 This panel is going to look at applying policy and operational frameworks in a migration context. You know, one of the things we heard very much in the first two sessions was the relationship between policies and application, how to apply existing frameworks, and with some exceptions the need to use the modalities, the frameworks, the tools that we already have to reduce vulnerabilities for migrants. In our panel this afternoon, we have several speakers who will speak to different aspects of this. We will begin with Maria Fernandez Rodriguez, who is the Deputy Secretary of Access to Justice of the Ministry of Justice of Argentina, and President of the Federal Council for Combating Trafficking and Exploitation of Persons and for Protection and Assistance to Victims. Dr. Fernandez is also involved in the program for inclusion of the gender perspective and fight against trafficking in persons of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation through the Office of Women. Buenos días a todos y a todas, y en lo personal voy a referirme a la íntima relación que guarda la migración, el tráfico y la trata de personas. Para ello primero voy a presentar por un lado las diferencias que existen entre estas tres categorías, así como los puntos de base que unen a estos sujetos que las componen. En cuanto al primer punto, las diferencias, la migración es definida como el movimiento a población al set territorio de otro estado o dentro del mismo, que abarca todo movimiento sea cual fuere su tamaño, su composición o sus causas. El tráfico de personas se refiere al traslado irregular, huilícito de migrantes, para ingresar a un país del cual no se es nacional y por lo tanto es una infracción al orden migratorio y hablamos entonces de un delito contra el estado. La trata de personas es un delito plurioafensivo que afecta la dignidad, la libertad y la autonomía de una persona, cuyo objetivo es la cosificación y la explotación del sujeto. Hablamos entonces de un delito contra las personas, en el sentido de cuál es el interés jurídico tutelado por la norma. Sin embargo, pese a sus diferencias, las personas migrantes, las personas que son traficadas o las personas que son tratadas, están atravesadas por situaciones que en mayor o en menor medida presuponen, entre otras cuestiones, la movilidad interna y externa, la ausencia o escasa presencia de familia continente, instituciones, barreras comunicacionales y culturales, desconocimiento del territorio y de los recursos de protección que podrían disponer. Alta probabilidad de ser sujetos de discriminación y víctimas de delito, pobreza en todas sus dimensiones, no solo en la económica y el sueño de poder vivir una vida mejor. Las redes que se dedican al tráfico y a la trata de personas conocen muy bien este último factor y por esta razón, el mecanismo de captación mayoritario y predominante utilizado por los tratantes sigue siendo la oferta laboral engañosa. Las redes no necesitan ningún nivel de inversión inicial para cometer este delito, a diferencia de otros delitos de criminalidad organizada, como puede ser en narcotráfico. Aquí las víctimas hasta se endeudan para ser traficadas o bien para llegar al lugar donde luego serán explotadas. Debemos tener presente que muchas veces incluso el mecanismo de tráfico es utilizado como mecanismo de engaño y como mecanismo de captación. Están con una modalidad de tráfico y terminan siendo luego explotadas en situaciones de trata. Si nosotros comparamos los factores de riesgo que tienen la trata de personas con el tráfico, con la migración, vamos a ver una enorme superposición. Esas poblaciones en línea general tienen bajo índice de desarrollo humano, feminización de la pobreza, limitación al acceso a servicios sociales básicos como educación, salud y una alta tasa de desempleo, cosificación del cuerpo y sexualidad de las mujeres y personas menores de edad, aumento de conflictos armados y violentos y desplazamientos de grandes masas de población sin control. Cada vez tenemos más sofisticadas redes de tratantes y traficantes intermediarios, tenemos políticas migratorias inadecuadas, faltas de controles apropiados, fronteras porosas, hogares desintegrados y de funcionales muchas veces y acá estoy refinándome a cuáles son los factores de riesgo de la trata de personas. Poco control y seguimiento a adopciones de personas menores de edad en torno de violencia intrafamiliar y de violencia sexual, consumo problemático, la proliferación que existe actualmente de la explotación sexual comercial, pornografía incluyendo la pornografía de menores cada vez en más aumento. Particularmente en Argentina las víctimas de nacionalidad extranjera reciben la misma asistencia que está planificada para las víctimas nacionales, no hacemos ningún tipo de diferencia, tienen derecho a permanecer en el país y si es su deseo pueden retornar voluntariamente y en este caso generalmente contamos con la asistencia o la organización internacional de las migraciones. Las víctimas extranjeras presentan una característica particular, se presentan muy temerosas de que les pueda sucederles por el hecho de no estar regularizadas en su situación migratoria. En el mismo proceso de vulneración de sus derechos por parte de las tratantes, las víctimas son instruidas para impedir su libre circulación con discursos tales como que serán deportadas o detenidas. De este modo garantiza su permanencia en los lugares de la explotación y su dependencia de los tratantes, quienes paradójicamente con este tipo de amenaza se presentan como los garantes de su seguridad. Ante la falta de información sobre sus derechos las víctimas son degradadas en su autonomía y en su seguridad psicofísica. El Ministerio de Justicia de la Nación de Argentina presta un servicio que es esencial a las víctimas que es una línea de teléfono, la 145, en la que se pueden hacer denuncias gratuitas, anónimas todos los días del año, las 24 horas. Cuenta con un protocolo de derivación según nos encontremos en una cuestión de flagrancia o según nos encontremos en una situación en la que se debe trabajar sobre una investigación preliminar. El Programa Nacional de Rescate interviene en todos los allanamientos, es decir, no se produce un allanamiento de fuerza policial sobre un presunto delito de trata sin este equipo interdisciplinario. Y de esta manera lo que le garantizamos a la víctima desde ese primer momento es su derecho a la información y así iniciamos el proceso de reconstrucción de su autonomía. También se les informa sobre su posibilidad a regularizar su situación migratoria y que no pueden ser en ningún momento acusadas de un delito que hayan cometido durante el periodo que hayan sido tratadas. También ustedes que los tratantes muchas veces las obligan a cometer delitos, pase de drogas, abortos y son esos los mecanismos que utilizan luego para mantener las calladas y vacó su poder. Como les decía, la asistencia entonces no discrimina por nacionalidad y las víctimas reciben acompañamiento con asistencia psicológica, social, jurídica y médica desde el primer momento en que se inicia el allanamiento. En cuanto al marco normativo argentino, tenemos elevamos el estándar, el estándar en cuanto a dos cuestiones al protocolo de palermo. También hemos contemplado tanto la trata interna como la trata externa y por otro lado también hemos eliminado la posibilidad del consentimiento de la víctima mayor que era una de las cuestiones más utilizadas porque posteriormente los tratantes amenazan a las víctimas luego de los allanamientos para poder avanzar en las causas vinculadas a la trata