 Good afternoon everyone. Am I audible? Am I audible to you all? Yes. Let's see. We were discussing the last part of plant growth regulators. Okay. And that was vernalization. That was vernalization. Yes or no? What was vernalization? For flowering, there are many plants which has to be subjected to low temperature and that process is known as vernalization. I have told you, plant having certain factors, they are actually genes only. Okay. There are certain factors which is going to inhibit the flowering, which is going to inhibit the flowering. But low temperature inactivate that factor. In that case, in that case, a factor which is inhibiting the flower, you can say flowering, if that will be inhibited in that case, you can say flowering will take place. Flowering will take place. Yes or no? And what was the significance of vernalization? It gives time for somatic growth before plant bears a fruit. You can say fruit. Yes or no? Everyone? Yes sir. Yes. So, if you will talk about that. Okay. What was the plant, you can say part of the plant that is going to perceive the photo period, which part of the plant have ability to perceive the photo period? Sir, the leaf. Leafs. But here, but here, you can say, let's see, the stimulus is, stimulus is perceived by, perceived by the mature, stale apex or by the embryo, embryo of the seeds of the seeds, but not by the leaves. So, in this way, it is slightly different from the photo periodism. Yes or no? Yes or no? Varnalization can be seen in many. I will talk about varnalization. Varnalization is seen in many winter annuals and bi-annual plants. Do you people know annual and bi-annual? Any doubt in that? Agreed, everyone? No issues in that? I will just give you an example. And bi-annual plants, do you people know annual and bi-annual? Any doubt in that? Agreed, everyone? No issues in that? I will talk about winter annuals. Any plant that you people remember in that case? Tell me. I'm going to talk about winter's and winter annuals over here. talk about winters and winter annuals over here actually if you will see it is going to have two varieties how many varieties are there one is winter variety another is a spring variety they are going to ask you people no issues a spring variety is planted in in a spring season yes or no no issues can it out and winter variety is going to be planted during the winters now if I will talk about biennial plant in that many plants are there like sugar beet cabbages carrot no issue they are going to die in the second season just remember few names and the basic thing about the vandalization in this case no issues this part is there to be understood okay and then read out NCRT properly you are not going to face any problem in this the only one thing that like you can say wheat is there wheat is there you may have heard this thing that this year cold is not proper so we do you can say wheat crop is not going to be as good as in earlier years have you people heard about this that due to lack of low temperature wheat crop is not proper no sir no issues if winters will not be there proper flowering will not take place because the wheat crop needs vandalization agreed you people read this thing I will solve the assignment that I have sent to you people what is the next chapter in your book remember it digestive system that is digestive system let's say this topic is there to be understood one of the most logical you can just action that is there in eleventh class is animal physiology is animal physiology do you people know what is physiology do you people know what is physiology everyone please participate a bit you people know what is physiology yes what's that study of the functioning of her body it is the study of mechanism by which your body is going to function normally normally means how the food is going to be digested in your body okay how you are you can say your respiratory system is working how your circulatory system is working all of them are going to fall under what physiology agreed one is anatomy and another word is pathology you keep on hearing this thing no dr. Lal path lab and all dr. Lal path lab and all or any other like srl diagnostic lab if it's a path lab that kind of thing you people may have seen path lab means pathology how disease is taking place that is going to fall under pathology we are going to read human physiology a screen is visible yes human physiology means we are going to see how human systems are going to perform normally under that we are going to read digestive system first we are going to read digestive system first and what's that digestion and absorption is the name of the topic what do you people eat you eat carbohydrate lipid protein and nucleic acid you eat carbohydrate lipid protein and nucleic acid agree with me yes agreed carbohydrate in carbohydrate polysaccharide is there can you name can you name some of the polysaccharide that is present in your food anyone can you name some of the polysaccharide present in your food tell me dear have you heard about the starch yes yes have you heard about the starch that is a polysaccharide you are going to eat lipid protein and nucleic acid can you imagine how it is going to go into your blood can you imagine that can you imagine tell me dear starch is not there in your blood no glucose is there in your blood agreed everyone starch is not there in your blood rather glucose is there so what is the process of conversion of starch into glucose is known as tell me have you people read biomolecule tell me dear have you read this yes yes how the bond was getting formed how the bond was getting formed how the bond was getting formed tell me dehydration was the process in every in every bond you people may have seen you people may have seen that one H2O molecule is getting removed yes or no one H2O molecule was getting removed yes or no you know all the bones like in protein peptide won't do peptide bond was formed do you people remember how peptide won't work on how it happened tell me dear how it happened it happened by a process dehydration that is removal of what H2O molecule agreed isn't it is it like that is it like that you people forgot my molecule no issues I am telling you all the bond was formed by removal of H2O bond was formed so how what do you people think how the bond are going to be broken by the process known as hydrolysis what hydrolysis what is hydrolysis it is the breaking down of bond due to addition of water molecule agreed everyone have you people read classification of enzymes one group of enzyme was hydrolysis hydrolysis tell me dear have you heard about this class of enzyme all the digestive enzyme digestive belong to this class only hydrolysis are the enzymes that is going to bring about hydrolysis hydrolysis are the enzymes that are going to bring about hydrolysis yes or no you people are not saying anything are you able to yes further what has you got it now yes everyone so see now we are going to define digestion first it is the breaking down of complex food substances into simple absorbable form it is breaking down of complex food substances into simple absorbable form agreed how it is going to happen by two things one is mechanical and one is biochemical what do you people understand by mechanical thing what is mechanical no nonsomatic breakdown yes you are going to crush the food by the help of teeth and gastric rogue that is going to fall under mechanical and what is biochemical process it is by exon of enzymes yes or no exon of enzyme bio because living chemical because of enzymes so digestion is a mechanical or chemical or both process if you will talk about your food your food is going to contain two things one that is going to provide you with energy one that is going to provide you with energy and one that to not provide energy but it is you can say essential for immunity and all for normal functioning of the of the body the food that is going to provide you with energy is known as macronutrients or proximate principle and the food that is going to help you to only protect yourself from any disease is known as micronutrient or protective principle of your food so how many types of components are there in your food one is proximate principle and another is one is protective principle yes or no everyone everyone no issues in that now I will talk about minerals minerals if some mineral is required in an amount in excess of 100 mg per day this is known as macro element and it is required in a very less amount it is a micronutrient iron iodine zinc sodium potassium calcium and chloride they are there yes or no what do you think if I will say the process of digestion is carried out by digestive system what will you say is it true or not so can you show the minerals part again done I will talk about you can say the process of digestion is carried out by your digestive system digestive system having elementary canal and digestive gland digestive system having elementary canal and digestive gland yes or no elementary canal and digestive gland agreed everyone elementary canal having following things now let's see this is going to be your oral cavity okay lots of things are written so I'm going to remove few things first you see this is your oral cavity you are taking food from here food is coming over here now everyone this is the bolus this is the bolus means you are chewed the food now this is your bolus that part after chewing saliva mixed food is known as bolus now if you will go behind in your oral cavity you can see clearly a structure like this a structure like this this structure is going to be known as you will a what you will a yes or no you can see there is a small structure hanging in your mouth if you will open it up yes or no this is known as you will a everyone you see we are going to take food from here