 Good morning, John. So I've seen a bunch of tweets for the last few days that made me pretty angry, which, you know, makes it exactly like every other few days in the last few years. But in this specific case, it was tweets like these. The Amazon rainforest is seeing a record number of wildfires. Large swaths of the Amazon rainforest are burning. Fires are raging. The Amazon region is burning. Now, mostly this comes down to, like, a problem I have with reality, which is that there's just too much of it. And thus, it is very hard to be aware of all of it, and so we end up with things that are incomplete making their way into our brains. But if there's anything we should be aware of, it's this, cause, you know, future of the planet at stake and stuff like that. So, why do I not like these tweets? Well, because here in America, where I live, usually if there's a wildfire, it was an accident. And sometimes fires are okay, because fires are a normal part of our ecosystems in America. And sometimes they were done on purpose by, like, criminals, who the government wants to arrest. And so when you read these headlines as an American, you think, oh no, a fire happened. I hope someone's trying to put it out. But in the Amazon, fire is not a natural part of the ecosystem. And because of that, many trees in the rainforest can't survive what we would in the U.S. consider a trivial burn. These fires are not natural. They are intentional. This isn't intentional like it's arson. It's intentional like this land is more economically productive when we graze cattle on it than when it's the rainforest. So the headline here shouldn't be large swaths of the Amazon are burning. It should be large swaths of the Amazon are being burned. Now, sometimes in the dry season, which we're in right now, there are natural wildfires in the Amazon. And in fact, the number of natural wildfires appears to be increasing. Because here's a thing about the Amazon and other rainforests. With plenty of water and plenty of sunlight, the ecosystem is really good at using everything that comes its way. That means that most of the water that falls is immediately released back into the atmosphere by this tremendous amount of vegetation. Photosynthesis gets done when water evaporates out of plants. A single tree can evaporate more than 50,000 gallons of water per year. And once that water is back in the atmosphere, it falls again. Rainforests don't just thrive on rain. They make rain. So when there's less rainforest, there's less rain and more fires. But that's not the real reason there's so many more fires this year. It's not hotter than normal. It's not drier than normal. The thing that changed in Brazil is who the president is. The moment he was elected, Jair Bolsonaro rolled back environmental protections in Brazil. Earlier this month, he fired the head of Brazil's National Space and Research Institute after he defended data showing that deforestation had grown 40% in the last year. Bolsonaro says that figure is wrong and that deforestation is down. That's a lie. When asked why there are so many fires this year, Bolsonaro said that maybe environmental organizations are setting them to make him look bad. That is also a lie. But this isn't just like pure malice and like love of destruction. There's an ideology here. There's the economic part of it, which is just that there's a lot of value in the rainforest and no one's making any money off of it if it's just being rainforest. And then there's sort of an ideological thing of like the civilizing interest of man. We must bring our superior way of life to this wild jungle racist manifest destiny kind of stuff. So to make the money, you encourage legal logging and farming, you reduce inspections, reduce regulations, and you ignore illegal land grabs where forest is slashed and burned and then seeded with grass and sold to ranchers. There's also another piece of the ideology here that I think is really interesting. The reality is that most of the good that the Amazon does is for everyone. It produces oxygen for everyone. It traps CO2 for everyone. It preserves biodiversity for the whole world. But Brazil isn't getting paid for any of that stuff. Far right perspectives, ultra nationalist perspectives don't really allow for stuff that helps everyone. It goes against this ideology that the nation is for the nation only. And here's where this gets super wild. The fact that the rest of the world cares so much about the Amazon rainforest isn't perceived as a reason to protect it. It's perceived by these people as a threat. It's like a claim on their sovereignty. It's thought of as internationalization. After all, like legitimately what right do I as an American have to tell Brazil what to do with its rainforests? In America, we have deforested everything we can. So our interest in protecting it actually becomes a reason for some people to want to destroy it. If you live in a world where everything is a zero-sum game, why should anyone else benefit from our property? And then there's the reality that the Amazon is not, as we sometimes imagine it, empty. There are many indigenous people, other people who live and work in the forest and who rely on the forest for their livelihoods. But those people are often not seen as real Brazilians by these nationalists. Nationalism is an inherently exclusionary ideology. And that's why fascism, nationalism, and racism so often walk together. But here's the thing. Of course, if the Amazon rainforest was 100% pasture land and soybeans, that would not just be a disaster for the whole world. It would be even more of a disaster for Brazil itself. See how hot it is in Northern Africa? That's actually farther away from the equator than Brazil is. Brazil receives more solar energy than Saudi Arabia, but because of the rainforest, it is much more cool. This is the effect of that evapotranspiration. The rainforest makes rain. If there is less of it, it is clear that it would be hotter and drier. And these man-made fires, or even the natural ones, will spread on their own, leading to a feedback loop that could end the Amazon. And 70% of the GDP of South America is made in places where Amazon rainforest rain falls. Even here in America, again internationalization for you, much of the rain that falls here is evapotranspired in the Amazon rainforest. And an important note when I talk about rainfalling, really what I'm talking about is agriculture. I'm talking about food. We eat that rain. There's a lot of talk about tipping points, and I think it's important to note that there are always many tipping points along the path to something being completely destroyed. But yes, there is a time when less and less water falls in the rainforest and fires happen more and more often. And there is a time where we lose most, if not all, of the Amazon. And it's why we have science to warn us about stuff like this so that we can take action. And it's why we have human rights to protect people whose land is their land, whose life is their life. But it is all too easy to deny stuff like this when you have more of an allegiance to your ideology than you do to the truth. And that is something that I like to try and say to myself, constant. It's why we need to call a lie a lie no matter who says it. It's why we need to say that the rainforest is not burning. It is being burned. John, I'll see you on Tuesday. Obviously this is a big and complicated thing and this is a short video. So I've linked to a bunch of other resources. The article in the Intercept from a few months ago that basically predicted all of this was my favorite resource for this. But there are lots of other smart people talking about it. And it seems like people are having a better idea of what exactly is going on and why it's happening. And I guess thanks for caring about this because that's a big deal and it is the only way we have slowed this in the past.