de personas. Vamos actualmente con un desafío enorme que es el que tengo en cabeza hoy como responsabilidad que es la conformación del Consejo Federal, generar políticas públicas con todos los estados provinciales, Argentina tiene 24 jurisdicciones, es un país muy extenso, tenemos 24 códigos de procedimientos diferentes, tenemos víctimas muy distintas aún dentro del mismo territorio y estamos con el desafío de generar el procedimiento de decomiso y la administración de este decomiso que con este Consejo Federal el que también quisiera resaltar está compuesto por la sociedad civil. Son muchas las cuestiones en las que debemos avanzar para generar una institucionalidad que sea transparente, que genere políticas con enfoque diferencial en la reparación de las víctimas. Creo que esto es uno de los desafíos que ha mencionado en varios de los paneles más importantes como lograr medidas contextualizadas según cada una de las situaciones que debamos enfrentar. Generalmente quisiera decir que tenemos adelante un enorme problema en el mundo actual pues se ha empezado a instalar el peligroso discurso del miedo y en orden a la supuesta promoción de un mundo más seguro se ha empezado a constituir un concepto muy peligroso donde el no nacional ingresa prácticamente en la categoría del enemigo. En consecuencia migramos de un mundo de sociedades abiertas a un mundo de sociedades cerradas donde las migraciones irregulares sin duda algunas se acrecentarán y los factores de vulnerabilidad a los que están expuestas a estas poblaciones migrantes también se verán exponencialmente agravados. Todos estos factores nos obligan a estar mucho más atentos como estados, debemos establecer marcos migratorios claros y sencillos, establecer requisitos que sean fáciles para poder ordenar el estatus migratorio de la persona que ingrese el país, promover mecanismos de regulación efectivo y establecer dispositivos territoriales que premuevan con enfoque diferencial el empoderamiento legal de estas poblaciones. Sólo así podremos caminar a sociedades más justas, más pacíficas y sobre todo más inclusivas donde el mundo sea un lugar de futuro mejor para todos y donde podamos hacer honor a las promesas que asubimos con los objetivos del desarrollo de no dejar a nadie atrás. Muchas gracias. Muchas gracias. We turn now to Mr. Ola Enriksson who is the Director General of the Department of Migration and Asylum in the Swedish Ministry of Justice. He's worked in the field of migration and asylum for more than 25 years, both at the national and international level. He's currently the head of the Swedish delegation of the Strategic Committee on Immigration Frontiers and Asylum, please you have it. Thank you very much and thanks to IOM for inviting me to taking speaking here and good afternoon everybody. The number of men, women and children suffering violence, abuse, exploitation and rights violations should make us all deeply concerned. Among migrants there is a range of legally different categories comprising people whose status may change over time. The commitment to develop two global compacts is a unique opportunity to improve the way we cooperate on migration and refugees. The synergies and operational challenges on the ground should be reflected in both compacts. When addressing the situation of vulnerability and risks faced by migrants, the shortcomings of the international systems are first and foremost a matter of lack of implementation and coordination. Our cooperation mechanism should better equip us to implement agreed principles, commitments and recommendations. Migrants in vulnerable situations is a cross-cutting issue which relates to both compacts. To avoid groups falling in between these two compacts, we should welcome a joint discussion paper by the SRSG for Migration with input from IOM and UNHCR on this issue. We would like to highlight five ways to reduce the risk of vulnerability faced by migrants in transit and destination. First, combating trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants. The links between these two types of crimes must not be underestimated, enhancing the cooperation and coordination between relevant stakeholders will contribute to a comprehensive and effective assistance to victims of trafficking and other forms of abuse. This can be done at all levels, from international to local. One training tools for the police, social workers, migration officers and other professionals may contribute to a holistic view. Second, improving the increasing and increasing the management of migration along migration corridors. This can be done by increasing the number of migrant assistance centers. These centers can serve several purposes concurrently, including assessing and collecting data on the vulnerabilities faced by migrants during the journeys. They can also provide support for those in need, as well as counseling and information about the risks associated with irregular migration. Third, combating the abuse of labor migrants. Labor migration must be regularized, fair and orderly in order to ensure proper protection of labor and human rights for all working people. For instance, instruments aimed at fair recruitment, such as the IOM-IRIS initiative, as well as ILO's guiding principles on fair recruitment, should be in place. An important factor is to include all relevant stakeholders in the process and dialogue, government agencies, trade unions and employers. Fourth, improving our response to meet specific needs of vulnerable groups. This includes implementation of protection measures concerning children. For instance, we must end the practice of detaining migrant children solely for the purpose of determining their migration status. We must also address the vulnerabilities of displaced and migrating women and girls. In this regard, actors along the migratory routes should integrate a gender perspective in their work, as well as promote sexual and reproductive health and rights and to combat gender-based violence. Fifth, achieving a dignified and effective system of voluntary return. This includes strengthening the consular capacities of countries of origin, awareness, racing and increased cooperation between states. Such support can prevent and protect migrants from human rights abuses, exploitation and the dangers that onward movements otherwise expose them to. The main challenge ahead is to address the vulnerabilities faced by migrants on the move through concrete actions. