 So we will start with cell because we already did the physiology part recently you all remember that. We will go with cell structure first and cell division so first cell okay what is a cell first which is a basic unit of life you all know very well basic unit of life and main things you have to remember here is like what does the cell contain cell organans what are the different types of cells also so types of cell one is prokaryotic cell next is eukaryotic right okay and we have different cell organans inside the cell like it starts from cell membrane cell wall if it is a plant cell then cell organans like chloroplast, mitopulmonary, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi operatives, nucleus, chromosomes etc these are the basic organans those are present inside the cell so first let us see like what is eukaryotic cell and what is eukaryotic cell prokaryotic prokaryotic means what karyon is nucleus right so you do not have well defined nucleus so nucleus is not covered by nuclear membrane in prokaryotes but eukaryote eukaryote means true nucleus so u means true karyon means nucleus okay eukaryotes have true nucleus and well developed nucleus with nuclear membrane whereas prokaryotes do not have very well distinct nucleus it is not covered by cell membrane and it do not have nuclear pores all those okay and next we will see in eukaryotes we have two types of cells you know plant cells and animal cells we do the difference between plant cell and animal cells okay animal cells are usually smaller in their size so they are small in size whereas plants are comparatively larger last day when i gave question plant animal cells you wrote very different answers you can note down these points larger compared comparatively larger okay and plant cells have you all know they have cell wall and animal cells do not have cell wall right okay here in in animal cells do we have first we will take in plant cells plastics are present present here plastics are absent except in euglena plastics are absent but an exception is there that is euglena that is a protozoan okay next and we have a large central vacuole and nucleus is at one corner but nucleus is at the center we do not have we do not have larger nucleus we have small sorry larger vacuoles we have small vacuoles right those are the differences between plants and animal cells till nucleus nucleus you can take uh in animal cell nucleus is okay in sorry in plant cell we have large central vacuole and in animal cell we have small uh small vacuoles okay animal cells has centrosomes right and plant cells lack centrosomes okay and these are some differences again we can have difference between golgi complex also like in golgi complex of plant cell is known as dictiozones that you all know and in animal cell we have prominent golgi complex so dictiozones which are not a proper uh golgi complex here proper golgi complex is present sorry I wrote here as large central vacuole this reverse sorry my mistake I have written okay that is about plant cell and animal cell differences you need to write this much at least okay when you have given with diagram okay next we'll go to that is a structure cell structure and next we have plasma membranes on cell membranes so plasma membrane it is a semi-permeable membrane which is a bilayer it is present like this by phospholipid bilayer and in between it has some intervening proteins these are lipids bilayer lipids q proteins are outside the membrane also and few are present towards the inner side of the membrane also like basically the structure of plasma membrane is present like this these are bilipid layer okay when you take individual unit like this this is head and this is tail head is towards outside so it is hydrophilic so it is hydrophilic hydrophilic means water loving it can resist the water tail it is hydrophobic it cannot resist the water so tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic and these are transmembrane channels transmembrane channels which help in transport of ions okay transmembrane ions like sodium chlorine potassium which are required by the body are transported to this membrane okay that is our whole plasma membrane it also covers the surface okay next what is the function of plasma membrane that is the structure of plasma membrane now we see the function of plasma membrane it has it gives the definite shape to the cell it separates the content of the cell from the surrounding medium right it gives shape it separates the content of the cell from the surrounding it acts as a mechanical barrier that you already know it is selectively permeable I told it is semi permeable or selectively permeable means it will not allow everything to get inside the cell tell only few ions a few molecules which are required by the body only those will be allowed so it is my semi permeable membrane so it so as it is semi permeable membrane it regulates the moment of ions also inside the cell and outside the cell that is the function of plasma membrane okay and next we have cytoplasm you know the cytoplasm is a colorless viscous liquid which is present inside the cell okay and next cell wall it is present only in the plant cell it is not present in the animal cell right which gives support to the support to the plant that is cell wall is made up of cellulose like compounds you all know present only in plants it is made up of cellulose okay and next what are the functions of cell wall it provides structural strength to the plant right it gives definite shape against strength it gives shape then it can withstand greater pressure and it also gives mechanical it also protects from mechanical damage so these are the functions of cell wall and next we'll go to nucleus who found like who discovered the nucleus nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown right nucleus is the largest cell structure that you all know it is in animal cells it is present at the center in plant cell it represent towards the one side plant cell why it is present towards the one side due to the presence of large center vacuole okay what does a nucleus contain nucleus contain chromatin or genetic material which help in transfer of genes or transfer of traits from one person to the other person or from parents to children that is the main thing about the nucleus nuclear plasm is again it is a fluid present inside the nucleus which is granular you need to remember it is granular okay next you need to remember okay next functions of nucleus what is the function of nucleus transmission of heredity traits from parents to offspring and it also controls the metabolic activities how it controls the metabolic activities I already told you in the class how it controls DNA will change to RNA mRNA and is further changed to proteins so it is