 Thank you. My name is Groshe Senguwe from the National University of Science and Technology in Zimbabwe. And I work with the Institute of Development Studies of Dutch University. I'm presenting to you a paper on remittances in rural Zimbabwe from consumption to investment by myself. And Dr. Georgina Mesetez-Komez from the Institute of Social Studies in the Netherlands. Basically, my presentation is going to be structured in this way. I'll present the introduction to such questions, the methodology, and then an overview of remittances and local development, the findings, conclusions, and recommendations. Now, migration has, over time, been a major global development issue according to quite a number of scholars. And there are many effects of emigration, and remittances are one of the main noted benefits, specifically in most African countries and some Asian countries. And then it has also been noted that remittances now form a peak, a chunk of monetary inflows into most of these developing countries compared to Cooperation Aid. And then remittances have considerable development impacts based on household focused methodologies, where household are being used as the unit of analysis. But the missing link has been an analysis of longer effects on local economies to say as much as remittances benefit households, but what is the effect of these remittances in the long term, in the long run, on local economies? And in Zimbabwe, remittances mainly have been said to be used for consumption and less on investment. This is according to studies by such scholars as Maposa, Terera Enziniyama, 2002. And the benefits of focus on the short-term effects and recipient households and using these as units of analysis, but the long-term effect, like I've said, is not focused on, especially trying to measure the impact of local remittances on local economies. The methodological focus should be on local economies than households, as supported by DHS 2006. And the main argument for this paper is that remittances do contribute to local development in what, too, which is the focal area for this particular study, which is in a district called Cholocho in Zimbabwe, and they contribute in diverse ways. Oh, sorry. The research questions are, do receiving households that are the remittances receiving households use remittances for consumption or investment? And secondly, what kind of investments do remittances promote in the local economy of Cholocho district? And how do these remittances impact on local development? And the methodology, the study area is a small village in the Matebele and North province of Zimbabwe, and it's a rural area that is mainly dependent on subsistence agriculture. And then we used mixed qualitative methods, where one of them was the ethnographic technique that we called Follow the Money, which is sort of an adaptation of Caroline Moser's Live Loads Vulnerability Framework. We also used interviews with key informants and entrepreneurs and also a bit of household survey. Now, this is the adaptation of Caroline Moser's Vulnerability Framework, where we identify the vulnerability context for specifically the households and then the outcome of the crisis, the type of solution, the outcome of solution, and as we proceed further. Now, the vulnerability context, the first one is remember I said this particular study area is mainly dependent on subsistence agriculture. So we're saying that agricultural productivity is compromised and that would lead to food shortages, increased drought spells, loss of income, and the sector is generally unproductive. And then the education and health, which is human capital, children drop out from school, high outbreak of illness, and then infrastructure, loss of decent housing. There is unavailability of fetching grass due to low rainfall, dilapidated road networks resulting in transport shortages. And third, fourthly, we're saying there are gender inequalities where there is a notable increase. We are looking forward to a notable increase in the workload for women where their practical gender needs are worsened. And we're saying the type of solution that we are hoping to see is the remittances where they are coming into ease all those burdens on this particular village. And we're saying that the remittances in the agricultural sector will see increased income and increased consumption, which is basically resulting in availability of alternatives. And then we're saying under education and health, which is human capital development, we're saying there will be increased school enrollment, increased in health conditions that is primary health care. And we're also saying in infrastructure, which is physical capital development, there will be improvement of housing by building modern structures, improved access to transport, availability of alternative transport per se. And then on gender inequalities, we're saying there will be improvement in women's practical gender needs. And then after remittances have been used and they produce those solutions, we are hoping that there will be surplus from these remittances. And the surplus could result in investment. And this investment will either be, that will be in enterprise creation. And these enterprises will be either survivalist enterprises or growth-oriented enterprises. And if they're growth-oriented enterprises, then we're saying that there will be a result in local development. The concepts, there are a few concepts that we have. Consumption, we are relating basically to complete utilization of all the funds that are remitted on daily consumables. And in terms of investment, we are not looking at any rocket science investment, but basically money that was not consumed immediately, but rather used on acquiring non-consumables, that could be profitable in future. And then local development, we are basically referring to enterprise creation, employment creation, increased agricultural productivity and infrastructure improvement. Now on remittances in local development from literature, it is noted that there are diverse effects of remittances on development and infrastructure development and investment results from these remittances in the long run. And there is increased consumption in receiving households in terms of health, education and family welfare. And in sub-Saharan Africa, remittances are invested mainly in real estate, which is provision of housing. And we're trying to see, are there any similarities between this and what is happening in this rural village in Zimbabwe? It is also noted in literature that there is a lack of other investment instruments like microfinance and a conducive environment for investing. No sound economic policies to promote stable economic growth. There are optimistic versus pessimistic views generally on the benefits of remittances and some countering saying that remittances mainly perpetuated dependency syndrome and compromising locally practiced strategies that could promote growth. And it will be unrealistic to expect remittances to promote local development where complementary infrastructure services and ecological conditions are not favorable. Now on the findings, basically in this particular rural village there is a high incidence of remittances like I said and mainly its remittances from South Africa which are remitted in the form of South African rants or groceries. And the first picture to my left is the common mode of transport that is used basically when transporting the