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thanks, we turn now to Nigeria with Dr. Alakija, who's the Chief Humanitarian Coordinator of the Emergency Coordination Center in Nigeria and a high level interlocutor between state and non-state actors at the governmental and intergovernmental level. An activist for social justice, Dr. Alakija is also a globally renowned authority on sustainable human development. And it's previously worked with UN Population Fund and UNICEF, the UN Children's Fund, please, you have the word. Thank you very much for having me. I was saying that it's a late graveyard shift. So I thought people are getting a little tired, so I would stand up and liven things up a little. I'm also going to shift the conversation slightly, as we've listened all day today to the talk of migration and we've spoken about migrants. And all day we have referred to migrants as though they're a different species, a different people, as though they are not one of us. And as I listened to all of that and listened to the talks of integration and inclusion, I suddenly thought to myself, who isn't a migrant? I think that probably should be one of the key questions of this global compact on migration, who is not a migrant? I'm going to speak first to fundamental issues and then I'm going to go to the country specific context on this global compact. I, like many others who've spoken today, I'm a migrant, a returnee, married to the son of a man who migrated to Nigeria over 100 years, great grandson, sorry, he's not quite that old. Over 100 years ago, from Brazil, a man who was knighted by King George V, and who became the writer of the Nigerian constitution. I have a daughter because of my job that moved me to the Pacific, to the Fiji Islands, who can be classified as a migrant. A Fijian, who at the age of 16 represented Fiji as the youngest athlete at the London Olympics. She has contributed to that nation as I have into the one that I married into, the love and my husband for the one his grandfather came into in search of roots and in search of better opportunities. So who is not a migrant? If I were to ask for a show of hands, there would be very few in this room who are not personally from a migrant background or linked to migrants in some way. Australia, my closest neighbor when I'm in the Pacific, of course, was founded based on migration from Europe. America has been built on the back of migration. England, which is where my voice comes from as many people often ask me, and I'm sad that my Sierra Leonean sister is not here to hear that I also have an accent, that often doesn't fit in settings that I'm at. So all of us, really, in some way or another, are migrants. Therefore, I think the question needs to be who is not a migrant? And what is different today? Why are we so afraid? It is the increased competition for resources. It is mistrust, it is fear, it is exclusivity. The technical jargon of social inclusion is often loosely flung about, but it is loss of that social inclusion that gives rise to this fear. I say that because I come from Nigeria, and I now am the Chief Humanitarian Coordinator for the Government of Nigeria, and Nigeria has seen an unprecedented outflow of migrants both within and outside Africa, with a projected population of about 400 million by 2030. This is a critical conversation for us as a nation and also for you as a global community. Nigeria is also a host country to migrants from across Africa, as well as Europe, I have several friends who are from Europe. It is a country of origin. Also, we have a unique and complex situation. We need to look in Nigeria, we're beginning to do this at a policy level, look at what are the drivers of migration? What are the root causes? We have two dynamic things going on right now in Nigeria, in the south of the countries, it's economic. There are many young people who are fleeing across the Mediterranean. In fact, unfortunately, the majority of those who went into Italy this year, I think the number is about 14,118 according to the latest statistics from IOM and the Population Commission in Nigeria were Nigerian. What is driving that? It is hopelessness. It is a thought that there are no jobs for them at home. It is a thought that they're worried about the future for their children. Then we have the northeast of the country, where we have a raging conflict that is now under control by Boko Haram. We have over 300,000 refugees across the borders in Chad, Niger and Cameroon. We have some who've migrated also across to Europe. So we are dealing, as Nigeria, as a huge country with a complex, complex issue. Preventing migration for us in this context will mean preventing, number one, the economic downturn and also preventing the violent rhetoric that has destabilised part of our country. Preventing violent rhetoric implies that root causes of the violence be addressed, education, health, jobs and security. Essentially, we're talking about social justice and that is what the Government of Nigeria seeks to do right now by implementing social safety nets, by implementing durable solutions together with our partners, by dealing and working very closely with those who are affected by working with the IDPs within Nigeria themselves, of whom we have 1.8 million. I heard somebody talk earlier today about the fact that the Italian gentleman, the mayor, he talked about the fact that Europe has welcomed over a million refugees last year. While the city of Meduguri alone in Nigeria took in over 1.8 million refugees into one city, one city in one part of the country, they were welcomed in, it wasn't without conflict, but they were looked after as brothers, as sisters and many over 1.1 million of them remain there today. Oftentimes reports of migrants being forced to return to their places of origin or refugees are flagged and to stop this, migrants need to be informed that unless where they're going to is safe and that return is voluntary, that they're not obligated to move back. It is up to us as nations and as international community to ensure that this is so. Achieving this to reduce further vulnerability will, amongst other things, require a multi-dimensional and multi-sectoral approach. At continental level, Nigeria is also working very closely with our brothers and sisters in the Africa Union. This month, we chair the Peace and Security Council and will be undertaking a high-level trip or visit across the most affected countries of the region by the Boko Haram crisis and by the refugee and migrant situation. I'm very pleased to hear that IOM is looking at risk and protective factors as you look into this global compact for migration. Director-General Swing earlier spoke about the fact that we're at a historical moment. I say that we are indeed at a historical moment. I think, in fact, what she said exactly is that we have a rendezvous with history. We're at a critical point at which we must all remember that many, many, many years ago, the Bantus came, the Arabs came, everybody came from all over and formed communities where they lived and they worked together. If we do not remember that fundamental fact today, we will be facing a world in great crisis. We will be facing a world where we cannot have these conversations because we will all be at odds with each other. I remind us all as I close today that look next to you, look at your brother, look at your sister, remember that we are one people, remember that we are one family, remember that protectionism isn't going to get us anywhere, but that by working together, hand in hand, by building this global compact, by producing and by implementing policies that will save and protect people's lives and dignity is how we're going to move this world forward. Thank you very much for this opportunity. Very quickly, I wanted to go through these frameworks to understand the discussion that we had this morning about understanding vulnerability in the migration context and introduce you to a set of principles and guidelines that are in draft form on the human rights protection of migrants in vulnerable situations. The mandate of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights clearly refers to the promotion and protection of the human rights of all people. This includes, of course, all migrants, regardless of their status, that we recognize as human rights holders, and this recognition has been made clear also in the New York Declaration in paragraph five. Indeed, we see the New York Declaration as a human rights-based document. There are over 100 references to human rights in it, and we believe that the promise of this declaration should be fulfilled in the global