controlling the metabolic activities also it regulates the cell cycle you know very much well about cell cycle that is my transition your assist okay now inside the nucleus we have chromosomes inside the chromosomes we have genes okay that all things you know and next next is about cell organelles we start with endoplasmic reticulum it is it is of two types smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum why do we call it as rough endoplasmic reticulum due to the presence of ribosomes on that it is rough due to the presence of ribosomes okay the smooth is not like it is just normally don't have any thing on its membrane okay it is of two types rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum so what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic it helps in synthesizing proteins it helps in protein synthesis and what is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, it helps in lipid synthesis, lipid secretion, okay. Those are the function of the kind of plastic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Sorry. And also, it helps in what is the main function, transport, it acts as a transport like, it has a transport channel also. Lipids are synthesized, proteins are synthesized. It need to transport them right, so it helps in transportation also, okay. Those are the functions of endoplasmic reticulum and next we have Golgi operators or Golgi complex. It is present near to the nucleus only, like exactly, like after the endoplasmic reticulum it is present, it is, it is stacked in the form of bundles right, how is it present, something like this. So in a stacks, those stacks are known as cisterny, okay, those stacks are known as cisterny. Now what is the function of Golgi operators, packing of, like it has secreted, someone has to pack those right, so it helps in packaging of proteins and lipids, okay. It also helps in formation of complex sugars from simple sugars, from simple sugars and helps in formation of cell play during cell division, formation of cell play during cell division. These are the functions of Golgi complex, okay. And next we have mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum is done, Golgi complex is done, we have mitochondria. What is the function of mitochondria? It is a powerhouse of the cell, it is the energy source of the cell, that is mainly ATP. ATP is given by mitochondria and you know it is a double membrane, double membrane membrane, outer membrane, endo membrane and inside, like we have, it can be, it can act as individual organ, mitochondria can act as individual organ, you all know that. And inside that it has something like this known as chrystae, okay, these are known as chrystae, okay. We have outer membrane, inner membrane, so that is the structure of mitochondria. What is the function, main function is cellular respiration or energy production or energy production. And next what do we have, we have plastics, so plastics are found, plastics are present in animals. No, it is not present, it is only present in plants. So these are like large organelles in a plant cell, again, plastics are of two types, you know, colorless and pigmented plastics, colorless plastics are known as leukoplasts, colorless one are known as leukoplasts and pigmented are known, pigmented are known as chloroplasts, okay. Look, what is the function of leukoplast, its main function is start, storage of start oils, granules, protein granules, etc. And chloroplasts is mainly used in photosynthesis, okay. And you need to remember about granum, I, you remember the structure I have given, right, in running notes, what is granum, what is trauma, a lamella, okay, outer membrane, inner membrane, DNA, ribosomes, all those you need to remember, okay. Then we have vacuoles, you know that vacuoles, what is the function of vacuoles, it stores some, main function is storage and also it gives stargility and rigidity to plant cell, main function is storage, it gives the rigidity to the plant cell and ribosomes. Ribosomes are very small, which are dense, spherical granules, they are present in the cytoplasm also, they are attached to raffinoplasmic reticulum also, okay, they are again divided into, I told you in the class, they are divided into 70s ribosomes and 80s ribosomes, prokaryotic ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes, 80s, these are eukaryotic and these are prokaryotic and the S is known as wet bug unit, okay, these are the sites of proteins synthesis, okay, these are also known as protein factories, because proteins in the ribosomes mainly takes place in ribosomes, okay. And next we have centrosome, centrosome is present in animals only and main function is it helps in cell division, okay, that is about cell and its structure and next we will go to, you have any doubts, let me check the chart box if you have any doubts, do you have any doubts in the structure of a cell, no right, shall we go to cell division, mitosis and meiosis, okay, you know where does mitosis takes place, where does meiosis takes place, mitosis basically takes place in somatic cells, takes place in somatic cells, where does meiosis takes place in germline cells, okay, and germline cells are nothing but which help in transfer of identity characters, okay, and you know the stages of mitosis and meiosis, like mitosis have four stages that is what prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and then you use some of the differences between mitosis and meiosis, like all the time we just tell about mitosis meiosis, right, if I ask you sometimes like what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis, mitosis is basically asexual and it requires only single parent, meiosis no it is sexual reproduction, takes place in sexual, so these are in mitosis whichever cells we get daughter cells, they're identical, but these are different, okay, and here we get two cells, right, two daughter cells which are deployed only, here we get four daughter cells which are haploid in nature, okay, can we see the pairing, sorry, sorry, here we have two daughter cells which are two in, here we have four daughter cells which are N, okay, and in mitosis can we see the pairing of homologous chromosomes, in meiosis we have two stages, meiosis one and meiosis two, in meiosis two we'll see crossing over, like one chromosome will cross with other chromosome, the exchange of genetic material takes place, but mitosis can we see those things, no, so pairing of chromosomes is not seen here, yes pairing of chromosomes is seen in meiosis, okay, and here number of divisions in mitosis is number of divisions is one division, here number of divisions is two cycles, right, two cycles and we get here, so the different stages again you can write, what are the different stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and