sorry food from here and we are going to take air from here yes or no air from here food from here here the internal layers are there what internal layers are there what do you people think what is the function of you will a what do you people think what is the function of you will a tell me dear sir yes what do you think what should be the function of you will a so it stimulates the gag reflex in case anything that's not supposed to go in goes in the mouth the thing is there it's primary function is to try to understand if this is going to push it it will come and will cover this area will not let the food go inside this yes or no it will go behind when we'll cover this area it will not let the food go like this yes or no because this is a open space only food can go over here also agreed so you will a closest internal layers while saloon saloon yes or no agreed everyone every time it is not going to stimulate the gag reflex yes or no and for gag reflex you will a you know necessary at all if you will touch the posterior part of the soft palate or initial part of the fairings it will be initiated yes or no tell me dear you people understood try to understand my point everyone here is going to go through this and coming like this this is a open area this is a natural natural chamber food is going to go through this and we'll try to go back in that it will push the you will a and you will a is going to cover this area yes or no everyone are you people getting or not yes agreed everyone this is there now you see food will come over here the area behind the internal layers is known as nezoo fairings and the area behind the oral cavity is known as oral fairings everyone agrees through this tell me dear nezoo fairings and oral fairings together they are going to be known as fairings and fairings is a common passage for food and air can you people feel this tell me dear yes everyone air is coming this way food is coming like this so this area is a common passes for food and air agree with this everyone okay now you see there are two pipes that you people can see one is this pipe another is this pipe one is grey one and one is blue one what do you people think what do you people think which is trachea anteriorly placed or posteriorly placed anteriorly placed or posteriorly placed trachea is anteriorly placed this is one question okay in your neck you are you can say you are able to feel one structure that is known as larynx I will teach you people in disparity system this is larynx larynx is kept over trachea only agreed everyone any doubt in this no issues which pipe is food this is esophagus esophagus is coming down and going inside or opening inside a stomach at the junction what is present what is present gastroesophageal splinter yes or no gastroesophageal splinter going to guard the opening of esophagus into a stomach agree with this everyone no issues now yes this is your stomach a stomach to going to go to open into deodenum and at the opening of a stomach into deodenum there is a splinter present this is known as known as pyloric a splinter yes or no pyloric a splinter guards opening of a stomach into deodenum agreed everyone sir what is the two part of the stomach I am going to tell you just give me a minute later on I will discuss you see over here I will discuss all the parts okay no two parts rather four parts are there getting my point now this is deodenum then comes Jejunum and the later part is known as helium deodenum Jejunum and helium falls under a small intestine part agreed dear agreed now ascending colon descending transverse colon and descending colon before that sikkim is there so helium is going to open into which part of large intestine everyone helium is going to open into which part of large intestine tell me dear helium is going to open into which part tell me dear this is helium and it is going to into which part going to open into which part so the sikkim sikkim and the you can say splinter or the valve that is present over here is known as helio sickle valve okay this is known as helio sickle valve it guards opening of helium into sikkim yes or no can you see a finger like projection present or you can say outgrowth arising from sikkim can you see that that is known as Bami form appendix it is a vestigial organ as far as human is concerned yes or no everyone everyone please tell me dear yes yes sikkim see over here Bami form appendix is there then ascending colon transverse colon descending colon now you see can you see here over here is a ass is forming going is going to form over here can you call it as accept this area you can see yes so wherever accept a structure is there that is known as sigmoid colon what sigmoid colon everyone so large intestine having sikkim colon rectum after rectum you can see this area is known as anal canal and this opening is known as NS agreed everyone so elementary canal of human starts with a start with a starts with oral cavity the anterior opening of oral cavity is known as mouth what mouth oral cavity will lead to pharynx pharynx will lead to esophagus esophagus to stomach and what is the name of a sphincter present at the junction of his you can say esophagus and stomach what is the name of a sphincter present at the junction of esophagus and stomach what is what's that a gastro isophageal sphincter gastro esophageal sphincter what is another name of you can say for this a sphincter cardiac sphincter because it is opening in which part of a stomach because it is opening in which part of a stomach in the cardiac part we will discuss discuss that later on don't worry now a stomach will open into which part please keep on answering I'm just asking only a stomach is going to open into which part deodorant deodorant and what is the name of a sphincter that guards that opening by low rick a sphincter yes very good deodorant will lead lead to Jejunam Jejunam will lead to Iliam Iliam will open into so a small intestine having three parts deodorant Jejunam and Iliam yes or deodorant Jejunam and Iliam everyone yes deodorant Jejunam and Iliam now see now see this Iliam is one going to open into which part cecum very good cecum having a finger like outgrowth that is known as appendix agreed cecum will lead to which part sending colon sending colon will lead to which part transverse colon transverse colon transfer colon will lead to descending colon descending colon will lead to sigmoid colon will lead to rectum rectum to anal canal and then anus yes or no this is your digestive system we will start with oral cavity now everyone agrees oral cavity let's see what is there for oral cavity its anterior opening is known as mouth it is bound anteriorly by lips superiorly by pallet that pallet is going to be divided into two parts one is hard pallet one is soft pallet hard pallet is anterior part it is bony soft pallet is posterior part bone is not present that is why it is soft it can move yes or no everyone inferiorly floor of the mouth is there and posteriorly oral pharynx is there this area is oral pharynx this area is oral pharynx so oral cavity lead to which structure oral cavity lead to which structure tell me dear so the pharynx now what all the structures are there that you people need to know so about the yes tell me dear so can I just show the oral cavity part again yes now you can see over here what all structures are there in your oral cavity that you people need to study okay at meat level tell me dear what all structures are there I will say there are two structures that is of your use and those are what those are what one is teeth another is done that you people need to explain in detail agreed everyone yes let's start with teeth let's start with what do you think what all words there are three words that is that is given in your book regarding the you can say human teeth do you people know about them what are they they are he could own heterodont and dioptheodont yes or no everyone these kind of words are used no say yes or no please say this yes sir is it there what is the meaning of being he could own what is the meaning of the he could own the teeth are attached to our skull like the bone see over here not exactly it is similar but the thing is there I will say over here it is present in the bony socket if you will take out the tooth just see to it if you will take out the tooth okay you will take out the tooth from the socket you can say I am going to accept the tooth now okay everyone use do you see what I am going to see you will see there is a bony socket okay you can clearly see this so a tit present inside bony socket is known as he could own agreed everyone and do you people feel that human human having only one type of teeth or many type of types of teeth like incisor like canine like premolar and molar what is that only one is there or many many types of teeth are there so many more than one type of teeth are there that is that condition is known as heterodont so human teeth is he could own heterodont and diphyodont because you all have observed this thing that that if you will see you must you must have observed this thing that there are two sets of teeth that were there in your mouth one warm milk milk teeth that has fallen over already and one is the permanent teeth that is there in your mouth at this point of time yes or no everyone here yes your teeth is going to be divided into two parts one is crown one is root one is crown and another is root agreed crown is that white part that is that you people can see in your mouth yes or no agreed and root is inside the bone is okay that you cannot see you can say you people cannot see yes or no see over here can you see these things can I say they are attaching bone to the tooth yes or no can I say that and what is their name it's periodontal ligament it's periodontal ligament