 So I'm a bit of an imposter here. So this project is linked to the fact that in 2008 and 19, so basically in the last two years, Micah has been, sorry I've tried to stay here so I can move from the computer. Okay so basically Micah was in Sheffield for two years as part of the Marie Curie Actions project and and we had this broader project on the on the study of long-term developments in captain management and mobility in the Netherlands for the Aaron H. Ruhman period. So this was a broader project and largely was its work a larger project but I will focus on our isotopic results here because obviously the theme of the session. Why cattle, why the focus on cattle is the main species in the Netherlands in both periods and therefore that the opportunity to provide us with the largest possible sample. There is evidence that obviously we went to operating in a vacuum. Obviously we have evidence from previous archeology of work that has been done before. There are changes between the Aaron H. Ruhman period as you won't be surprised to hear but obviously we also wanted to know about what was happening in the Aaron H. Ruhman before the Roman period. Also the other questions was what is the evidence that we have for cattle mobility and and about herd management. Obviously a lot of the work of herd management is based on archeology of data that I won't be able to present now but it's part of the project but of course the mobility is also part of the story and talk about mobility. What do we know? Well we know from the study of material culture that actually in this period there were extensive trade networks and when I say in this period I mean not just in the Roman period but also in the Aaron H. Ruhman period. You will hear about this more in a minute. This movement of people has been documented historically and also archeologically so but we actually don't know much about the livestock and this is why we want to contribute to these questions. Obviously we are mainly interested in the livestock as a proxy to understand human mobility The other thing is that there is a size increase in cattle in the Roman period that is well documented like in other areas of the Roman Empire and one suggestion is that this is also associated with mobility because of the introduction of animals that from elsewhere that led to a size increase true interbreeding. The isotopic analysis that we have done is largely based on strontium although you will hear in a minute a little bit more about a couple other isotopes and a ski that we have this collaboration, a long-standing collaboration with Jane Evans at the Neck Club in Keyworth and Jane really is integral part of this project that she will play in the publication. We have as an opportunity to understand our strontium data it was very lucky that Kurt published this kind of map of what is now generally known as isotopes for the strontium and this is for the Netherlands that obviously helps us in our interpretation. We worked on two sites one is Heart and Castellum which is a rural settlement which spans from the Middle Iron Age to the Roman period and from there we actually sampled 40 cattle teeth and in particular we targeted the lower end trees and the other side sorry just to see how can we see that okay just in the middle Netherlands but Ireland which is a Roman because it's right in the south of the Netherlands here this is a much more tightly dated site is only Roman 1st century AD and we had a much smaller sample there we could only sample five cattle teeth which is the reason why we decided to stretch out and do a little bit of the other species too. Okay so Alton is there is a little bit of an abitation here which is Roman a settlement but most of what we know comes from a waterlogged channel and and where amazing there is amazing preservation and among other things a fish trap a canoe part of a bridge so this is quite remarkable site with excellent organic remains because of waterlogging of course and there is continuity occupation from the Middle Iron Age to the Roman period and as you can see here a large sample size for animal bones which allowed us to take quite a few samples for isotopic analysis. Okay so let's come to the results that we have from the strontium. Okay basically this is Alton and this is the isoscapes in which it sits which you can see is very generic in the Netherlands because lots of areas have this kind of strontium signature so if you look at the samples and our values you will see that there are a lot of them which are actually consistent with that area which means that they are consistent with local animals but that this should not underestimate the possibility that actually they are coming from other areas which have a similar signature but that we we can't prove that they are from elsewhere and they may well be local but they can also not be local. Okay perhaps more promisingly we have some other specimens that do come from other area and these two specimens are consistent with the isoscapes DNE which would be this yellow area here and the orange area here and of course it goes without saying that they could come from outside the Netherlands too. Okay so we have some other we have some introduction and there is another specimen here that is consistent with either E or F so with other this area or here but not to the the area where Alton sits and then we have three specimens which have much higher strontium values and here you see the question marks because these are values that are not reflected in in the map of the Netherlands so therefore they could come either from elsewhere or there are some areas where there is actually a little bit of a gap and that there has been some work although it hasn't been mapped that the show so that this bold clay area here may have isotopic values which are consistent with this so basically these three specimens either come from elsewhere as they are an arrow show or perhaps from this area that is not mapped. Okay just okay sorry I have now been talking about the Iron Age and the Roman period as they were together but obviously we have a chronology that you can see here and just to make a long story short I'm just dividing it between the Iron Age and the Roman period and the remarkable things that you can see here is that most of the specimens that come from elsewhere they are actually from the Iron Age which is maybe a little bit of a surprise it is the Roman period and you have only one specimen which definitely comes from elsewhere so for the Iron Age we have at least three other regions involved from which the cattle were coming and for the Roman period only one. Okay oh