here prophase, metaphase, prophase one, metaphase one, anaphase one, telophase one, again meiosis two, prophase two, metaphase two, anaphase two, telophase two, and in meiosis two and in meiosis two, prophase, we have five stages again, like pachytein, deplotin, tyachinesis, all those, those also you need to remember, in which stage what happens, okay, then again we can see the forming of spindle fibers both in meiosis and mitosis, okay, and again mitosis takes place in somatic cells, neosis takes place in germline cells, okay, that much you need to remember about mitosis and meiosis, so that is about cell division, I because I have explained many times mitosis and meiosis I need not go into much detail because we have many other things to be discussed here, so anything else is there, so no doubt in cell structure and cell division, okay, let's go to other chapter, next is photosynthesis, right, photosynthesis you need to know the proper definition of photosynthesis, the equation photosynthesis, what is photosynthesis, equation, don't forget to write the equation whenever you are asked to write, okay, using a light energy they prepare their own food, right, that is photosynthesis, what are the requirements for photosynthesis, we need carbon dioxide and water, six molecules of carbon dioxide, six molecules of water, I give less, 602, this is how synthesis of food takes place, not photosynthesis, okay, and there is a definition of photosynthesis and you need to remember here two types of reactions, light reaction and dark reaction, what do you mean by light reaction and dark reaction, light reaction is nothing but where the light energy is directly used for the formation or for the production of food, but in dark reaction we are not using directly light, but we are using some of the energy, high energy coefficients like NADPH which are produced in the light reaction for the production of food, that is why we call it as dark reaction, it doesn't mean that light is not required in dark reaction, whatever the energy intermediates formed in the light reaction will be used up by the dark reaction to form food, okay, to prepare food and where does the photosynthesis takes place, it takes place in chloroplast and you need to know about the structure of chloroplast, you all know the structure of chloroplast I guess, I need not tell should I explain again the structure of chloroplast, anyone here structure of chloroplast I just know, okay, now we'll see the light reaction, light dependent reaction or light reaction, okay, light reaction which is which happens only during the presence of light, so it is known as light reaction, where does the light reaction takes place, thylakoids, the thylakoid membrane, light reaction required sunlight, it takes place only in thylakoids, okay, it takes place only in a thylakoid membrane, okay and I told you about the photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 which have pigments and protein molecules which help in the conversion of like photosystem ps1 and ps2 which have a frequency of energy at 680 nanometers, 700 nanometers, we have many intermediates for the transfer of electrons like pheophytein, plastocyanin, quinol, finally it reaches to NADPH, okay and formation of NADPH takes place, so what is that you need, you need not read all this, you can just mention light reaction takes place in thylakoid membrane in the presence of sunlight, it has two photosystems, photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 and what happens there is in the light reaction, under the light energy production takes place where ATP and NADPH are formed, so I will give you how ATP and NADPH are formed, we have water molecule and NADP and ADP, okay we have two molecules of water, two molecules of NAD and three molecules of ADP and three molecules of inorganic phosphate, these are converted to oxygen, oxygen and NADPH, NADPH that is two NADPH and three ATP, that is the net reaction of light reaction, okay now we have light reaction and we have two high energy compounds NADPH and ATP that will be used up by the dark reaction, dark reaction is called as carbon fixing reaction, okay the dark reaction occurs in stroma of chloroplast, this takes place in thylakoids, this takes place in stroma, I told in dark reaction whatever energy is produced by the light reaction that will be used up, so the reaction will be, the reaction for dark reaction will be, I told it is known as carbon fixing reaction, right, so carbon dioxide is fixed CO2 and we are using this NADPH, we are using ATP and we are using water molecule also, so we get, we get here G3P that is glycerol dehyde 3-phosphate, what is the glycerol dehyde 3-phosphate, I told in glycolysis which is very much required, right, glycerol dehyde 3-phosphate, okay and we get NADPH, NADPH and ADP, these are the products of dark reaction, so this much you can write about light reaction and dark reaction and you need to know about the importance of photosynthesis, so it is main source of food, like without photosynthesis plants cannot prepare food and like without food animals cannot, animals also cannot survive, main source of food, okay and it maintains the balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide level and it protects the earth from global warming, these are the two important functions of photosynthesis and next you need to remember the factors affecting photosynthesis, so factors affecting photosynthesis, light intensity, increased light intensity gives, high light intensity gives, high rate of photosynthesis, low rate gives low photosynthesis and the concentration of carbon dioxide also matters, so CO2 concentration also matters and temperature it requires optimum temperature of 25 to 35 degrees centigrade and water is also required, so these are the factors affecting photosynthesis, so only I guess this much about photosynthesis, right, you have any questions, you have any questions in photosynthesis, no questions, next we'll go to other chapter, after photosynthesis you have respiration, okay next chapter is respiration, in respiration basically photosynthesis is how the plant prepares food and how that like now what is respiration conversion of simple or complex compounds right, that is a conversion between simple compounds and complex compounds, now in respiration you need to remember main thing is glycolysis next aerobic respiration, next anaerobic respiration, okay first what is aerobic respiration, the breakdown of molecules takes place in the presence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration, the breakdown of molecules takes place in the absence of oxygen, okay now we know we take in sugars right basically sugars, now plant is giving glucose molecule and that glucose