compact going forward. It is our view that robust human rights protection that are accessible to all will lead to improved human rights outcomes for all people in society, migrants, as well as the communities that they leave, as well as those that they arrive into. There are obviously a multiplicity of legal categories into which people on the move may be located, and indeed we've heard about many of those categories in the course of today and indeed on this panel, sometimes simultaneously. In practice, though, we observe that many people on the move today face numerous barriers to claiming their human rights, and this categorization, thus, is ultimately only useful insofar as it improves the protection response. The international legal protection framework that we have in order to construct a defense of the vulnerability starts with international human rights law. All migrants, as I said, have all human rights. In addition to the base framework of protection, we then have the various specific frameworks of protection into which the specific categories of people on the move are entitled. However, I would like to say that a focus on vulnerability does not and should not lead to the conclusion that there are some migrants who are non-vulnerable, and therefore, being non-vulnerable do not have human rights. There is a danger, as well, of establishing hierarchies of vulnerability, of saying that some people are more vulnerable than the others, and that therefore the people at the bottom have no rights. We need to ensure that the baseline protection for all people remains without discrimination. Understanding vulnerability in the migration context led us to focus on the situation of the individual migrant. This is the basis of the human rights framework, and we've been looking, then, to see the gaps in human rights protection that various people on the move can experience as they move, understanding, then, that there are need for specific protection interventions. In the New York Declaration and in the modalities resolution that establishes the process of the global compact, member states have recognised and committed to address the special needs of all people in vulnerable situations, in accordance with their obligations under international law. Clearly, this should not be understood as an absence of agency on the part of migrants, and this was a point that was made very clearly, as well, in the opening sessions of this meeting. The human rights framework, while focusing on the violations that people may experience, understand people as rights holders. This does not mean that victims of violations are not also agents. So migrants in vulnerable situations, in our understanding, are individuals who are not able to fully exercise their human rights. The basis of these vulnerabilities can be understood as a range of factors, whether due to the identity or circumstance of the person, such as their age, their gender, their sexual orientation and gender identity, their health, their migratory or disability status. The situation that they face in the country of origin, which do not lead to refugee movements but need nonetheless to movements that are vulnerable, such as movements related to climate disaster and environmental factors, endemic poverty, food insecurity, discrimination and access to health, education, housing or decent work. There are also vulnerability related to the situation that migrants face en route in transit, at borders and at reception and at destination, particularly in the context of lengthy, fluid and fragmented, often multi-directional journeys. Vulnerability in this context can arise as a result of a range of factors that are often intersecting, that can coexist simultaneously and can indeed influence and exacerbate each other. Situations of vulnerability may change over time, as circumstances change or evolve. And one of the things that we have learned, that people who are compelled to move due to the circumstances that I noted earlier, in irregular and precarious movements are often particularly at risk of harm. So the case for attention to the human rights of migrants in vulnerable situations was established. We know that an international legal framework exists that protects the rights of all migrants. And also that migrants in vulnerable situations are entitled to a heightened duty of care by the state. However, understanding of the human rights standards for such migrants, as well as of how states and of course other stakeholders can operationalize these standards in practice, is often lacking. Therefore, we believe that there is a need for practical guidance on addressing protection gaps experienced by migrants who will not benefit from refugee protection, but who nonetheless are not moving voluntarily and or in a protected manner. And this has been the basis for some of the work that we have started today in conjunction with the Global Migration Group. The principles and guidelines on the human rights protection of migrants in vulnerable situations is an effort of the Global Migration Group's working group on human rights and gender equality, which is co-chaired by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in UN Women and includes among other members, IOM, UNHCR, ILO, UNICEF and others. The work that we've put together has been carried out through an open consultative and multi-stakeholder process and indeed the General Assembly recognized this endeavor in paragraph 51 of the New York Declaration. The Human Rights Council has asked the High Commissioner to present a progress report to the Human Rights Council session in March. And indeed a number of Member States of the Human Rights Council in addition to over 100 civil society organizations and academics from all regions have constructively engaged with the draft principles and guidelines, assisting us in refining them on the basis of their expertise and their experience. The principles and guidelines are without prejudice to the specific rights of groups with precise entitlements under international law be they refugees, traffic persons, migrant workers or others. And they are anchored in and indeed the principles are derived directly from international human rights law and standards and related bodies of law. The principles and guidelines themselves are supported by practical guidance which is examples of promising practice from all regions. They are designed to assist States and other stakeholders to develop, to strengthen, to implement and monitor measures to protect migrants in vulnerable situations. There are 20 principles and the issues covered as you will see range over most of the issues that we have heard about in the course already ready of today's discussion. In the next few slides, I just wanted to give you a brief snapshot of the draft principles and guidelines to understand what they describe. For instance, Principle Six asks States to ensure that all returns fully respect the human rights of migrants and comply with international law. Issues that we have looked at within these guidelines talk about the prohibition in arbitrary or collective expulsions speak to what consent will mean in a voluntary return process and how to ensure that consent is indeed meaningfully given. It also talks about the specific protections that children should be given in a return process and asks that the best interest of the child should be the primary guiding principle for return of children. Principle Seven talks about violence and exploitation and there speaks, for instance, about the establishment