one thing I forgot to mention is that you can see we have specifically labeled these two specimens okay with a very high strontium values and the reason why we did that is for these two specimens we also done some oxygen and carbon analysis and the white one is together with others is plots with the others and it's not that different in terms of carbon and oxygen one is really stands out as very different so emphasizing further the fact that this is likely to be an exogenous specimen coming from elsewhere okay and in fact it is the low carbon value could indicate a specimen coming from an area of dense forest. Now the trade network for out and was big on the basis of the material culture from pottery, metal and store you know that the wear in the Iron Age contacts through lots of places therefore perhaps it's not surprising that we get also livestock coming from elsewhere in the Iron Age and and you know the question here refers to that particular specimen which is strontium values high oxygen low carbon and maybe we should look for an area which has this characteristic to provide more detail. In terms of the site so we could conclude that as I say that the mobility in the Iron Age indicates that there is livestock coming from three different regions okay. The material culture in the Iron Age points out to links with lots of areas in the northern Netherlands in France in Germany and indeed the strontium analysis shows that some of the animals came from quite a long distance and you can see at least 100 kilometers away. Okay the one thing which is very interesting the low mobility towards out and in the Roman period but if you consider that out and is actually a rural site which I didn't say at the beginning but it's rural site so it's a site which has is likely to have a kind of producer element which is greater than the consumer element so it's quite likely that in the Roman period when it was a rural site actually these people were actually exporting animals from this web taken elsewhere okay and this is why we don't have so much evidence of animals coming in. It's my question animals going out. Erlen is really famous for its bath house you can see a photograph here and the analysis the bones come mainly from an old excavation I'll try to go a little bit quickly here and here we have a much smaller sample size and what we see here is okay this is the local signature which is here it's a quite small area in the Netherlands okay you can see that there are some specimens that are consistent with this but we have a number of other specimens that don't belong to any of the isoscapes known for the Netherlands so they must have come from elsewhere and you can see one here okay so one region here we can identify another here and a very high value here so this must have all come from elsewhere and if we try so at least three regions involved like for Alton okay and then you can see that as far as this is these are the capital specimens only five you can see none of the capitals or none of the cattle are consistent with the local signature which obviously considering a small sample size it doesn't mean that they didn't have local cattle but obviously quite a few must have come from elsewhere the big solid two samples they could have both been local and a wish ship we have at least two or the five specimens that come from elsewhere is probably just one area that is recorded so here we do have like at Alton and probably in the Iron Age but here we're talking about the Roman period we do have a lot of evidence which is consistent once again with a trade network that we know from the material culture or lots of contacts with the broader area okay so what can we see about Alton so mobility of cattle from three different regions as this one can you see it? No, I can't see it, you know, maybe it's not, never mind okay so it comes from three different regions the ship got we know evidence from one region of course if we had a larger sample probably more regions would have been involved one thing that we know from the zarchaeology most of the cattle are old so these cattle are coming in and they're probably cattle that were used for farming and then at the end of their life were taken towards the site and also the introduction of so much material you know stone pottery from elsewhere may also mean that the cattle were used for transported towards the city and eventually slaughtered there okay and we have seen that there are also patioship garden pigs which are consistent with the local signature so they could have been kept locally okay so try to make some kind of final considerations about this okay I think one thing that the one consideration that I think it could be potentially interesting is that we see we have seen one site Iron Age to Roman in the Roman period there is very little evidence of animals imported and then we have seen another site okay it's much more than sample but a lot of evidence of importation so obviously we have to be careful here to generalize different Roman sites provide different evidence and that's probably related to the different function one is a rural site which is largely produces a producer's side the other is probably a site which is with a bath house and all that is probably more into what's consumption and you expect the most of coming in now the other thing which I found is very interesting now is that although we do expect that in terms of trade the extent and the energy of the trade probably increase from the Iron Age to the Roman period but we've seen this is not necessarily reflected yes okay I'm finished it's not necessarily reflected in in the evidence so that we are from out and for me this was interesting in comparison to the evidence of that for instance of the project Sylvia and I put together with Claudia Minicchi in England where we saw this clear increase in mobility from the Iron Age to the Roman period we have to be careful not to generalize because we can see here that other scenarios are possible and also the other thing is that what we have to be careful about as I mentioned before is a lack of indication or movement in the sense of imported animals doesn't mean movement that didn't occur but in some cases it is possible that the movement was out of the site rather than towards the site so we should be careful not to use the strong evidence as a simple indication of mobility okay many thanks tomorrow and see you guys in days obviously Jane Evans who had that important role in the project and I'm particularly keen and remembering the Marie Curie actions because being based in Britain maybe the last time that I will continue to say