molecule has to be broken down in the body, so how does it break down by aerobic respiration, that is by glycolysis, what is glycolysis breakdown of glucose, it is a 10 step process, I already gave a flow chart of 10 steps of glycolysis that is glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-phosphate and it converts to like DHAP and G3P, again DHAP is converted to G3P, two molecules of G3P will convert into two molecules of 1, 3-phosphoglycerate then phosphoenol pyruvate then finally pyruvate, these are the 10 steps of glycolysis and what is the net reaction of glycolysis, we get two ATP molecules there, okay for one glucose molecule we get two ATP and two pyruvate also, okay and this pyruvate again undergoes, if oxygen is present it will undergo Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle and after that we have many intermediates or high energy compounds like NADPH produced in citric acid cycle, FADPH produced so all these will be utilized and it undergoes oxidative phosphorylation which finally uses oxygen and ATP, ATP and oxygen are the final products of aerobic respiration, okay, suppose now glycolysis has taken place, we got pyruvitas are in product, now oxygen is not available so it undergoes anaerobic respiration which gives an alcohol ethanol or methanol dependent and again carbon dioxide so that is the reaction how it takes place in the presence of oxygen how it takes place in the absence of oxygen, in aerobic respiration we get alcohols and carbon dioxide in aerobic sorry in anaerobic respiration we get alcohol and carbon dioxide in aerobic respiration pyruvate will again lead to citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle which further lead to oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport chain for the ATP production and oxygen production, okay that is about cellular respiration and next and next chapter and second and next is nutrition in plants right we have micronutrients and macronutrients basically it deals with micron macronutrients, nutrition in plants and micronutrients what are micronutrients which are required in small quantities, micronutrients which are required in more quantities few examples of each micronutrients like iron, boron, chlorine, manganese, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum which are required in less amount, these are not required by our body in more amount, micronutrients required in more amount you can only tell which are micronutrients carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium all these are micronutrients which are required by our body in larger quantities, okay without these we can't complete the normal life cycle okay it would lead to some disorders in our body so and these nutrients are required with the soil also like for proper fertilization it increases the soil fertility, okay otherwise it would lead to nutrient deficiency and you can here you can talk about nitrogen how it is associated with symbiotic association and how it is fixing nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants, the bacteria used here are rhizobium okay azatobacter again it helps in increasing the nitrogen concentration in the soil and nitrogen fixation plants are in symbiotic relationship with bacteria, bacteria needs shelter so it requires the roots of the plants and plants cannot take nitrogen as it is so it requires the conversion of nitrogen into different forms like nitric oxide or nitrous oxide they require bacteria so then symbiotic relationship like lichens okay that is about different micronutrients and micronutrients okay and if those are not present it would lead to some disorders what are the disorders caused like they did not have proper growth that is stunting and growth discoloration green color might change to yellow color okay and eventually necrosis that is the delta of the cells so all these will take place mainly you can see the chlorosis what is chlorosis chlorosis mainly means the chloroplasts the function of chloroplasts will reduce and green color leaf will be changed to yellow color that might not be due to minerals only it might be due to the sun also but you can remember like chlorosis also one of the effect okay that is about nutrition in plants and next we have plant tissues and animal tissues if you have any doubt let me check no doubts next we have tissues right okay what are tissues group of cells come together which have same structure and function they come together and form tissues right there we have two different types of tissues and first you need to know difference between plant tissue animal tissue okay tissues will know the difference between plant and animal tissues okay order plant tissues tissues which are stationary these are fixed are stationary but animal tissues have active locomotion right here dead cells are more dead tissues are more where here in animal cells living tissues are more okay and here they do not require much energy as they are present in one place they do not require much and they require less energy but animal cells as the locomotive locomotion is present as they move from place to place they require high energy okay there is again here we have differentiation of medistematic tissues and permanent tissues medicines and permanent but here we can't see such differentiation here growth is limited in certain regions here growth is not limited these are few differences in differences of plant cell and animal cell and next we have classification of plant tissues how the classification has been done in plants okay just give me one second okay we have plant tissues and animal now we'll go we saw the difference between plant tissue animal tissue now different types of plant tissues how it is classified the flow chart they are divided into medistematic tissues permanent tissues in medistematic tissue again medistematic tissues are those which have active dividing cells right which shows active division which shows activation the region where more growth and growth takes place basically where medistematic tissues are present is root tip shoot tip this is the place where we have medistematic tissues again divided into three regions apical meristem intercalary meristem lateral meristems and that can be shown using this diagram right where apical are present at the apex intercalary are present at intercalary are present at the nodes and lateral are present at the corners okay and next and next we have permanent tissues from the simple tissues only permanent tissues are developed right simple medistematic tissues undergo like stop their division and they form permanent tissues okay permanent tissues are again two types those are simple and compound these are simple and compound again simple mainly have what function their protective function