yes or no tell me yes now now I am going to read out crown this blue one part blue part that you people can see this is in ML what in ML the outermost part of the tooth is known as in ML yes or no that white color part agreed this yellow one is known as dentine cutting my point so what is the outermost layer in the crown part what is the outermost layer in the crown part are you people not getting it yes anybody having doubt in this here if you have doubt you can ask me no and below in ML which part is there which layer is there actually below in ML which layer is actually so dentine this is for crown what about root the outermost layer is cementum what and below cementum dentine is there agreed so dentine is there in the crown as well as root yes or no in ML is there in the crown and cementum is there in the root agreed everyone tell me everyone you see inner to dentine this red one is known red one structure red structure is known as pulp is the only living tissue present in the teeth and it is there in the crown also and it is there in the root also agreed everyone in ML is the hardest substance of your body what is the hardest substance of your body it's in ML agreed everyone it's in ML or a yes or no yes and the only living part of the tooth is the only living part of the tooth is pulp agreed everyone yes yes of course now now what is periodontal ligament so the ligament that attaches the bony software to the teeth yes or agreed now here if you will see in ML is going to secreted by a particular kind of cell known as ameloblast cell what which cell is going to secrete in ML tell me dear ameloblast cell ameloblast cell agreed and what is the origin of ameloblast cell it is from ectoderm of the ectoderm of the embryo there are three germ layers now that is getting formed ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm you must have read this thing at the time of animal kingdom also yes okay so what is there it is it is ectodermaline orazine no issues in this now now everyone what is the cell that is going to secrete dentine it's odontoblast cell it is mesodermaline orazine done now one a bit difficult thing that is there you I hope you people will try to understand sharpies fiber do you know what is sharpies fiber see over here this is periodontal ligament what is the function of periodontal ligament tell me that first please repeat periodontal ligament that attaches the cement to the bone you see some part of periodontal ligament is you can say embedded inside cementum it is entering cementum yes or no this part is known as sharpies fiber yes or no if you will take out the section of cementum and you will read that under microscope part of periodontal ligament present inside cementum what should be its role its role should be there in the attachment only agreed agreed if you people will take out the tooth you will see there is a opening at the apex of the tooth apex known as apical foramen what is there apical foramen all the blood vessel nobs and everything goes inside the tooth through this apical foramen only it is wide in young tooth when getting a birth in permanent teeth it becomes narrow progressively somebody will ask you through which part nerve and blood to tooth enters the tooth what will you say apical foramen agreed do you people have any issue in this diagram please observe it is important diagram yes yes you can take done everyone no issues no issues no issues no issues level it done yes let's see what about human dentition let's see important thing is there human dentist and having two sets of teeth two sets one is primary teeth another is permanent teeth see over here in primary teeth we have central incisor lateral incisor canine first molar second molar and in permanent dentition the human dentition have let's see here is a good concept over here behind central incisor central incisor is coming behind lateral incisor lateral incisor is coming behind canine canine is coming but behind the first molar what is coming first premolar what is coming first premolar yes or no everyone can you see behind the first molar you can check in your mouth you can check in your mouth behind you can say after canine your premolar is there not molar but in you can say primary dentition behind canine molar is there agreed everyone no issues behind second molar second premolar is there and after that three molars are there the third molar is known as wisdom teeth because it is coming at the age of 16 to 18 years because of that only it is known as wisdom teeth because it is coming at a good age till that time we we become somewhat wise you know agreed tell me so what is the dental formula that is there in case of deciduous dentition there are two incisors we are going to write two over here one canine one canine is there zero premolar is there so zero and two molar is there so two one zero two and two one zero two is the dental formula of deciduous dentition how we are going to calculate let's see let's see do you people know know how we are calculating we are calculating from the midline I'm going to put this diagram over here leave it can you people see over here one one and two one is written yes sir yes those are central incisors so from where we are going to calculate we are going to calculate from between the central incisors so you can see over here central incisors lateral incisors two incisors are there in your mouth one canine is there two premolars are there and three molars are there usually you write we write maxillary upon mandibular of one side half is there so how many there are you can say teeth are there in this half eight eight total 16 and 16 this side so total teeth will be there in the human permanent dentition is 32 agrees everyone and how many teeth are there in the deciduous dentition two one zero two two one zero two five five ten on half side then ten on another side total will be 20 yes or no no I choose will you be able to differentiate between deciduous dentition and permanent dentition tell me here tell me say yes or no please quickly yes so this is the dental formula for permanent teeth now one question is there what all teeth are there which originate only once and what all teeth are there that originate twice in the life you see central incisors lateral incisors canine first molar and second molar these five tooth on one side and five tooth on the lower side maxillary side mandibular side two sides are there no so how many teeth are going to be there only once in the life two premolar and the third molar so three three three and three how many of them are there which originate only once 12 your mouth is divided into four quadrants quadrant you people know divided into four parts in each quadrant these teeth are there yes or no so there are three formulas three people to only two are not here first and second so then why have you written three into four three into four because two over here three molars and one is third molar so two premolar and one third molar how many will be there three so in one quadrant and how many quadrants are there in your mouth understood everyone any doubt in this no rest of the teeth originate twice in the life they are known as die five don't agreed everyone do you people have any problem with this now one thing is number of root only remember the numbers only remember the number do not go into this buccal and mesial aspect not required at all maxillary molar having how many roots three roots maxillary molar having how many roots how many roots are there for molecular molar tell me dear three only magillary molar having three roots mandibular molar having two roots magillary premolar having two roots rest all teeth are there which is having only one root please listen to my words I told magillary molar having how many roots mandibular molar and the magillary premolar how many roots are there sir no mandibular molar and magillary premolar first you can say first class is magillary molar how many roots are there magillary molars how many roots are there three mandibular molar and magillary premolar how many roots are there two rest all the teeth having only one root somebody will ask you mandibular premolar how many roots are there one sir one everyone please write this one in your notebook magillary molar maxillary is the upper jaw yes or no maxilla is upper jaw no yes sir and mandibular is the lower jaw to magillary molar having how many roots mandibular molar and magillary mandibular molar and magillary premolar having how many roots and rest all the teeth having one that's all agreed excuse me sir yes so mandibular I mean magillary molar all of them right have three roots and not only one see actually actually the thing that is there no a third molar having variable anatomy but you people have to consider three roots only because it is the part of dentistry not 11th or 12th yes sir okay you have to consider magillary molar three roots that's all these things I have written in the you can say notes so that you people can refer to it whenever some questions are asked in the book you know try to mug it up because it is going to make you can say it is going to over burden you people okay after NCRT just read till here okay if sometime you will see a question you can see a bit that's all not required it is extra now I will be talking about carries carries cavitation in your teeth yes or no do you people know that carries anybody having cavity in the you can say in the oral cavity nobody have do you know why animal is that tough why animal is that tough why it is not soft because enamel having inorganic component a stone like thing it is the salt of calcium and that also 90 percent yes or no only about 10 percent is the organic component yes or no only about 10 percent is the organic component whenever you are going to eat chocolates