 Yn y gwaith, mae'r coforth Ydw i'r coffes, i'r cyfnod yma. Yn y gweithio ymlaen, mae'n gweithio'r cyfnod o'r unig ar y llyfr. Yn y gweithio, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio. Mae'n gweithio'r gweithio o'r rydyn ni, yn y blynyd ar y rydyn ni, yn y Llyfrgell, yn Llyfrgellu Brytyn, o'r llyfrgellu Brytyn. O'r ddod o'r Creswell i'r Custodau. If we zoom into the Trent to locate you, we've just heard about Bradgate Park, which is the green dot at the bottom of the slide, and Creswell Craggs, we've heard something about that already today, the red dot, Fardon Fields is the orange dot between them on the Trent upstream of the Trent as it goes into the River Hummer and the well-known site of Rysby Warran at the top of the screen. To zoom further into the Fardon Geography, the later Bacallolithic Scatter is located on the interflue between the River Trent and Deemley, both marked here in their policy floodplans. The no-preserved glacial deposits are by the River Deemley towards the bottom of the slide, noticeably not by the higher-end Trent with its wide policy floodplans. The late Upper Bacallolithic Scatter was first discovered in 1991 by a field walking by Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust ahead of the new road development of the A46. This was initially commissioned by the Heritage Heritage and then various consultants for the highway's agency. The late Upper Bacallolithic Scatter was obvious because of its large size and distinctive white buff patina or cortication, depending on which school it had come from, which, when broken, reveals a dark translucent flint. As planning policy, the road signers avoided the obvious clusters, like that called the North Cluster, arrowed here, on a local high spot on the ground terrace. By 1994 this seemed mostly to be a plowsaw. Some thought that the flat-ish topography of the surface there's a maximum height difference on this slide, about two metres, meant that the field walking reflected all of the late Upper Bacallolithic Archaeology. This was despite areas being mapped to Llufium, albeit labelled Holocene, by the British Geological Survey. In the event, the in-situ scatters, which were recorded by Wessex Archaeology, marked in red dot, were recovered in a removing embainment and blank, swinging the field walking scatters. One clear result is that the BGS mapping is not sufficiently detailed for archaeological purposes and their mapping geologists on time that many different posit types have to be grouped and, importantly, any deposit less than a metre depth and not included on published maps. The A46 fieldwork for the road, led by Chris Ellis for Cotswil Wessex Archaeology, recovered two in-situ gambling scatters some three metres apart in the Llufium sediments. The stratigraphically earlier group, all corticated, patinated to some degree, included blades, cores, crests and preparation pieces within a tight cluster of micro-depotage, but no retouched tools. The raw material and technology closely reflects the wider scatter of corticated material found field walking. And to illustrate that, Phil Harding published his refits alongside a platform faceted core from field walking. The material was best paid to Creswellian by Phil Harding. The stratigraphically later group also had clusters of micro-depotage, made within a wider scatter of blades, cores and tools, a piercer, a burial of fragment and scrapers. This latter group has fine-spanning rather than being corticated white buff and used rather flint of poorer quality. The material was designated featherness by Phil Harding. The scatter contained burnt flint, burnt mineral and white from charcoal, was suggested two possible half-fold come. Julia, my co-author, has conducted a blind analysis of the technology of these two groups. There was no obvious bimodality, despite the observed stratigraphic and patternation of their ability. That said, most of the corticated scrapers of field walking are made on regular blades, quite different from those left in the FFEDAMESSA A46 cluster. But were these, when intended, a different purpose, a reflection of the vagaries of transport of raw material or chronology? The upshot for field walking collections is that we must be content with the general labour-pallion of the attribution, the mass of items, at least until we've more to most of these single-episode assemblages as comparators. This is the only narrow place in England where two distinct labour-pallionithic occupations are stratigraphically superimposed outside case sites. And although it's recognised of national importance in the literature of historic England, the quirks of the scheduling legislation did not allow this form of designation. There was no public involvement in the A46 work. In construction, the founding community group was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund to continue to investigate the site and promote its importance to the wider community through the ban on Ice Age journeys. I was lucky enough to be part of that group, supported by the Silas Fens County Council Archaeologists, alongside other colleagues. Our activities included field walking, test-pitting. Here, we