supporting function simple is again divided into three types is a parenchyma colonchyma and spleenchyma okay complex are complex are compound and again divided into xylem and phloem okay this is the complete flow chart of plant tissues plant tissues are divided into medistematic tissues permanent tissues medistematic tissue shows active division where permanent tissues do not show active division from the medistematic cells only these permanent tissues develop they attain proper structure and they become stable that structure cannot be changed okay now we have in medistematic tissues we have apical meristems intercalary meristems lateral meristems and in permanent we have simple and compound simple we have parenchyma chlorenchyma and spleenchyma and compound we have phloem and xylem okay now we see the function of each okay okay what is the function of medistematic tissues ability to divide continuously produce new tissues or new cells well differentiation is seen there the place where division takes places root tips and shoot tips that is basically increase in the length of the plant okay in lateral region like it increases the width of the plant so basically medistematic tissues helping increase in the length and width of the plant width is also called as girth okay and next we have permanent tissues okay permanent tissues do not divide you know they have well defined shape size form and they carry out specific functions permanent tissues may be dead cells dead tissues are living tissues they may be thick wall or thin wall and they have large vacuated cytoplasm okay now we'll see about xylem and phloem basically in simple permanent tissues we have chlorenchyma parenchyma and spleenchyma and they are different in their structure and function also we'll see what is the function of parenchyma okay this is the most common simple tissue you all know it is a most common simple tissue okay and these are like these are living cells I'll write in the form different like parenchyma chlorenchyma and spleenchyma chlorenchyma and spleenchyma so that it will be easy for you to study okay now we'll start the features of parenchyma first this is common and simple and it is a living tissue okay what is the shape of the cell iso diametric the shape of the cell is iso diametric okay and again and what about the cell wall cell wall is thin and made up of what cellulose right cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose and next you need to remember where where is the parenchyma present it is present in the cortex regions in cortex regions and mesophils this present in the cortex regions and mesophils okay how are the cells present they may be oval they may be oval they may be oval then they may be round okay they may be oval they may be round or polygonal okay these are few characters you need to remove remember about each of the simple tissue characters then we'll go to functions also now we'll see the characters of parenchyma okay like parenchyma are also like common type of cells only here the cells are also one second parenchyma these cells are living common and living and how the cells present elongated cells these are elongated cells and where are these present these are present in the cortex region and mesophil region where is the presence of these are present in the epidermis below the epidermis and mid rips of the leaf and also in the stems okay and how is the cell wall cell wall is not thickened regularly but it is thickened in the corners and it has both cellulose and pectin okay these are some of the features of parenchyma and now we'll see the sclerenchyma both parenchyma and sclerenchyma are living but whereas sclerenchyma are dead cells these are the dead cells these have protoplasm inside them that is cytoplasm but they do not have protoplasm inside them okay how are the cells present these are oval round parenchyma is elongated what about sclerenchyma they are long narrow and thick wall so these are long narrow and thick wall okay and next where is it present where are sclerenchymatic tissues present like in the hard parts of the fruits and vegetables like we can see the husk of the coconut right which is very hard so it is present there and and it do not have intercellular spaces parenchyma has intercellular spaces okay but not sclerenchyma okay and sclerenchyma is again divided into two types that is fibers and sclerites which are into fibers and sclerites okay fibers are nothing but which are very long narrow and link and cell wall has lignin in them lignin made up of liquid which are long and narrow okay whereas sclerites these are like irregularly shaped cells these do not these are long narrow right but these are irregular okay these are also dead cells only these are present in flow m hard seeds etc now we'll go to functions of parenchyma chlorine kyman sclerenchyma what are the functions of parenchyma main function is food storage and support main function is storage of food and support okay that is the function of sclerenchyma sorry parenchyma and it acts as a packaging tissue also acts as a packaging tissue next the function of parenchyma is it is a mechanical tissue it gives mechanical support to the plant mechanical support okay and like the it gives tensile strength to the plant that nothing but mechanical support only and it helps in sometimes it helps in manufacture of sugars or some sugars sclerenchyma what is the function of sclerenchyma it is also a mechanical tissue it gives main function is mechanical strength and it resist the stress and it helps in protection as it is a hard layer it protects the fruit or anything nuts it gives rigidity to the fruit or seed rigidity or flexibility okay those are the functions of parenchyma chlorine kyman sclerenchyma now we can go to the xylem and flow m compound tissues difference between xylem if you write in the form of a table you'll understand and you can read it well flow m okay what is the difference between xylem and flow m xylem it helps in conduction of water and minerals main function is conduction of water conduction of water and minerals okay here what is the main function the main function is food okay it helps in translocation of food right to different growing parts xylem is present deeper inside the plant whereas flow m is situated towards the outer sides okay here the main conducting cells are vessels and the main conducting cells are vessels here the main conducting cells are sew tubes whereas these vessels are dead cells whereas the sew tubes are living cells okay it it provides mechanical strength xylem helps in providing mechanical strength but it does not give any mechanical strength okay now this is about xylem and flow m and next what is there let me see if you have any doubts meanwhile you can check out and ask