goods kind of remittances which is the same as the one to your bottom right. Now in this particular village, three quarters of households have migrated members. They have people migrated and mainly moving to South Africa and there is seasonality in terms of remittance flows with highest income amounts coming when migrants themselves visit and basically in December, which is the Christmas period. And there is a high incidence of both cash and in kind remittances which are received throughout Malahita. This is the native name used for these guys which means basically those who care and so they carry things from South Africa to the destination in Zimbabwe. In kind remittances mainly consist of food, clothes, building material, furniture among other things. And cash remittances basically range from 150 South African rants to 2,000 there about and the average being 500 South African rants which is more or less equivalent to 50 United States dollars. One of the most notable findings that we found in this particular village is that remittances are the major source of income and they are basically used to purchase food, clothing. They're used on education and health, agricultural inputs, building brick under asbestos or zinc house instructions. And then they also boost households asset bases that sustain them in shocky virtualities. And these are basically in the form of Scotch carts, bicycles, generators, solar panels, livestock and also used in agriculture which increases the income of these households. And then there is also a high incidence of these remittances being used in community development projects. For example, dam construction for water, for the livestock and for agricultural practices and also on a local clinic. This is a typical example of an African, let me not say African, but rather a rural housing structure for most of the people who live in village two where it's the touched hearts. But with the incidence of remittances, you'll see that there is construction of these modern kind of housing structures like the house in the middle there which has come around as a result of these remittances. And like I said, remittances were also used in the finalization in constructing the local clinic that is at the right bottom there. And there was also a notable practice that not receiving households in this particular village also commute a benefit indirectly through the ripple effect of remittances. And they develop innovative strategies to rip off some of the benefits of remittances by basically working for some of these receiving households to then get paid from the remittances. Therefore, receiving households form the consumptive middle class that absorbs labor from their non-receiving counterparts. And on remittances and local development in general, remittances result lead to local development which is reflected by employment creation, investment in small enterprises, increased agricultural productivity and infrastructure development. Why I am saying that there is employment creation is that you realize as we go that there is a high incidence of enterprise development in this particular locality, not necessarily from those households that receive remittances but basically from outsiders, from outside the Cholocho district who will come and invest being attracted by the high incidence of remittances. And less than 10% of receiving households venture into investment in terms of enterprises. So that's a very small number of them. Infrastructure improvements also result from the incidence of remittances which is basically improved housing structures, financing of community clinics and term construction. And remittances also will ripple effect on the local economy and they trigger entrepreneurial ventures from people based outside the locality and they promote agricultural productivity and growth. Promoting agricultural productivity and growth is basically through the purchasing of livestock that is used as draft power for agriculture and also purchasing of agricultural inputs like fertilizers, manure, seeds, among other things. So this is a typical example of some of the enterprises that are prevalent in that particular village which have been constructed as a result of remittances. In the top left picture, there is a general dealer shop that sells basic grocery items and then there is a butchery and also a liquor shop which were constructed from remittance money and there are a lot more others that are constructed also being attracted by the high incidence of remittances in this particular village. And there is also an enterprise called Mundo Avento Enterprises which is a filling station supposedly put up or constructed to service and provide fuel for cars of people who stay in this particular village because there is a high incidence of ownership of cars by the people migrated to South Africa and when they come back they don't have to go to the business center to get their cars fueled but they can fuel from within. And that is a grinding mill as well that was constructed there to service the local community as a result of remittances. There is also employment creation in terms of shopkeepers who are working in this general dealerships and butcheries and there is a high incidence as well of maids and head boys those who assist in households and who look after their people's livestock in the particular village which is basically a form of employment. And there is also brick molding which is temporal self-imposed employment by young people in this particular village. And there is also seasonal and or temporal employment for the non-receiving households especially in agriculture and they'll be working for the households that receive remittances and payment is either in kind or in cash of which the cash is from remittances. This is an example of the young people who mold bricks and then they bake them to produce the red bricks that they then sell for the construction of brick under as best as you think kind of households or housing structures. Now in conclusion, it is noted that remittances flowed through informal channels to village two in Cholocha districts and they are the mainstay of economic activity in the study area. They contribute to local development through promoting productive consumption which attracts investment and that's a ripple effect. And they promote local development through investment in enterprise creation even if the receiving households themselves do not invest but they attract investors from outside who are then coming to try and assimilate as much of the remittances as possible. They are used also, they also promote investment through increasing agricultural productivity and infrastructure improvement and income generation recommendations. Basically, actors in development should kind of promote availability of other investment instruments in this particular locality so that they could be an increase in the benefits that are accrued from remittances and policy makers to coil economic policies that promote stable economic growth, local authorities to ensure availability of complementary infrastructure and services favorable to promoting impact of remittances on local development. And finally, there could be further research on the sustainability of the resultant enterprises in this particular locality to say as much as they are being created how sustainable are they in the event that these remittances stop flowing into this particular locality. Thank you very much.