that sugar will be converted into lactic acid by bacteria left to bacillus and all it is there in the oral cavity also it is going to decrease the pH and whenever you must have read in animal tissue have you people read decalcified bone dear when we are going to put a bone into HCL HCL you know what happens the inorganic component starts leaching out this is known as leaching and bone becomes soft whenever the pH will be low no inorganic component will start coming out of the mouth and now you see the component which is 90 percent and tooth is strong because of that only what do you think what should happen in this case what should happen in this case also the inner layers are exposed yes cavity will be formed that is going to be known as caries pariah is infected gums and tooth socket the next thing that you people need to know about tongue the next thing that you people need to know about tongue what is there it is a voluntary muscular organ of gestation gestation means taste sensation what taste sensation tongue is voluntary muscular organ of gestation everyone agrees to this voluntary means it is according to your will you want to move it you can move it yes or no yes or no it also helps in speech and mastication there are three functions that is therefore your tongue yes or no the lateral view we are going to see it from the side it looks like this there is a bone known as void bone in the neck older neck region only to this only tongue is attached agreed to this only tongue is attached everyone tongue is attached to void bone only now this is your floor of the mouth and tongue is attached to floor of the mouth with the help of a structure known as lingual freenulam what lingual freenulam see over here can you people observe this kind of structure in your oral cavity so you people can observe no it is known as lingual freenulam what lingual freenulam so the structure that attaches tongue to the floor of the mouth is known as what freenulam agreed tell me dear say now have you seen this structure so yes tell me dear sir can you repeat the function of lingual freenulam it is what is there it is going to establish your tongue inside the oral cavity okay and it attaches tongue to the floor of the mouth this is floor of your mouth see over here this is floor of your mouth it is attaching the tongue to the floor of the mouth yes or no yes freenulam yes or no can you people observe this structure in your oral cavity attaching your lips to gums yes sir take it now dear this is known as this is known as freenum so see the difference between the spelling one is freenulam and one is freenum agreed tell me yes sir everyone now let's see over here let's see over here do you people know imagine this is a earthworm you people have seen earthworm no yes you people have seen earthworm no so the you can say the side which is in the direction of movement this is known as anterior this is known as posterior the side which is you can say facing the air it is dorsal and the side which is facing the ground known as ventral but what happened in the case of human human stood up like this human stood up like this like this yes or no this is head this is if you consider this situation in human you know this surface is going to be anterior or rather ventral or dorsal let's see see over here this is the dorsal surface now where a spine is there I think I have known I am not able to make you people understand see over here see this diagram correlate this diagram earthworm there like this it was anterior it was posterior it was dorsal it was ventral now it got you can say stood up like this next you can say over here one important thing that this dorsal is is the extension of just forget it just forget everything you people can see hair is there on your head hair is there no yes sir do you know what is that that can be considered as dorsal surface also okay because you extend a bit the hair will be there on the dorsal side okay what I want to tell you people over here tongue having two surfaces tongue having two surfaces let's see tongue having two surfaces this surface that you people can see can you people imagine this thing yes sir see over here this surface is dorsal you can set dorsal surface of the tongue okay and tongue having ventral surface also the surface present over here you see where freedom is attached what is that ventral surface yes or no yes sir tongue having two surfaces one is dorsal the dorsal surface is upper one okay that you people can easily see yes or no yes sir and the surface on which freedom is there that surface is what ventral surface ventral surface so I have read the lateral view of the tongue now we are going to read dorsal view of the tongue dorsal view the dorsal surface you see there is a small line of depression that is known as sulcus okay not very deep it is going to you can say divide known as sulcus terminalis it is going to divide the tongue into posterior one third and anterior two third part yes or no the sulcus terminalis is going to the sulcus terminalis is going to divide your tongue into two parts tell me tell me dear yes sir everyone the anterior two third part is known as oral part and the posterior two third one third part is known as pharyngeal part agreed which is going to divide it sulcus terminalis everyone now now one important thing your tongue is going to going to going to have papilla what papilla and the papilla is going to contain taste bird papilla is going to contain taste bird and that act like chemo receptor tell me dear one important thing what do you people understand by the word receptor what do you people understand you people keep on hearing the thermo receptor okay mechanoreceptor chemo receptor have you heard these words earlier yes sir what do you think what is receptor sorry what is receptor sir they pick up stimuli and send it to the brain to generate a response to it yes something like that only anybody else want to discuss or elaborate a bit more anybody of you want to discuss a bit more tell me dear sreyas srigori puja anybody have you heard this word earlier transducer have you heard this word earlier the transducer see it is a word that is going to be discussed in in physics only it converts one form of energy into another form of energy you people must have read neurons in tenth tenth or ninth in the earlier class neurons and you must have read nerve conduction also on neurons in which form impulse you can say is going to go or travel in which energy form is it electrical energy is it electrical energy to everyone please discuss with me getting my point this is the most advanced science on the earth you cannot mug up all the time try to understand these things dear so what is there in your food is it chemical energy yes sir and if that has to go to brain that should be converted into which form electrical impulses tell me electrical impulses that means something is there which is converting the chemical energy into electrical energy no yes sir so receptor is what converting one form of energy into another form and the key more receptor is what which is converting the chemical energy into the electrical energy yes or no have you heard mechanism of vision retina yes sir in that the light energy are being converted into electrical energy that is why retina is cells present in the retina is known as photoreceptor photoreceptor yes or no yes sir have you heard about organ of coty in the year yes sir at that at that place mechanical rubbing is there air cells are going to rub means at that place in the organ of coty mechanical energy is going to be converted into electrical energy yes or no so mechanoreceptor word is used over there so on tongue test birds are there test birds act as emo receptors now what is the meaning of emo receptor it is converting chemical energy into electrical energy yes or no yes sir no issues of let's see chemical will come in your oral cavity it will go inside the test pore and here receptors are present it will generate x n potential later on we will understand this thing and that x n potential will be going through the neurons to brain everyone so remember this thing apilla contains taste bird this is an important line they will try to confuse this thing by just you can say changing the position of papilla and taste bird they will tell you taste bird contains papilla and you will think it is it might be correct but it is not like that papilla contains taste bird what all kind of kind of papillars are there see just in front of sulcus terminal is this papilla is there this papilla is known as circumvalid papilla good papilla circumvalid papilla then here leaf like papillars are there known as foliate papilla what foliate papilla foliate papilla then filiform papilla then fungi form papilla one important question that will be asked filiform is the smallest papilla most abundant and it do not contain any taste bird it do not contain any taste bird yes or no yes or no tell me here how many types of papillars are there on the dorsal surface of the tongue four see over here circumvalid foliate foliate is not working in case of human foliate is not going to work in case of human agreed dear yes sir everyone and even filiform papilla do not have taste bird so so if you will see over here see over here the filiform papilla as well as foliate papilla do not have any role in case of taste as far as human is concerned yes or no everyone so your tongue is divided into posterior one third and anterior two third agree with that point here everyone agree with that point yes no issues now do you people know about cranial nerves and spinal nerves yes sir how many pairs of cranial nerves are there in your body 12 pairs in that taste sensation is taken away by seventh cranial nerve from anterior two third part and ninth cranial nerve