illustrated two test-pitting groups, some 20 metres apart that contained lithics of late-of-the-pallionithic character. Both groups included long-end scrapers. The green test-pitting also included a piercer, a denticulator blade, and had double the proportion of the items, about 11%, compared with the grey test-pitting. The grey test-pitting includes a double-ed burin and a buttonecaron, characteristic of the Creswellian. We interpret this part of the scatter as comprising multiple episodes, much like those found in the A46, which lies some 350 metres to the south. This is the lidar plot of the site, and the grey and red is the highest, the blue, the lowest levels within that two-metre band. The sediment type and height of our test-pits suggests that the anuvial environment was more than double the extent of the published BGS mapping. This is because the anuvial sediments are less than a metre thick. The extent of the late-of-the-pallionithic scatter, with eight known clusters, now covered over 18 hectares, is the largest extent in England. That does not include several outlines, single finds, which we have not been able to investigate yet, but hint at an even wider spread of activity. Our model, suggested by the late Roger Jackaby, is of hunter-gatherners returning to a place where they knew that the herds habitually crossed the river's deviant trend between the doggaland and the putative carving lands in the peak. The dominant scrapers in the collection suggest carcass or high-processing. This evidence of repeated visits we think merits the term persistent place, as coined by Nick from this mesolithic activity. We'll come back to this later. One consistent feature of both A46 and I Safe Journey's clusters is their stratigraphic position perilously close to base modern plowing. Since 1991, we can identify several episodes of deeper plowing, bringing fresh subsoil and artefacts to the surface. So, are there any more deeply buried later panathic scatters which could be better preserved, and if so, how do we find them? Prior to 2010, the quantity of artefacts had focused tension within and north of the embainment. However, as this map shows, the artefacts south of the embainment are very sparse, but this is where we've turned our recent attention, because wind-blown cover sands were identified for the first time in the large-scale earth-moving 4th Road construction. Two OSL dates from that scheme demonstrate that these cover sands were in place around 11,000 years ago. Or a younger dryus age. The final cold stage before the present interglacial or Holocene. Nick Barton immediately recognised the potential significance of these cover sands, as they had the potential to bury the late glacial landscape of our hunter-gatherers. He was awarded a Society of Antiquaries grant for field work to investigate his landscape. Orgring and test-pitting were conducted in 2015 and 16 with a community group providing labour. The initial orgaservay, led by Will Mills, showed sands, yellow hair, laminated sediments, green, adjacent to the embainment and bloom of the fluid deposits. The deepest cover sands deposits showed a complex sequence. The stratigraphy was identified by Simon Colcutt, the particle size by Diodata Tepiti and micromorphological analysis by Richard McFair. The laminated sediments are seasonal, fluid field find sands and sills, consistent with a low energy flow in a cruel climate deposition environment. The surface of these laminated deposits show signs of soil development. This sequence was subsequently subject to either desiccation and orgring reducing polygonal crackling that also penetrated the underlying terrace sands and rattles. This crackling may have begun as the overlying silty coverlands were deposited. Two OSL samples were analyzed by Mark Bateman. Initial estimates suggested ages that were far too young perhaps because of the contamination by perturbation. However, further examination of the scatter of single-grain OSL measurements indicate an age around 15,000 years ago for the laminated sediments and 12,000 for the overlying coverlands. These results suggest there is an expensive land surface of the right sort of age for later preparative activity buried below the cover sands. We've not yet been successful in locating artifacts, but we've only test pitted 0.0015% of that deposit. I'll repeat that, 0.0015%. However, we know that this slightly elevated ground overlooks the invainment, so it could have been another project so it could have been another prime spot similar to the cluster located north of the invainment. With help from Colin Baker and Simon Corkart, we're gradually establishing the extent of that buried landscape with two new patches of cover sand identified to the east of the known scatter. Our modelling of that late-glaesial landscape is now not just of academic interest, as some 30% of the surviving laminated deposit below cover sands, i.e. the orange in the profile there, is under further threat of yet another new road linking me to the A46. Cover sands are a feature of the East Midlands late-glaesial, yellow on this map by Colin Baker after British. On the basis of its recent recording at the Ffarndon, it's