of accessible and confidential services for migrants who are victims of such violence. Ask States to put in place measures to ensure that migrants can report crimes and insist that all migration facilities should adhere to standards for preventing and responding to violence, including sexual and gender-based violence. We also looked at the whole issue of health and this is an issue that has been raised already in this discussion. Looking, for instance, at timely and accurate information on health and health rights, which should be made available across migratory routes, providing access to comprehensive and rights-based sexual and reproductive health information and services and looking at the very important issue of mental health needs, which often go unrecognized. The principles also throughout look at the important point about binding and effective firewalls, which means that migrants, particularly migrants in irregular situations, will then not fear accessing, in this case, public health providers in case of need. So just to end, in going forward, the Human Rights Council has requested the High Commissioner for Human Rights to submit the principles and guidelines at its 37th session, which is upcoming in March 2018. And indeed, we believe that further work remains to ensure that the principles and guidelines can be disseminated and effectively implemented. And there, of course, we count on not just the global migration group and its partners, but of course, all of you here in the room today. The remaining question is how we can use this tool to explore synergies between this tool and the global compact process, particularly given the latter's important focus on principles, commitments, and understandings, and use this to provide the support that member states need in order to ensure the protection of migrants in vulnerable situations. I'll stop there, thank you very much. Thank you, Pia, for giving us an overview of some of the work that's already been undertaken. We'll turn now to our final speaker, and Mr. Nalambar Badal, who is Program Director of the Asian Human Rights and Culture Development Forum, also known as the Migrant Center, the organization of and for migrant workers. He's been contributing to civil society movement as coordinator of the National Network for Safe Migration, an umbrella organization of the 19 Migrants Rights organizations, and for respect, fulfillment of holding migrants rights. He's also been representing the Pali Civil Society in the regional and global migration consultative processes. Pia, you have the floor. Thank you. Thank you more, Roger, and your excellencies. I would like to thank IOM for the opportunity. It is my great pleasure to be here today to share with you the vulnerability of the migrants and the practices of safe migration. I come from the reason where the large population is directly or indirectly related to migration. Almost every second household are dependent on the remittances sent back home for their livelihood, and thousands of youth live home for employment to go to the other countries. Migration has evolved as a tradition in our region, in South and South Asia. It's either the home country or the host country. People are desperate to leave the country and explore the employment at the destination, exposing themselves to the barnal realities, especially the women and children are at the risk, greater risk, at all stages of migration cycle. Well, the countries are focusing on the curative measures, trying to focus themselves on the management of migration flow, and are often not assessing the preventive measures adequately. Some of the practices in the countries focusing on reducing the barnal abilities of the migrants on the move are well designed, but the implementation is really very poor. Some of the home countries have made the pre-departure orientation mandatory in the process of migration. However, the syllabus of the orientation and the generalized information on the overall migration process has not been able to attain a good result. This would be a post-arrival orientation as an induction to the work and familiarizing the migrants to the local context as well. The training should be made mandatory and should be provided by the host country immediately upon arrival. The pre-departure and the post-arrival orientation should be complementing each other and the syllabus should be designed in joint collaboration among the home and the host countries. It is necessary to set up the information, communication, and counseling centers at the community level, easily accessible and accessible to the migrants, workers, and their families. Such outreach centers should be institutionalized and need to be operated by the local government authorities in the support of the civil society organizations. The returning migrants and the families of the migrants can be the resources for such centers. Regular dialogue among people, including the returners and the local authorities, can suggest the practical solutions to the problems faced by the migrant workers and their families. Local authorities should have maximum involvement on the community activities and engage community members in awareness issues. Engagement of the police and the local government in the access to justice mechanism for the migrants can increase the scope and coverage of the responses. The migrants and their families should have the easy access to the law enforcement system. The engagement of the police administration in the issues of migration can reduce the vulnerability of the migrants to fall into the trap of smuggling and trafficking records. To ensure the safe migration, the recruitment costs should also be borne by the employer in all trades, not just the high-end trades. Recognizing all migrants, including the domestic migrant workers under the labor law at home or host countries should be devised and institutionalized in order to reduce the vulnerability of the migrants at the different stages of migration cycle. Policy coherence is a necessary component to avoid contract substitution and other recruitment-related problems. The policy and the other relevant laws at the home and the host countries should be coherent and adhere to the international legal mechanisms. A mechanism for the access to information and justice at the destination should be devised and institutionalized. The host countries should design a simple and affordable, free as far as possible, access to justice mechanism while the home countries should provide the trust listen and other facilitating services to the migrants at the destination countries. A simple and accessible redress mechanism has to be developed jointly by the host and home country together. The complaint mechanism should be simple and accessible to the migrant workers and should be available in the local languages of the migrant workers. The interpreter services should be made available to the migrant workers while the migrant workers should be able to file their complaints and concerns through even the telephone services. The migrant workers should be provided the individual and prompt responses to their complaints to avoid further vulnerability. All the services provided to the migrant workers should not just be made available to the migrant workers at home or host country, but it should be extended to the transit country as well. We have to consider the fact that the migration in terms of process and context are different in the different reasons. The blanket policies and the structures may not be workable