from posterior one third part so from the tongue how many nerves are responsible to take away the sense now you can set your sensation how many nerves are responsible to take away the taste sensation in the tongue two are there from anterior two third which nerve is you can say involved seventh cranial that is facial and from posterior one third which nerve is there glosopharyngeal ninth ninth cranial nerve yes or no everyone yes sir yes now tongue movement is caused by tongue movement see there are two kind of function one is motor function by that your muscle is going to move and one is sensory function by that some sensation will be taken to brain so must tongue movement is going to be caused by hypoglossal nerve that is your 12th cranial nerve yes or no so how many nerves are you can say associated with function of tongue reason three tongue movement is going to be caused by hypoglossal nerve yes or no everyone if I will talk about taste area of the tongue sweet salt sour and bitter over here and you are going to eat chili now that is not actually the taste sensation it is the pain sensation okay no issues chili is going to have pain sensation that we are going to feel now you can ask me sir why it is so specific sweet salt sour and bitter you can ask me what I have told if chemical will come it will bind it to its receptor yes or no it is bind it is going to bind to its receptor nerve over here in the gastatory receptor cells some chemicals are there that is going to bind to receptor nerve yes or no tell me dear everyone it is going to bind yes so if it is going to bind to receptor so if receptor is a specific like this is this receptor is there for sweet in that case which can stimulate these cells only sweet can stimulate no if this receptor is there for sweet in that case which substance is going to stimulate these cells sweet so sweet only so these areas are divided because of this receptor like in this area the you can say the taste bud having receptor for sweet in this area it is there for salt in this area it is there for sour and in this area it is there for bitter yes or no everyone do you people have any doubt in this tongue area tongue part tongue part yes tell me dear if the if the receptors of tasting such tastes are so specific so then whenever we eat something which has a particular taste even though we don't really put it in the place where the receptors are we still get the taste see the thing that is there first thing the chemical that is present on your tongue it diffuses from one area to another area this is one thing okay it is not going to be localized or some boundary is there it cannot go in some other area it is not like that no yes so do you do you you can say do your tongue is going to have boundary walls it is not there no reason it is not there first thing second thing you can say measured you can say major taste buds for that thing is there in that area okay my you can say some test birds are there in any area of the tongue okay first you can say your answer is there your question is there and my answer is the first point that chemical is not going to be localized in in one area it is going to be diffuse going to diffuse all throughout the tongue yes or no yes sir yes and second thing there may be some receptors for that particular taste also minor you can say stimulation can be there in any area agreed yes majorly it will be localized to one particular area now tonsils what are tonsils tell me dear have you people heard about tonsils yes so you keep on hearing the tonsillitis is there so tonsils are lymphatic tissue of pharynx what what is the function of lymphatic tissue they store lymphocytes they store lymphocytes agreed they store lymphocyte everyone and what is the function of lymphocyte here they are going to neutralize any bacteria or any pathogen that is present in your or that is trying to come inside your body yes or no that is the function of lymphatic tissue yes or no everyone everyone that lymphatic tissue which is present in the form of present in the pharynx they are present in a circle pharynx this is the pharyngeal tonsil you people know your you can say this middle ear is going to open into pharynx with the help of oestetian tube your pharynx and middle ear is going to have one connection that is known as oestetian tube yes or no everyone so the tonsils present around oestetian tube is known as tubal tonsil a bit lower over here palatine tonsil it is present in the palate and on the in the lower area it is known as lingual tonsil so in the simplest of word i will say the tonsils of pharynx or lymphatic tissue of pharynx actually are present in the form of a ring if you will draw that this thing it is going to form a ring that is known as walled ear ring what is walled ear ring tell me dear what is walled ear ring it it represents it represents an imaginary line on which all the tonsils are present agreed everyone no issues till now no issues till now tell me dear sir yes you are not speaking even you can say now got it yes uja dev yes sir got it now yes tell me sir yes sir just a request when there's a lot of notes to write sir could you just pause on it and explain a little yes whenever you you you like no you stop me okay you feel like that you just stop me getting my point yes sir and i am going to send you all these notes again you can say also it will be there gaurav sir is going to give you okay yes sir just after the class you will get the notes you will get the assignment okay read your ncrt very carefully and whenever you feel like that you just say sir let me copy no problem in that dear okay write it down we have three hours class now you people will be done please tell me once you are done done everyone so do we take 10 minutes break just now only we will be joining at 545 agreed everyone okay we have a 15 minute break okay no issues no issues we will be joining at 550 okay 550 okay okay yes everyone i'm back let's see we were discussed till val dear yes or no yes yes now the isofagus the story behind isofagus is a bit complex sorry a bit complex actually what happens the upper if you divide sofagus into three equal parts upper one third is voluntary in nature contains skeletal muscle lower one third is completely involuntary contains a smooth muscle in between mixing is there in between mixing is there as you will go down voluntary fiber will decrease and involuntary fibers will increase yes or no we consider we consider upper one third of isofagus as voluntary and lower one third sorry two third as involuntary everyone agree to this agree to this tell me dear yes sir everyone now in isofagus successive contraction of you can say successive contraction a cycle of successive contraction and relaxation is going on which is known as peristaltic movement later on we will see the mechanism also we will be talking about the next thing that is a stomach your stomach is going to be divided into four parts one is cardiac part another is sorry fundus part then comes body and pyloric how many parts are there i think some of you were asking about parts of a stomach earlier which question was there who have asked this yes you got how many parts are there four let's see this is the opening of gastroisophageal sphincter above this opening the part of a stomach is going to be known as fundus going to be known as fundus yes or no everyone see this isofagus is going to open into this part this part of a stomach is known as cardiac part cardiac part so there is a question see this question isofagus opens into which part of a stomach what will you say dear cardiac part cardiac part or pyloric part body or fundus cardiac part now you see can i say this gastroisophageal sphincter is present at the junction of isofagus and cardiac part of stomach hence this stomach is also known as cardiac sphincter agreed now you people understood why gastroisophageal sphincter is known as cardiac sphincter tell me dear agreed everyone another name of GES sphincter agreed so if you are going to see this don't hesitate let's see this main part of a stomach from here to here this is known as body of a stomach and the last part which got narrowed down is known as pyloric part yes or no so how many parts are there for a stomach four parts cardiac fundus body and pyloric please let me know please let me know in which part isofagus is going to open please repeat yes yes now you people can see this is the greater curvature of stomach this is the greater curvature of stomach and this is the lesser curvature of stomach greater curvature lesser curvature agreed lesser curvature now you see all your organ is going to be wrapped around by peritoneum and attached to the body wall that peritoneum having different name in the different part of your GIT in a stomach it is known as omentum omentum is wrapping the stomach all around and attaching it to the body wall so the omentum present towards the greater curvature is known as greater omentum and the omentum present towards the lesser curvature is known as lesser omentum everyone agree to this yes sir agree to this now it shows greater omentum and lesser omentum that is there now you just see one thing that I want to tell you all the difference between these two disease please read it and try to understand on your own for a minute after that I will start explaining you will get it done everyone everyone let's see one is gastric regurgitation have you heard about this thing after eating eating too much sometimes you feel something that is very you can say bitter in taste coming inside mouth have you felt that thing have you people practical knowledge of this thing gastric regurgitation at times it happens we have taken we have a capacity of eating three breads we have taken five instead what will happen it will be overfilled and this