me nutrition is done plant tissues is done next is animal tissues animal tissues are let me check if you have any doubts no doubt nobody have any doubt till here shall we go to animal tissues okay let's go to animal tissues we have seen plant tissues how they are divided now let's see animal tissues animal tissues mainly like physical tissues have same function same structure and even the animal tissues also they're basically clasped into four different types epithelial cells epithelial tissue connected tissue nervous nervous tissue and muscular tissue so we'll just see that in the form of a flow chart animal tissue he if it adds four different types first one is epithelial next is connective next is muscular next we have nervous tissue okay epithelial we'll see the functions later just we can see the classification first epithelial tissues are again divided into waste on the shape they are divided into squamous epithelium cuboidal epithelium columnar epithelium ciliated epithelium okay these are some of the waste on the shape they were divided epithelial cells and next we have connective tissue right connected tissue it's again divided into many types connected issues were into agiola tissue dense a dense tissue adipose tissue skeletal tissue and fluid muscle tissue is divided into striated striated and non-striated cardiac okay so we'll see one by one how we have connected tissue divided into many I'll write it here that you can just refer whenever you want periolar dense adipose skeletal okay skeletal and fluid again here dense regular is divided into tendon and ligament skeletal is divided into bone and cartilage and fluid is divided into blood and limbs so this is complete classification of animal tissues now this is a function of each of the tissue epithelial tissue main function is protection and secretion you all know next is connected tissue its main function is transport connection is transport support winding and next is muscular tissue moment and locomotion now it's tissue control and coordination so these are the functions of four four different tissues now we'll see one by one epithelial tissues main function is which has simple tissues which have a which helps in covering protection which has which has closely packed the bit of interstellar species okay now where do we have epithelial some examples where epithelial tissues are present okay a viscous squamous epithelium is which have a flattened single layer of cells cuboidal cells are present in the form of a cube colonocytes are long columns like which are very long ciliated epithelium means which we have hairline projections maybe it is ciliated cuboidal ciliated columnar okay and we have one more type of epithelial cells those are glandular epithelium also which secrete certain certain cells okay now we'll see the location where tissue are present we can say they are present mainly in and give you this common examples where epithelial cells are present or vo like of lungs intestine esophagus uterus kidney tubules these are some of the examples where epithelial cells are present okay next we'll go to connective tissue their main main function is support and binding we have many different types of connected tissue ariolol connected tissue okay which have collagen fibers in it here your ariolol which is made up of collagen fibers okay and main function is support main function is support and packing also where are they present in the skin in blood vessels representing skin we can see it in blood vessels and even in bone marrow also so support and packing next we have dense dense regular connected tissue it is a fibrous connected tissue it is fibrous and main components are tendons and ligaments tendons ligaments okay you should know the difference between tendons and ligaments ligaments basically connect bone to bone bone to bone connections are known as ligaments okay and tendons are basically muscles to bone connections these are muscle to bone these are bone to bone that is the difference between tendons and ligaments next we have adipose tissue which stores fat which is the end of adiposex fat cells which acts as shock absorber you all know and it is present basically where is the most tissue present it acts as the insulating insulator also it is present inside the skin like near the kidneys protecting the kidneys okay main function is storage of fat next we have blood and lymph fluid connected tissue blood and lymph you have to know the composition of blood and blood here blood basically it has it occurs in blood vessels lymph where is it present in lymphatic vessels blood is present in blood vessels lymph is present in lymphatic vessels okay the composition of blood it has it has RBC WBC and platelets and plasma also whereas it has only plasma and leukocytes leukocytes okay now here hemoglobulin is present right here hemoglobin is absent next here what is the transport blood helps in transportation of oxygen but lymphatic system helps in transportation of fats okay that is a function of blood and lymph and next we have muscular tissue muscular tissue main function we have skeleton muscles smooth muscle and cardiac muscle which are striated smooth muscles are not striated skeleton muscles and cardiac muscles are striated and skeletal muscles are present in basically in movement like legs and limbs legs and hands and they help in walking riding such actions whereas smooth muscles where do we have smooth muscles now body and cardiac muscles are present in heart okay we have smooth muscles in our blood vessels which are involuntary in function and we have in the eye also smooth muscles in uterus also in bronchi also these are few examples of smooth muscles okay and nervous tissue nervous tissue nervous tissue you all know well that is about a neuron it has a dendrite cell body axon and now endings it helps in transmission of impulses you all know it well so that is about animal tissues if you have any doubts there you can ask me let me check if you have any doubts okay now again we have any doubts still here you can ask me if you have any doubts so no doubts okay next chapter is enzymes you all know what are enzymes which are bio catalyst which help in like in the completion of a reaction enzymes help in completion of a reaction very small quantity of the enzyme is enough to complete a reaction now you need to know about the factors affecting enzymes you have you all know very well that is a temperature ph active sites okay active sites we have some activators inhibitors like all these you know right about the enzyme temperature they require optimum temperature if you are not giving that optimum temperature if you're giving less they cannot proceed the reaction if you're giving more they get denatured so optimum temperature is required ph