in all the context. Therefore, the reason-specific redress and protection mechanisms should be established, but it should adhere to the global standards. Dignity and respect of human beings should never be overlooked for the protection of the borders. There are no opposition to the notion migrant workers are no communities, but migrants are still facing the worst treatments. The attitude of the people have to change in order to realize a place where all the human rights standards are respected, protected and fulfilled. As long as people do not understand and recognize that the migrant workers are contributing to the development of both the home and host countries, the things are not going to change easily. Finally, governments around the world are concentrating themselves on the migration management and the border protection. The human protection and the social-economic well-being of migrants are often the secondary priority. In this context, the forum like this is very crucial. I would like to call the governments, civil societies and the private sectors, media, migrants and communities around the world to come together for the respect, protection and fulfillment of the rights of migrants, regardless of their classifications and status. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. I understand that a representative from Costa Rica would like to speak. It's Mr. Obando in the room. Gracias, doña Alisabeth. Costa Rica has distinguished the community and international organizations for their tradition of asylum and hospitality, product of our democratic, economic and social trajectory. Although Costa Rica has received, through its history, foreign people from various nationalities, it is always difficult to predict what will be the behavior of the non-planned migration movements and the affection for the receptor country and the general society. The migratory patterns constantly change and represent a challenge for the countries of destiny and transit, in such a way that they can direct actions that enable an administration to be coordinated and safe from migration. Although Costa Rica recognizes these challenges and the behavior of these movements promoted an integral migratory policy, initiated in 2013 to 2023, aimed to mainly attend two migrant populations at that time, all in order to articulate joint actions to manage and control the migratory flows and seek integration of migrant people to the Costa Rican society and promote a development through the effective administration of migration. However, at the end of 2015, Costa Rica experienced a change in the migratory flows at all levels. That is why this migratory policy had to be implemented this year against the important migratory flows of the Cuban citizens at the end of this year, which in total added 7,800 in a month and the regional flow, called so in our country, for the period of March 2016 and June 2017, a total of 22,000 people were counted. Human movements that our country was not accustomed to changing Costa Rica from being a destination country to a transit country, which also makes it vulnerable to different criminal, local and transnational networks, among which we can quote the networks of human trafficking and human trafficking. These new flows represent a greater challenge for the state of Costa Rican since they are mobilized without identification or travel documents, which makes it difficult to notice the application of migratory control, since it is not known for sure its identity, vital to be able to apply the measures to the entire level. It is so that our country implements the identification of all migrants in the regional through a migratory document, which is known as income and transit, which allows them to enter and stay for a certain period of time in Costa Rican territory. I have a photograph and all the information regarding the carrier and the observation is established that with that document you can transit in the national territory and be attended in the health centers. As a measure for a migratory management, in short time and with the help of exercise, immediate and extraordinary actions in order to safeguard national security and guarantee human rights of migrant people in transit and in regular conditions, in October 2016, the Costa Rican government issued a presidential directive that establishes the guidelines for coordination and inter-institutional collaboration for the entire attention of the people in transit, belonging to the migratory flows that cross the national territory to the north of the continent. In addition, the presidents of Costa Rica and Panama reached a bilateral agreement that ensures a control flow between both countries to limit a maximum amount of people per day so that the treatment of these flows is given in an adequate way and according to the needs and possible operations of our country. In this extraordinary situation, the Costa Rican government adopted several measures to assist migrant people in irregular transit, that is to create two centers of temporary attention for migrants in collaboration with the OEM and the ANUR and logically several institutions of the Costa Rican state that what it does is to provide food, water and accommodation and integral attention to all the migrants that are in transit by Costa Rica. In order to finish, Costa Rica will continue to be characterized by ensuring, safe, dignified, controlled and humanitarian the migrations in the use of national regulations, as I said, a presidential directive, an update of the immigration policy, a permit for entry and transit, as well as the operational ones, such as the ability of the centers of attention and the allocation of economic funds for the operation and the coordination of the state institutions. Therefore, we will continue to fight we will continue to lead the struggles for these human mobilization routes not only locally, but also regionally, they are always under the respect of human rights, under a shared responsibility allowing the migrants a basic assistance. May I bless you? Madam moderator. In Ethiopia, thousands of migrant workers who are mainly women and low-skilled workers live for the Gulf countries for search of employment. From 2011 to 2013 alone, 430,000 Ethiopians left for Gulf countries through a private employment agency. Quite significant others left the country through traffickers and smugglers. In a bid to curb the flow of irregular migrants and address the gaps in protection of rights of migrant workers, Ethiopia took numerous measures. The 2016 Overseas Employment Proclamation, for instance, puts that all costs of employment to be borne by employers, so that recruitment be ethical and fair. Employers are also required to provide mandatory health insurance for migrant workers. Skills training and pre-departure orientation are also made mandatory procedures. Ethiopian private employment agencies are required to provide 100,000 USD in a blocked account to be used as compensation in case migrant workers face infringements of rights. A range of penalties, including cancellation of license, is also included in the new Overseas Employment Proclamation. Ethiopia has also banned direct employment of migrant workers to ensure their rights are guaranteed in the host countries. Ethiopia has also signed bilateral agreements and memorandum of understandings with the Gulf countries to ensure basic labor standards of migrant workers are secured. For example, in the provision of minimum wage, we believe that bilateral agreements provide important instruments