probably more extensive downstream around the Tren and into North Lincolnshire than the current British geological survey had been suggesting. It is a difficult resource to investigate, but late-up of panolithic, and specifically Ffarndon-Mess point, have long been known from cover sands around Wissby-Glorian scumful, a blue dot and the anti-fact bottom right. Though the session of ironstone mining and measures to preserve the heathland habitat for cover sands, the opportunities for their chance recovery have declined. One aspect of Junior's work is to track down and re-evaluate these finds. The cover sands can overlie late-glaesial peaks with their obvious potential for paleo-environmental information and sometimes lithics, such as scraper bottom left from messing with me. These sands continue to be quarried, as, for example, at Telen in the idle valley. So, as part of the planning process, there should be opportunities to examine these sequences as long as the schemes of treatment are designed appropriately. For a late-up of panolithic, there should be a high priority. The pale blue on this map shows the highest inferred extent of pro-glaesial latecomber, impounded by idle rains at the end of the late-glaesial. We've only just started to think about its significance, if any, for our late-glaesial archaeology. We're all familiar with the importance of paleo lakes in prehistory, Flickston, Starr Car, to mention just one, but latecomber is much less known. Recent landscape mapping by William Fairburn, Mark Bateman, described a recessional model with multiple lake levels near its demise by about 15,000. And note that the image here has heights and deeds in our dates. Whilst there is debate amongst geologists as to the timing and mode of its draining, it would have created a significant landscape paleo environment. So, were the laminated sediments at the base of our test pits dated to around 15,000, part of the final demise of receding latecomber, and we have used good impossibility of being this paleogeography that determined the roots of the hurt before hurts between dogland and the pea, and hence the location and funding of hunters that preyed on them, something to think about further. So, call the red land slide, it's his. As a persistent place, falden must have been on the route to and from somewhere else. Although flings is found in the Trent gravels, large nappable nodules are the size capable of producing some of the falden plates and not none. So, transport of flings is one clue to the movement of people. Paul Pettit, Marcy Rockman and Simon Chenery applied geochemical trace animal analysis to a series of later panellogic sites to track the movement of raw materials. The preliminary analysis by Rockman indicated southern sources around pusing. More detailed work by Paul and Simon Chenery indicates a wider range of regional sources, but we have to note that as the work to fling is using derived terrible river deposits, there is no specific location within the region that is currently being planted. Simon Chenery at BGS has suggested that we will try to turn this technique on its head. That is, use it to test whether a scatter of tiny flakes are from a fuel of many nodules and do they match the tools from the same test pip. Simon has identified a methodology that would allow more speedy analysis than previously when 13 items were found and could be analysed. If this could be shown to be effective, it will bring down the time and cost of using this technique in future and perhaps provide an alternative to refitting where assemblages are obviously partial as from our money to test pits. Results will be posted on our website, Ice Age Journals. Tracking the movements of people is the theme we are exploring in our current Heritage Lottery Fund grant. This allows us to actively encourage our participants to investigate the different resources of Creswell Crags and Broadgate Park. Besides being a bonus for visitor numbers, it also allows us to grapple with questions like how is the heavy fling transported? Are they crossing the rivers or using them as corridors? We will also be considering if we are looking at the signature of the same group. We can at least observe that the distances between our East Midland sites can be replicated in recent hub of hunter-gathering movements, like these three residential camps of one Eskimo family group we called it by Binford. We will be playing with least cost path analysis and data from Migration of American Diet to provide clues and help generate discussion through. We can be absolutely sure that we will have the norm and constraints, but it will also focus our thoughts on the use of the hunter-gathering landscape. Can we strip back the modern developments to visualise our hunter-gatherers in theirs? Finally, Isage Journeys has been a real collaborative effort of community professionals. The community giving land power and life skills, media, art and plumbing, just to name a few, the professionals guiding us and we've all had fun. Many thanks to all contributors, particularly our charity trustees who've made this second phase possible, plus of course our many sponsors. Thank you very much.