also every enzyme has its own ph like of epsin has 2 trypsin has 7 like every different enzyme has different ph so enzymes will function normally but they need some time they need some activators which can activate the enzyme which is inactive inactive enzymes are known as gymogens I didn't tell you in the class please note down this gymogens okay these are known as inactive enzymes inactive enzymes or gymogens which can be activated by certain activators okay some enzymes are active enough but those enzymes can be destroyed or inhibited or destroy their function inhibited by inhibitors maybe inhibitors like molybdenum okay etc and every enzyme has its own active site okay suppose this is an enzyme it has an active site like this now we have a substrate it should be like this which can directly fit into the substrate which form enzyme substrate complex which is unstable it is unstable unstable it will finally forms a product and give back the enzyme okay so this is known as active site only there the enzyme can bind it cannot bind in any other place suppose some enzymes have two groups like this this might be the active site this might be the allosteric site okay active site is a place where enzyme can bind the other site which is present other than active site is known as allosteric site and if enzyme bind there it is not that stable and it might not form a product that is allosteric site this much you need to remember about enzymes okay so after enzymes now digestive system in digestive system you need to remember about alimentary canal you did many mistakes in sorry alimentary canal you did many mistakes in the class when I gave a test alimentary canal is nothing you should not write pancreas here liver here yeah they might help like in digestion but alimentary canal is only the pathway like from nasal cavity to oral cavity that is mouth nose then again oral cavity that is mouth then esophagus from esophagus directly the food enters stomach from stomach it enters directly to intestine small intestine large intestine anus this is the alimentary canal you should not mention about pancreas you should not mention about liver okay only this much you need to mention alimentary canal okay and next is five steps digestion when I ask the digestion mechanism five steps everyone wrote two three steps but without five steps you cannot get full marks first without ingestion how digestion happens first ingestion next digestion next absorption whatever is digested dinosaur rich compounds and utensils should be absorbed next is assimilation it has to assimilate next it's a synergy and the rest have to excrete excretion or digestion in the mechanism of digestion all these five steps are compulsory and next thing is what you did mistake is yeah when I asked about how the carbohydrates proteins and lipids are digested or converted you need to make a column and mention carbohydrate in stomach how it happens in small intestine how it happens in large intestine how it happens again proteins the same way again the lipids same way carbohydrates in mouth it is present but proteins and lipids are not present in small intestine yeah all are present large intestine is all are present so this is how you need to mention and the reactions has to be written starch too are simple like starch to maltose and again here maltose and sucrose lactose again divided by divided into monosaccharides pepsin how the trypsin action takes place how the pepsin action takes place how peptides are formed how lip lipid gas acts and converting to fatty acids and glycerol all those you need to mention this tabular column tabular form so that you can get good marks here so I need not tell much about this digested system because I already have discussed you have written the test so I'm giving you what mistakes you have done in the exam okay elementary canal remember please don't write pancreas and liver and these five steps of digestion should be compulsory and when the digestion of carbohydrates proteins and lipids are asked you try to make a column like this okay and next is what that is about digestion and next respiratory system respiration and respiration that cellular respiration is different from this respiration here you need to remember about inhalation exhalation everyone wrote good inhalation exhalation the differences how the lungs contracts relax how the ribs contracts and relax raises up how the diaphragm becomes flat and raised how the sternum acts all those first you first mention the definition taking enough oxygen is inhalation like again removal out of carbon dioxide is exhalation and again like mention about lungs ribs sternum and diaphragm that completes inhalation exhalation okay now here you need to remember all those tidal volume there are few times right one second what is tidal volume yeah what is tidal volume what is residual volume tidal volume and residual volume now this terminology are very important this is tidal volume is nothing but without effort effortless breathing that is taking enough air and giving out oxygen sorry giving out carbon dioxide without any effort okay that is again like you should remember like 500 ml per inspiration that is the amount of tidal volume okay those things you need to remember again you need to remember total lung capacity what is the total lung capacity the volume once once you take in complete once you take in oxygen the complete volume of oxygen present inside the lungs lungs is known as total lung capacity and next you need to know residual volume once you exhale the air the remaining air that is present inside the lungs after exhalation after exhalation whatever oxygen is present inside the lungs whatever air is present inside the lungs that is known as residual volume okay and what else is there vital capacity yeah vital capacity is nothing but the volume of air which is exhaled out volume of air which is exhaled out after deep inhalation once you take in oxygen like for a long time and then exhale the air that is known as vital capacity vital capacity of lung these terminology are very important okay this much is required in respiration I already told how the oxygen transporting from lungs to tissues and how carbon dioxide transport from tissues to lung and back like how the carbon dioxide is exchanged in the in the alveoli all those I have discussed okay next is circulatory system circulatory system you need to remember the valves properly any doubt still here do you have any doubt still here I'll just draw it like this only don't forget it don't get confused between right atrium which is left atrium which is right ventricle which is left ventricle okay now this is right atrium this is left atrium right ventricle left ventricle okay and now we have from right ventricle right atrium to