to address vulnerability. At national level, we have also ratified the Palermo Protocol and passed a national legislation that severely punishes traffickers and smugglers. Ethiopia is fighting irregular migration by inter-alia addressing the root causes. In 2016 alone, Ethiopia created 2.6 million jobs through micro-crediting programs. We have recently launched a half billion dollar revolving fund for youth employment programs. In some, Ethiopia believes that addressing migrants in vulnerable situations requires close cooperation between host and home countries, standardizing bilateral agreements to have educated reference to human rights. It also needs ensuring regional consultative process are inclusive. It is important that regional economic communities are as well given key role in the governance of migration. Thank you, madam. Yes, please, Kenya. Thank you, madam. First of all, I want to thank IOM for having invited me for the second time to this forum and also for having assisted Kenya to come up with a very robust national coordination mechanism on migration. This mechanism has played a very significant role in addressing migrant flights in Kenya. For example, it has come to reconcile the theoretical perspectives of many agencies that are involved in migration governance in Kenya, particularly those dealing with the vulnerabilities. The national coordination mechanism on migration operates on the premise of a whole-of-society approach to migration governance in Kenya, bringing all relevant stakeholders, including state actors, non-state actors, academic researchers, faith-based organizations, and even private individuals in a continuous migration dialogue. And this has really gone a long way to address migrant vulnerabilities. For example, we have many state actors that are actually threatening, actually threatening the vulnerability of migrants, mostly people who work in the borders, people who work in the police, people who work in the intelligence. All these have a mechanicalist and idealistic, not idealistic, but a realistic approach to migration governance. They are over-emphasizing national security at the expense of the liberal human rights issues. So we have been able to bring together the police and the international organizations and civil society to reconcile their approach to migration governance. And so the Ministry of Labor has come up with very clear labor migration policy, a draft national labor migration policy that is going to address exploitation of labor. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has come up with a diaspora policy, which is actually existing past in 2015, and they have been able to rescue Kenyan workers in the Middle East who have faced a lot of human right violation. They have passports taken, some are injured, but the employers, and they have actually done this very successfully. They also raise awareness among communities about the dangers of irregular migration so that people who want to go and work outside must be properly briefed so that they know what to expect when they go abroad. We have always held national consultative forums where we address issues to do with migrants, and these national consultative forums have always come to inform the policy on migration. We are coming up with a comprehensive national migration policy, which we hope to conclude before the end of this year. And in that draft policy, we have addressed all the issues relating to vulnerabilities of all categories of migrants, whether they are asylum seekers, whether they are irregular migrants, whether they are refugees. We have a very comprehensive refugee law, which was passed in 2006. We have counter-trafficking in Parsons Act of 2010. We have Regulation of Employment Act, which was passed sometimes a few years ago. And now that act is regulating around recruitment agencies who used to deceive a lot of migrants in Kenya and taking a lot of their money. And therefore, we also had the 2014 Security Laws Amendment Act, which actually made border management a multi-agency outfit. And in that multi-agency outfit, all stakeholders, that man, the border, are regularly taken through training. And I want to thank IOM for having a partner with us on this. Probably I will get time during next session to talk much about migrant vulnerability because of time, I would wish to stop there. Thank you very much. I have Senegal and Serbia, would you still like to speak? Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. So we felt that the last few months, the High Commissioner addressed important initiatives to the initiative of migrants, especially your exposure to the 20 principles and the directories of the High Commissioner on the human rights. So we also noticed during the last Council of Human Rights, there was a resolution that was adopted to promote and safeguard the respect of migrants. So these are certain health initiatives to adopt them, but I would like to know, after the adoption of this directories resolution, what is planned for their effective work? Will there be a mechanism to follow? Will there be initiatives put into place to protect the state of mind to better respect these initiatives? Thank you. Thank you very much, Serbia. Thank you very much. From the perspective of the host country, 10% of our population are migrants, and the country of origin, we diaspora over 2 million our citizens abroad. And in the last few years of the transit country, we from the 2040 facing transit of a huge number of migrants with 12,000 persons entering into Serbia in one day on the peak of the crisis. So from our perspective, Serbia as a member of the main international human rights instrument already had good legal foundation for implementing all policies and to protect migrants, regardless of their status. But the things that are needed are how to strengthen implementation of those policies and those laws. Our distinguished panelist just a few minutes ago mentioned that we are threatened from migration. So we think that the first thing that we need to do is to deal with the safety, meaning the sense of safety of the local population. We need to provide them with the feeling that they are safe, that the country is implementing policy in the way that is prescribed by the laws. And in the same time, conduct measures, combating xenophobia and racism. Also very important for the implementation of our policies, which are very often prepared on some very high level, even on global level, is to strengthen local governments and local municipalities and communities, which are main implementer of all policies that we are developing somewhere in our capitals. So we think that the target set by a 2030 agenda is good not only in the way that migrants contribute to the developing of the host community, that it is also good to develop community, then this host community will be a good protective environment for the newcomers. Then we faced few times in the last two decades large movements of people towards Serbia. So these movements imposed big political and economic burden to the transit and host countries. Consequences could go to the extent that the local population suffer from decrease in life standard and the exercising of their rights is jeopardised. Therefore, prevention of such negative effects require burden sharing among all of us. This should include responsibility sharing also. And this from the country of origin responsible for the well-being of its own citizens and as well as the country of destinations which often neglect pool factors that lead