 This paper reviews the discovery and potential therapies based on different types of stem cells, focusing on controlled culturing and derivation methods, quality control and teratoma formation assays. The use of graphene scaffolds and extracellular vesicle-based therapies is highlighted for their versatility. Despite challenges, stem cell therapy holds great promise as a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for untreatable diseases. This article was authored by Wojcik Sapczewski, Mocha Dobrinski, Maria Simonowicz, and others.