 Microbial cells are known to be involved in Parkinson's disease, PD, and their oxidative stress response plays a key role in the degeneration of dopamine, DA, neurons. Anti-inflammatory treatments such as cytokines, morphinins, NADPH oxidase inhibitors, NFKB inhibitors, and beta-adronergic receptor agonists can reduce this oxidative stress response and protect DA neurons from degenerating. This article was authored by Linda J. Peterson and Patrick M. Flood.