 Talking about another interesting topic that is cultural and demographic issues in research. This is one of a very important topic in research in psychology. Social and behavioral researchers often study those who differ in some substantial way from themselves, such as we can talk that difference in age, race, religion, sex, physical or mental status, sexual orientation, social and economic status, and any number of cultural variables. So, the interest of research has always been in those people who, apart from norms, have a different view from the general public. Either it could be related to any of these demographic variables. Like, I have often seen a student of psychology who is very interested in research in transgenders, which is very good because the population, which is different than the normal population, which you can see in your routine life, we should definitely study their problems and issues. Similarly, some rare diseases that are psychological or physical, their psychological and social impact can be very interesting and very meaningful. Research is being unaware of the study group's characteristics and customs, or having biases or stereotypical attitudes are more likely to conduct poorly designed studies. Now, when we talk about that, you are interested in taking data from a very specialized population. Let's see when we talk about transgenders. So, when a child comes to me for a topic and says, I want to work on this, I often ask them, from where are you going to collect data? And they generally come up with the one single answer. I say, what is their sampling frame? How would you come to know that how many transgenders you will meet? They are just a form of beggars. They all are not beggars. So, how will you reach the data? Then I used to tell them that their communities have to go there. There are a certain number of communities in Lahore, cities and in all over Punjab. And their gurus are there. They will have to go and get permission. You will have to collect data there. So that they will feel the odd one and never share their problems or issues with you. So, in that group, the group where you have to study dynamics, you have to go there and develop a comfort zone with them, establish a rapport with them and then collect data from them. It is very important. Rather than collecting information from a surface level, and you ask questions from someone from 5 to 6 months, you fill in your research and you say that this is research. But this is not the protocol of research. You have to be the part of that community for a while when you collect data from there. You have heard of Margit Meeth, a very famous social sciences researcher. And she studied child rearing practices in a far-flung tribal area. She went there, she lived there, even she married there. And for a very long time, she stayed there whole life. And she studied all the practices of that tribe, which is such a valuable research input in a field of social psychology because of which she came across such practices in the research world which she could never have. So, sometimes researchers go to that extent. But I am not talking about that every researcher has to go to that extent. That was a longitudinal research. And a researcher has given out of her interest the whole life. But the basic protocols that are necessary to make a research design, to at least achieve it, it is very important to invest yourself. These studies may lead to results that are not only incorrect and misleading, which are superficial researches. Generally, misleading can be done. But also cause social harm to the population and the study. Because if you don't understand the dynamics of that population by doing research and publishing it, it will probably cause more harm to them. When comparing one group to another, as in most cross-cultural research, the assumption is that their data are equivalent is not always valid. So, the use of any mayor, such as the personality test or the interview schedule may be systematically biased in cross-cultural research. This is very important to understand that the tool of one research, which we are using in one culture, whether it is a personality assessment or an intelligence testing, or we are studying any other type of variable, it will not be accurately appropriate in any other culture. This is the very much reason that nowadays, a lot of our psychological tests are considered culturally loaded. We think that this cannot be used in our culture and we tend to give encouragement to the development of local questionnaires and tools and indigenous tests. Despite the numerous ethical issues, multicultural research is very important. We cannot undermine that we don't have to do multicultural research because it has its own significance, especially when it comes to understanding mental health need of the racial and ethnic minority groups and the availability of services to them. There are some ethnic and minority groups in every country, in Pakistan as well as in other countries. In other countries, Pakistan can be a ethnic group or a minority group. Similarly, in our country, there are some people who are ethnic and minority groups, so it is very important to do multicultural research to understand their problems. Experimental methodology, test and assessment may simply be inappropriate for some group or cultures producing results that are misleading. Now, if we talk about an example, in a study to explore differences in delinquent behavior between Euro-American and black American teenage boys in poor urban neighborhoods using arrest record as mayor of delinquency. That is, a research has been conducted on how many Americans and blacks have been arrested due to which their delinquency rate could be fixed. In the same neighborhood, some local activists saw that their arrest patterns are biased. That is, they catch most of the blacks but they don't catch the native gore. So, that record is obvious that it will not be correct and that incorrect record will lead to the black's delinquency rate compared to white. So, with these minority groups, there are racial differences that impact our research and bias. After that, they give overall misleading pictures. Then, the result of above mentioned study will appear to be support the hypothesis that within similar type of neighborhood, young black Americans have significantly higher delinquency rate than white Americans. When research is published, it will give a simple statement. Unless researchers understand the way of life and police profiling in that community, he or she will miss the flaw in this design. As long as no one will dig a published research, the research design will not remove these flaws. So, by giving this example, I just want you to support the idea that whenever a research is being published, it is very important to focus on its entire design and its implementation so that the research that we are producing in history will have a specific impact on the ethnic or minority who are coming from the background. It should not be negative.