 Another feature that we would like to understand is a canard. A canard is basically a tail mounted ahead of the aircraft rather than a conventional tail mounted behind. One of the advantages of providing a canard is that the trim surface or the canard carries a positive load for positive G maneuvers and that helps in reducing the load that the wing has to carry. Similarly a canard reduces the subsonic subsonic aerodynamic center shift. We all know that the aerodynamic center shifts from around a quarter chord location for subsonic flight to approximately 0.5 chord location in subsonic flight. This causes a huge stability issue and if you have a forward swept wing then by putting a canard this particular subsonic subsonic aerodynamic center shift is minimized. And if you make it, if you design it properly then CL on the canard can be much higher than on the wing and that is very much beneficial but there is always a drawback. One drawback is that your primary lifting surface which is the wing is now going to be in a downwash or a disturbed flow from the canard and with a canard it is not easy to obtain high angle of attack and lateral directional characteristics. So the question is when do we use canards? Canards are recommended when you have a severe supersonic cruise or transonic maneuver requirement and also is not a consideration because the canard in the front is going to reflect immediately and it is going to reduce the stealth characteristics of the aircraft. Then there is a question that many people want to know is why we have something like a flying wing where there is no fuselage or there is a there is no distinctive fuselage as can be seen in the photograph of this B2 stealth bomber the Spirit aircraft. Flying wing concept is not a new concept actually Northrop has been trying to advocate use of flying wings since many many years let us look at a historic film about a flying wing configuration. So it is not a new concept as many people think by removing the fuselage you improve the aerodynamic efficiency however distribution of the payload volume is still a problem because you will have a bulbous thing a bulbous area in the center where you need to distribute the payload. But if you are providing a relaxed static stability then this configuration gives you a synergistic effect in military aircraft a flying wing gives us stealth and that is the principle reason why the B2 bomber has a flying wing configuration. In commercial aircraft a flying wing allows us to distribute the load all over the structure and that can lead to reduced weight however the center of gravity range is a huge compromise and that can be a real problem. Thanks for your attention we will now move to the next section.