splinter will not close properly if gastroesophageal splinter will not close properly what will happen the food will go inside esophagus from the stomach esophagus from stomach yes or no tell me gastric regurgitation gastric regurgitation agreed yes sir tell me no issues no issues let's see gastric regurgitation is there which is going to happen in the case when the cardiac splinter or gastroesophageal splinter is not closing properly in that case content of stomach is moving to esophagus and then into oral cavity yes or no the second condition is ecclesia cardia what ecclesia cardia try to understand the bolus is trying to come down bolus is trying to come down let's see the bolus is trying to come down let's see the splinter has not opened now will the will this bolus be able to go into stomach if the cardiac splinter is not opening in that case will the bolus be you can say will be able to go to stomach or not tell me agreed in that case that food will remain inside stomach no you can say esophagus no if cardiac splinter will not open in that case food will be trapped inside esophagus no say yes or no this splinter is not able to open food will be will be there in the esophagus no yes sir everyone everyone tirthana puja yes sir tirthana are you able to hear me no am i audible to everyone no yes sir yes see over here what i want to tell you all gastric regurgitation and ecclesia cardia 2 disease that is you can say related to gastroesophageal splinter having doubt any doubt in this q general points about q general points about elementary canal it is the widest part of elementary canal contains finger like projection known as gastric rugi it helps in mechanical crushing of the food during churning movement it stores food for four to five hours it stores food for four to five hours food mixed with gastric juice is known as crime yes or no these are the general points that you people need to know about gastric rugi i am going to tell you few things one place where mechanical crushing is taking place is the mouth oral cavity by teeth and another place inside the stomach by which a structure what is the role of gastric rugi in that mechanical crushing of food yes or no or yes or no please tell me dear yes agreed everyone no doubt in that now this part of elementary canal is over see this part is over i am going to enter this part now can you see deodenum pancreas and all see over here i am going to enter over here let's see let's see here this is deodenum anybody having doubt this is your liver there are two loaves that your liver is going to have this is your gallbladder any doubt in this see over here one duct is arising from gallbladder what is duct means pipe i have already told you people ducts means pipe yes or no yes or no yes sir here is cystic duct cystic duct tell me yes sir cystic duct is the duct of gallbladder yes or no cystic duct is the duct of gallbladder you see hepatic word is used for liver one pipe is coming from this way this lobe another is from this lobe they are going to form a hepatic duct this is hepatic duct yes or no duct originating from liver the duct of liver is known as what duct of liver is known as hepatic duct now try to understand my point here cystic duct and hepatic duct they have joined to form one duct known as common bile duct common bile duct yes or no everyone common bile duct everyone agreed sir just a minute before explaining could you give us two minutes to copy the diagram yes please copy it done are you done dear we're leaving just a minute sir no please inform sir yes what have you written like to the right below part of the part of pancreatic duct and periodic duct duct of vision w i r s u n g version and so what is the arm is a water ampoule of water not water water w v a what is the specter of something right next to the cystic duct that we are going to discuss let me discuss first i'm going to give you time to copy oh yes but what is the spelling of the thing odd i o double d i a stringer of odd i a stringer of boy done done let's see first thing i like to discuss the hepatic duct is going to combine to cystic duct to form common bile duct how the common bile duct is formed union of cystic duct with hepatic agreed cystic duct is the duct of gallbladder and hepatic duct is the duct of you can say liver everyone tell me dear say yes or no yes sir yes this is your main pancreatic duct pancreas having two ducts one is the main one main pancreatic duct is known as duct of version w i r s u n g version yes or no you see this common bile duct is going to join the main main pancreatic duct yes or no to form a common duct that is known as hepato pancreatic duct how it is formed how the hepato pancreatic duct is formed it is formed by the union of common bile duct and main pancreatic duct yes or no tell me it is formed by the union of common bile duct and main pancreatic duct yes or no the hepato pancreatic duct say yes or no no yes sir everyone do you people have any doubt in this now you see this ampulla the word ampulla means dilated part what dilated part agreed let's see this hepato pancreatic duct become dilated to form what ampulla of ampulla of vatter ampulla of vatter yes or no everyone yes sir ampulla of vatter so ampulla of vatter is going to open into the deodenum and it is guarded by ampulla of vatter is nothing but the dilated part of hepato pancreatic duct only and a sphincter of otai is going to guard the opening of hepato pancreatic duct into deodenum yes or no tell me that yes or no everyone now one is a sphincter of boiden a sphincter of boiden you see where it is present is it guarding the opening of common bile duct into main pancreatic duct is it guarding the opening of common bile duct into main pancreatic duct yes or no yes sir yes or no so see over here what happens bile is produced inside liver it is produced inside liver and we when we are not eating anything sorry when we are not eating anything in that case what happens this sphincter of boiden is closed means bile cannot go this way bile will come to gall bladder yes or no yes sir agreed when you are not eating this is closed here it is closed in that case what will happen the bile will come to gall bladder where it is stored and concentrated what is the function of gall bladder to store and concentrate the bile yes or no everyone yes and one thing deodenum is c-shaped at places u-shaped is also written but if you have to choose between them c-shaped is the most correct answer so liver from liver which duct is originating there hepatic duct and from gall bladder which duct is there cystic duct they combine to form common bile duct and from there what is going to it is going to combine to which which duct it will lead to a dilated part known as ampulla of water ampulla of water is going to open into deodenum and which sphincter is there in place sphincter of odai sphincter of odai and sphincter of boiden is going to go guard the opening of common bile duct into pancreatic duct do you people agree with all these things that is written over here yes so anybody having doubt i have taken one more photograph from a good book that is dot rah and i have placed it over here so that you people can feel it a bit here falsiform ligament falsiform ligament it is going to connect two lobes of liver yes or no yes or no it connect two lobe of it connects two lobes liver everyone yes agreed do you people have any doubt in this segment this segment is really very important if you have you can ask me if you have something to copy you can copy and please inform once you are done please let me know so could you show the hepato pancreatic duct in the picture once common bile duct common bile duct is going to join the main pancreatic duct this part will be known as hepato pancreatic duct yes or no this part agreed everyone yes you want to copy anything you can copy that is not a problem you can see it over here also you can see it over here also this diagram also serious thing done everyone and so yes one another thing that is there can you see there is one a small extra pipe is there in pancreas this one can you see apart from all these things that is accessory pancreatic duct known as duct of centaurini known as duct of centaurini it is not going to open into anything directly opening into deodenum okay no it shows main pancreatic duct is known as duct of virson the accessory one is known as duct of centaurini yes or no any doubt in this any doubt in this please tell me no now we are moving to intestine intestine it is going to be divided into two parts a small and a large intestine a small intestine because diameter is smaller and large intestine because diameter is larger yes or no a small intestine because intestine is smaller large intestine because intestine is larger agreed to my points tell me the small intestine is 4.5 to 6 meter in length large intestine is around 1.5 meters in length yes or no if you will see this thing let's see deodenum is the smallest only 25 centimeter and ilium is the longest which is the 3.5 meter jejunum is intermediate 2.5 meters why the name jejunum is given jejunum means a empty space during postmortem it looks like it is it is empty during postmortem jejunum is found to be empty yes or no everyone i will tell you the reason later on so deodenum jejunum ilium is the part of a small intestine sycam colon and rectum is the part of large intestine colon ascending colon transverse colon descending colon and sigmoid colon anybody having doubt in this just a minute sir yes everyone done just a second sir yes done now one thing i will like to tell you all here the large intestine its surface is not a smooth rather it is in the form of pouches yes or no yes or no these pouches are there no do you know what are they they are known as austra okay pouch like a structure present