performance and we deliver a solution. Or the solution to the problem with noise by providing you the horn antenna technology that rejects the noise. And to add together with our new or zero laws to export ecosystem, which also makes the radios very easy and simple to install and uninstall. And all of these properties combined really provide you with the unlimited scalability options. So no longer you are limited by the hardware in terms of how big your wisp network can be. The only limitation is actually your imagination. And I invite you to check our YouTube channel where you'll find the playlist called with traveler where we traveled around the world and talk to a bunch of our customers and ask them how they, what's their experience with our products. So if you don't take it from us, we get it. But, you know, check those videos and see what other risks think about our antenna technology. Other YouTube channel we have is called inside wireless, and these are short few minute educational videos about all kinds of concepts and ideas from, from the wisp world. And whether you're, you know, experienced with or just starting out, it doesn't really matter, you can refresh or get some better understanding of all kinds of concepts from our engineering world. We also have online discussion forum called our field com. We check this form daily. So if you have any questions about our products, this is definitely the place to ask, besides our social media pages. And it's a really, really great resource you can search through the questions that have been already asked. It's a really great knowledge base for for our customers. So that's it from me today. And I hope you have a nice rest of the day and bye bye.