 nanoparticle drug delivery systems, DDS, have been hailed as the panacea of cancer therapeutics due to their ability to deliver drugs specifically to tumors while minimizing damage to healthy cells. However, despite their promise, there are still many challenges to overcome before they can be used in clinical settings. One such challenge is understanding how nanoparticles interact with cells and tissues, which is essential for optimizing their efficacy and safety. This article was authored by J. Silvio Gutkind, Vyomech Patel, Xiaoyu and Chen, and others.