in large intestine is known as what austra agreed everyone and you people can see over here there are three one two three three longitudinal bend of muscle fibers a smooth muscle is there this one can you people observe this thing can you observe yes in the middle they are a smooth muscle three and is it along the length or not along the length or not if something is along the length it is known as longitudinal that is known as tiniacoli tiniacoli is a longitudinal bend of muscles present over here yes or no on large intestine no issues in that everybody agree to to this point no austra and tiniacoli do you people understand do you people understand yes everyone let's see now histology of elementary canal histology of elementary canal what is that histology of elementary canal tell me that tell me dear histology means microscopic study of tissue okay it is not you can say watching the tissue or observing it from the you can say naked eye you have to fix that and you have to see that under microscope so that you people can observe the self you will go by that the elementary canal is going to have elementary canal is going to have four layers cirrhosa muscularis submucosa and mucosa cirrhosa muscularis submucosa and mucosa everyone yes or no see this is the lumen where food is moving and this is the outer part outer to inner outermost is outermost is cirrhosa everyone no issues tell me dear the outermost layer of elementary canal is what cirrhosa if you will enter this this is and this one these two layers are muscularis the outer layer of muscularis is longitudinal and inner one is circular everyone everyone yes no issues outer one is longitudinal and inner one is circular being longitudinal means being longitudinal means see over here it should be along the length see over here it should be along the length these muscle layers are along the length like this like this like this agreed if you are going to cross cut the cross section you will be able to see only this view if you are going to cut the cross section you will be able to see only the top view yes or no if you will see your pen from the top how it looks like is it looking like long or circular from the top your pen is there no you are writing from here you're writing from here you will see it from this view any cylindrical thing it is along the length that means it is cylindrical yes or no any cylindrical thing is there you are going to see this that thing from here it looks like what like this or not tell me dear tell me say yes or no so in the cross section the longitudinal is going to look like a circular one yes or no do not confuse because when you will forget your concepts are going to take you out from that situation yes or no see over here this is which layer see we have interacted for you can save too many classes now so you people have understood my way how we are going to discuss you people should you can say reply all the time okay only seven eight restaurants are there I don't think much noise is going to be there so if you are getting please let me know otherwise I feel like whether have you got or not so if something is longitudinal if you will see it from here look like it is circular yes or no yes yes and see cap or your of your pen this is cap of your pen see from this view it is circular no if you will see it from here it look like it is long like this yes or no cap of your pain divide it into two three parts see over here divide that into two three parts now do it look like this one do it look like that only is it like that no yes or no so circular thing if you are watching it from the top from this area it will look like it is long and something that is cylindrical after cutting you are going to see it from this it will look like it is circular so have you people understood why it is demarcated like this the circular one is inner one and the longitudinal one is outer one this is known as muscular is layer yes or no everyone now inner two muscular is the submucosa is there and mucosa is going to be there which is going to line the lumen now the question is which of the following layer of alimentary canal lines the lumen what do you think this question what should be the answer is it mucosa everyone is it mucosa tell me dear yes yes so these are the four layers mucosa having four you can set three divisions one is muscular is mucosa lamina propria and mucosa proper okay mucosa proper is the epithelial tissue have you heard epithelial tissue what kind of epithelial tissue is there in the stomach and esophagus and all you people have heard no simple as commas epithelium and all tell me dear yes so epithelial tissue how it is going to work I have ten you can say taken a diagram from a book of medical physiology that is a k gen you people are going to read that in ambiguous first year okay this diagram is there and this diagram is very informative okay what have I told how many layers are there in your GIT from esophagus till rectum how many layers are there tell me dear how many layers are there from esophagus till rectum please answer please answer how many layers are there in your GIT starting from esophagus to rectum and what all are there zeros are yes or no yes now I am going to observe all these layers into different parts of your GIT okay we will see all these layers in the esophagus in the mucosa deodenum and Jejunum and ileum these three are there these four are there in the four parts we will observe these things okay see over here do you people know what is peritonium what is peritonium do you people know see have you heard about ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm all these things no see there are three germ layers that is formed during embryonic stage outer one is ectoderm then comes mesoderm okay three plates are there and then comes endoderm yes or no everyone this is ectoderm this is mesoderm and this is endoderm yes or no tell me have you heard about all these things say yes or no yes now what happens what happens dear there is a silo cavity that is going to develop there is a cavity that is going to develop inside mesoderm yes or no this cavity is known as what silo what is the definition of silo body cavity lined by mesoderm can you see can you see this side also mesoderm is there and this side also is you can say mesoderm is there you cannot call silo simply as body cavity because in your oral cavity also you can say mouth also oral one cavity is there inside esophagus also esophagus also cavity is there inside a stomach a cavity is there but none of them are silo yes or no you people have done animal kingdom no animal kingdom what is the definition of silo body cavity lined by mesoderm can you see here is a cavity this one this side and this side both the side it is lined by mesoderm yes or no read now this is going to be covered by a membrane that membrane is going is known as peritoneum yes or no peritoneum the inner one is going to be known as visceral peritoneum and the outer one is known as perital peritoneum yes or no tell me dear and extension of this only like pericardium pericardium you people have heard the covering of heart the covering of heart perital pericardium and visceral pericardium pericardial space in earlier classes you may have heard about that leave it you people have heard about momentum no in a stomach yes momentum is also extension of peritoneum only yes or no so what have I told outer covering is greater momentum means peritoneum is there yes or no everyone yes aren't you people getting it other people they kirtana puja are you getting it or not see what have I told all your organs are going to be lined by peritoneum and that peritoneum is only what cirrhosa cirrhosa is a peritoneum only agreed now we are going to go slightly at the need level setting my point let's see you can see in all the organs outer covering is cirrhosa this is visceral peritoneum I have told you people in this diagram what is visceral peritoneum let's see let's see this is the inner one this peritoneum is what visceral peritoneum yes or no everyone what is cirrhosa it is a visceral peritoneum so a stomach deodenum and the jejunum and helium even large intestine their outer covering is cirrhosa which is a visceral peritoneum yes or no tell me dear say yes or no yes now in isofagus visceral peritoneum is not there it's outer covering is fibrous and it is known as tunica adventicia means if somebody will ask you in which part of GIT cirrhosa is absent what will you say it's esophagus yes or no then comes longitudinal muscle then comes circular muscle in all the part longitudinal and circular muscles are there you see what is there in a stomach more strength is required some oblique muscle is also there so in a stomach there is modification in the muscularis layer yes or no everyone tell me dear in cirrhosa modification is there in the isofagus because in isofagus cirrhosa is absent in a stomach which part is showing modification tell me dear muscularis why one additional layer of oblique muscle is there in other like somebody will ask you oblique muscle is present in what will you say yes now this is some mucosa it is having blood vessel it is having it is having blood vessel it is having nerves and all this is blood vessel this is nerves with yellow color we are going to do now can you observe anything in the sum mucosa of diodenum can you observe anything in that you can say sum mucosa of diodenum anything please say with bruner's gland so if I will say bruner's gland is situated in the sum mucosa of diodenum is it all right yes sir I am going to write a very important question bruner's gland is situated in the sum mucosa of what sum mucosa of what agreed everyone agreed everyone bruner's gland is situated in the sum mucosa of diodenum now now I will be talking about mucosa it is