right ventricle we have tricuspid valve the valve is known as tricuspid valve because three cuts are present here we have left atrium to left ventricle bicuspid valve that is mineral valve okay and next you remember here we have a septum known as atrio right atrio ventricular septum sorry right atrio ventricular septum here this septum is known as left atrio ventricular septum and now how the transport of oxygen takes place how the transport of carbon dioxide takes place so sorry oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein are different from remaining arteries and veins right basically arteries carry oxygenated blood veins carry deoxygenated blood whereas pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood so those are different you need to remember those okay okay and i told about these papillary muscles also papillary muscles all these you need to remember mainly these called it in in papillary muscles give elasticity or stability elasticity or stability then that's all if you have any doubts you can ask and you need to know different blood vessels arteries veins capillaries which carries oxygenated which carries veins sorry which carry oxylated which carry deoxygenated blood capillaries is a connection between arteries and veins and next the composition of blood the composition of lymph okay this is about circulatory system do you have any doubts from entire syllabus do you have any doubts so okay shall I stop the session here okay plant water relationship in plant water relationship you need to remember about osmosis diffusion imbibition all these right like you need to remember about few terminology here that is osmosis and diffusion transpiration and imbibition imbibition okay first we'll talk we'll talk the difference between osmosis and diffusion later we'll study about these things imbibition what is imbibition the process by which water is absorbed by solids water absorbed by solids like wood or the wood how it absorbs water and again it increases in volume right like it bulges out that is known as imbibition okay and even seeds also seeds when you soak now if you take almond if you soak it in the water by the morning or you can suffer two three hours they bulge bulge that is also a type of imbibition okay this is about imbibition it is the moment of water along the concentration gradient basically it is the moment of water along concentration gradient long concentration gradient that is from higher concentration to lower concentration okay next you need to know about osmosis and transpiration is nothing but like how the water is again uh plants will just from the plants on the leaves how the water gets evaporated that is known as transpiration okay the loss of water by the plants is known as transpiration now again difference between osmosis and diffusion okay that is very important you get confused here just note it down osmosis and diffusion so what is the difference between osmosis and diffusion in osmosis moving of solvent particles what is first to that you know you need to know what is solution solution is a mixture of solute plus solvent solute is anything like minerals salts anything present in that for that matter salts are nothing but water ethanol or alcohol water in which the solutes are mixed okay what is osmosis the moment of solvent particles okay moment of solvents across a semi-permeable membrane okay from lower concentration to higher concentration moment of solvent particles from so lower concentration to higher concentration through a semi-permeable membrane some people tell movement of solutes that is from higher concentration to lower concentration that is also correct you can tell it in two different ways okay so here as it is moving from the solutes are moving from higher concentration to lower concentration it does not require any energy any energy is not required okay so example you can give for osmosis the absorption of water from from the soil into the roots that is example of osmosis next what is diffusion the movement of particles the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration until it reaches an equilibrium until it reaches an equilibrium here we do not have semi-permeable membrane so everything is allowed any restriction is not present and here also it does not require any energy in any it do not require any energy so for example which we can give is perfumes when we spray the perfumes initially we get we whenever we spray that is higher concentration later on it's spread it spreads throughout the room right otherwise you can like room freshener if you spray it like it again dilutes entire the room right entire home it dilutes that is known as diffusion okay it also do not require any energy I'll give some of the differences osmosis can only seen in the liquid medium whereas diffusion can be seen in all the mediums that is solid liquid and gases and next here we require semi-permeable membrane at all here we don't require okay here we in osmosis water is required for the moment of particles here we do not require water okay here only here the moment of particles occurs only in one direction here it is not one direction it can diffuse to all the directions okay these are some of the differences between osmosis and diffusion so this is about plant water relationship still you have any doubts any doubts guys in any other chapters don't have any doubts any doubts so I can stop the session here transpiration pool is nothing but what I told transpiration is nothing but it the pressure that helps in transpiration that is the evaporation of water from that leaves okay from the leaves the water evaporates right that is known as transpiration that is known as that's it simple transpiration pool there is a pressure that helps in evaporation of water okay transpiration pool theory transpiration pool theory is nothing but water will be how the water can be moved from roots to leaves okay the upward moment okay that happens through however as it have any required certain force it like from down it can't reach up from up to down it is very easy but from down to up it is difficult right so it requires certain force that force is known as suction pressure and is basically it is the upward moment of water from roots to leaves and it is also like we can tell we can tell it as ascent of sap ascent of sap and it requires energy yeah this much we can tell basically like some water is lost for photosynthesis some are lost to stomata and the rest is pulled from roots to leaves this much we can tell about the transpiration pool theory okay anything else so any doubts any more doubts sanjana any more doubts all the best for your exam I'll stop here okay I'll stop here then one doubt you have shredda okay we'll come I'll stop here all the best for your exam