to irregular and unsafe migration. And on the end, I think that many panellists today highlighted this that all migrants in irregular status are vulnerable regardless of their sex, age, health, marital or educational status. They are exposed to different forms of exploitation, abuse, even torture. The states have responsibility to immediately regularise their status either through approval of their residents or through return to the country of origin. We consider that this should be one of the cornerstone of global compact and this should be clearly binding to all stakeholders since we are facing recently that under the so-called protection of human rights state is, let's say, state has a series of obstacles in regularising status of irregular migrants. Please, Philippines. Thank you very much, chair. Conscious of the time that we have. Let me just quickly go to the question that I have. One is a question on political buy-in of states. We have heard from the panellists several good examples on how to address vulnerability of migrants. However, this remains to be national practices. What is needed may be given, this is not just a national phenomenon but an international phenomenon and given the example of the draft protection, guidelines and protection on migrants in vulnerable situations. Let me ask the panellists on how do they propose to get political buy-in for states so that this could be implemented on the ground? That's the second one. The second one is that the Philippines has always advocated that the protection of migrants is a shared responsibility of countries of origins, countries of transit and countries of destination. I'm not sure if the panellists share this advocacy but I believe that this should be a principle that should be adopted by states that countries of origins, countries of destination and countries of transit should share the responsibility in protection of migrants. We would want to ask the panellists of their opinion on this advocacy. Thank you very much. Keep us afloat. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. We'll turn now to the panellists for their responses. I direct your attention particularly to the question from the Philippines. How do you get political buy-in? How do you implement even the existing frameworks that are quite good? Thank you very much for your appreciation for the work of the office in relation to migration. We also commend the leadership of Mexico and other member states within the Human Rights Council to bring this issue up more integrally in that forum. I agree completely that implementation is vital. We can't just rest at the level of principles and we have to take this forward. One option in the global sense could in fact in the global compact sense could in fact be to explore how the means of implementation that is foreseen within the global compact process might include issues raised within the principles and guidelines because that certainly would be a way of taking them forward. They are intended to support states as I said. In many cases, the institutional, the legislative frameworks exist already. Certainly the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights stands ready, resources permitting to provide the technical support and assistance that is needed to states in order to put in place specific interventions in this regard. Turning maybe just very quickly to the Philippines, the political buy-in as we see it, one of the issues that we feel very strongly is that human rights protection of migrants, human rights protections of the communities into which they arrive, leads to better migration governance. Indeed, that is the imperative that should drive us forward into putting these policies in place. We believe really that it is not a zero-sum game between the communities of origin and the communities of destination of migrants but really done right and migration governance would benefit from such interventions. Thank you. Thank you. I think we will turn now to Ola Henderson. Responsibility for migrants lies with the country where the migrant actually is. If the migrant is in Sweden, then we have a particular responsibility to make sure that a certain set of human rights are protected and it is also of course always a particular responsibility that lies on the country where the person is. But all countries have a responsibility to protect human rights of migrants whether it is a country of origin, destination or transit. Then on the buy-in, I think this is a principle. There are principles in... I mentioned the 20 principles that the OHCHRA put forward. They are also already in the report from the Global Commission on International Rights. There are some principles. There are also very good chapter on human rights. I think that we have the basic principles. It is about implementation. The buy-in is to have, I think, a reasonable weighing of interests from states given on the one hand protecting human rights of migrants but also upholding related migration and control of the flows of migrants. From states. Thank you. We as Nigeria have taken very seriously our responsibility to ensure leadership in coordination and the proper implementation in upholding the rights and the dignities of migrants. Be they internally displaced persons be they refugees or be they migrants outside of our shores. We are doing this with a very strong national coordination mechanism which is centered around a ministerial task force and led from the presidency. What we have seen is that if I were to link very quickly hunger and migration for instance, that 10 of the 13 current largest crises in the world are conflict driven. For each year of conflict an extra 10 people out of 10,000 will leave their country. For a 1% rise in hunger an extra 200 people will leave their country. For us in Nigeria this is a serious serious matter and these conversations cannot be held in isolation. For us we are understanding that we must speak and as somebody just said very eloquently we must speak across borders bilaterally with our neighbors. We must speak regionally with the African Union commission and with ECOWAS and we must speak internationally and cooperate at all levels to ensure that we uphold international human rights and to ensure that dignities are protected and that is something that I think is very important taking forward for this global compact is the inclusion of national authorities at national leadership and national coordination. Thank you. Are we serious enough to deal with the things we have here? We are raising the questions here. We are committing ourselves to everything whatever comes up and doing nothing. So I just want all of us, not just the government but all of us to be honest on what you are committing here. Thank you. Thank you very much. Certainly we have heard about the importance of implementing and translating into practice some of the good frameworks we had. We heard a number of very good concrete suggestions from national comprehensive policies in Kenya to establishment of migration corridors as a way of addressing it as well as some of the bigger issues as the representative from Serbia said when people are in irregular situations almost by definition they are vulnerable and so taking action to create these safe pathways that we heard this morning are certainly related to reducing the vulnerabilities of migrants. But I want to thank the panelists and thank all of you for your attention at the end of a very long day and thanks to ION for organizing a great beginning to this workshop. Thanks.