having muscularis mucosa lamina propria and mucosa proper let's see this layer is muscularis mucosa very thin and rudimentary in human not functional then this part is lamina propria yes or no and this part is mucosa which is a epithelial tissue yes or no you people can observe over here in the extra you can say in the esophagus it is non-characterized escomas epithelium do you people have any problem in this in esophagus it is non-characterized estratified escomas epithelium yes or no yes yes and in the stomach and intestine it is simple columnar epithelium in the small intestine it is and a stomach it is simple columnar epithelium you can see a finger like folding that is present in the stomach what is this so what is the column before the stomach what is what's the column before stomach indicating where here or no sir I just wanted to know what was before the stomach esophagus got it yes yes now see see over here what is this known as this finger like projection gastric ruby yes and what is the function of gastric ruby mechanical mixing of food during turning movement of stomach turning movement is a typical movement of stomach yes or no everyone yes and one this kind of projection in the small intestine this is known as what you people must have read columnar will I say simple columnar breast border border epithelium you should know difference between will I and micro will I are you clear in this yes I will send yes I will send noise in that let's see this folding is your will I know folding of mucosa now this mucosa is going to contain cells also no cells are there columnar cells are there yes or no yes can you see one cell is this you can say observe this surface of the cell and this what is the difference between these two can you see the surface of cell cell is also folded yes this is known as micro will I what this blue one this blue one is known as will I and the folding of cell is known as micro will I this kind of epithelium is known as simple columnar breast border epithelium what do you think what they are going to you they are supposed to do what they are supposed to do area or absorbs agreed here agreed everyone yes now everyone will see see this is the level of base of will I this is known as base of will I can you see there is one depth depression that is present below the base of will I also base of will I below the base of will I depression is present now over here tell me this one what is that known as that known as that is known as creeps of liver cone what creeps of liver cone agreed everyone a depression present below base of will I is known as creeps of liver cone yes or no tell me that tell me that everyone aren't you people getting yes sir yes so I want to add one more point about Bruno's Glenn it is present in the sum you goes up do denim and opens into which part do you people agree with me do you people agree with me yes tell me dear now do you yes creeps of liver cone this is there this part see this is base of will I will I base is there this is the base below the base there is one depression present that is known as creeps of liver cone yes or no yes everyone now do you people think he bacteria can go across your mucosa bacteria can go across your mucosa tell me that if I am eating something there are chances like input bacteria is there that bacteria can cross my oral mucosa and go into the blood chances are there or not chances are there or not yes it is there no so wherever mucosa is there no wherever mucosa is there below mucosa there is lymphoid tissue and I have told you people the function of lymphoid tissue while discussing tonsils while discussing tonsils yes or no I have told you that not here yes everyone I have told you that now function of lymphoid tissue bacteria will try to enter here below mucosa there is a continuous structure that is lymphoid tissue is present which is going to attack the bacteria yes or no that is known as mucosa associated lymphoid tissue wherever mucosa is present below it mucosa associated lymphoid tissue is present yes or no in the oral cavity in the isofegus everywhere it is present yes or no below mucosa it is present hence it is known as what mucosa associated lymphoid tissue agreed can you observe this gray one yes sir what happens this malt mucosa associated lymphoid tissue get aggregated in the ilium region and this aggregation is known as what what please say pairs patches what pairs patches pairs patches so what are pairs patches they are aggregation of lymphatic tissue in the ilium area agreed they are aggregation of lymphatic tissue in the ilium area yes or no everyone so what is the definition of pairs patches see there these things are a bit important okay I have two options I should you can say read because I teach you people very basic things and you people will understand everything but if you have to learn things you people should make one thing clear after going from here you just see that you do not understand you get back to me getting my point you get back to me if you will have doubt please say anybody over there you say God of sir he will convey it to me and I am going to clear that doubt getting my point yes sir if I am teaching you people getting a point in that case no questions would be missed in the need examination from that part okay that is my simple aim getting my point so try to learn things logically human body is the most advanced machine on this earth none of the engineer has made a more efficient machine you can say which is you can say more efficient than human body and you cannot run up you can say most complex machine just by mugging it up try to understand things okay so what is malt what is the what is the use of malt or why malt is there because mucosa is there if I am eating something bacteria can go inside my blood in that case who are the soldiers of your blood lymphocytes and all our WBCs are there no so and they are a stored lymphocyte one of the WBC is stored in the lymphoid tissue so who will come out to fight so the lymphocytes so below mucosa lymphoid tissue is needed it is the 12th portion and that is known as malt mucosa associated lymphoid tissue only that tissue got aggregated in the helium reason to form what to form what stress pairs patches pairs patches puja it will be pairs patches yes or no and the function of pairs patches will remain the same as that of lymphoid tissue yes or no yes or no yes agreed so pairs patches is present in the lemna propria part of mucosa because mucosa having three parts yes or no have you people understood definition of gastric you can say gastric rugi will I micro will I breast border or simple columnar breast border epithelium pairs patches and all now you see one thing I'm asking you people have to answer cirrhosa is saying modification in which part cirrhosa is showing modification in which part is of isofagus muscularity is showing modification in which part yes deodenum is sorry some mucosa is showing modification in which part deodenum and mucosa is showing modification in almost all the parts so is this line justified all the four layers so modification in the different part of elementary cannot and the second line that I have given you people bruner's gland is situated in the sum mucosa of deodenum and opens into crypts of liver cone yes or no yes now enteric nervous system what is the meaning of enteron enteron the word enteron is used for intestine or your gIT yes or no you see there are two plexus means a bunch plexus means a bunch yes or no bunch only there are two plexuses that are there one is some mucosal or miscellaneous plexus and one is my enteric see my word is used no this word is used for muscle what getting my CM and all myo matrium so this is going to signify muscle only my enteric plexus or or wax plexus let's see can you see a red line between circular and longitudinal muscle can you see that this line this line can you see that can you see that everyone can you see this little red line is it present between circular and longitudinal muscle this is known as my enteric plexus inside the muscle or or wax plexus and can you see this line blue one between submucosa and muscular slayer this is known as submucosal or miscellaneous plexus they are the local they are the local nerve supply of your gIT yes or no they are the local blood supply of your gIT yes or no tell me dear everyone so submucosal plexus is present between muscularis and submucosa rather inside submucosa and my enteric plexus is present between longitudinal and circular muscle yes or no tell me yes or no tell me dear everyone this is sensory in nature it will take sensation take sensation to brain and from there secretion of gIT starts for secretion of gIT which one is required and very static movement is a muscular movement that is responsible for that my enteric plexus is my enteric plexus is you can say responsible yes or no everyone what is the function of miscellaneous plexus what is the function of miscellaneous plexus tell me dear what is the function of miscellaneous plexus the controls the secretions in gIT yes and what is the function of my enteric plexus they control for our box plexus they control peristaltic movement yes or no everyone everyone do you people have any doubt no you people can observe this thing also and please observe and try to understand so yes tell me dear could you just show the previous flow chart again yes of course try to understand setting my point if somebody having doubt okay from the next class onwards if somebody having doubt I will stay after the class or I will join you can say previously if you have doubt please let us know if you will say that sorrow we have doubt I will be there anytime thank you okay thank you sir let's see okay see this also you will get the you can save notes and buy everyone thank you sir