 Today is all about, is bringing research to practice and back. One of my goals as an academic is to influence transportation policy and to influence the practice of transportation planning. And as a researcher with UCI, one of our missions is to do exactly that, is to bring knowledge from research to practice and back. And one of the ways we do this is through active participation in European projects such as CycleWalk. And on CycleWalk, we are, Urban Cycling Institute is the advisory partner. So a lot of these projects, we are the sole academic partner as with CycleWalk. And we not only provide knowledge and expertise and the technical and academic debates and knowledge around cycling, but also how it's all interconnected to other things like land use, social aspects, organizational governance and with also partners from Delft, Eindhoven and around the country. So that's just a little short background. So as Sebastian said, one of the main methodology for this inter-regional learning was study visits, study tours, excursions. And of course, for cycling and walking, being, having that experiential learning process is very valuable or so it seems. So the starting point is all too familiar for this project and also cities around the world that these regions are experiencing problems and that cannot be solved with a single solution or a single person or a single agency. And this transition to what is called sustainable mobility, yeah, Gianni, this is from your city, Calliotti, is very urgent. There's an urgency around this. It's also very, very complex. At the same time, cities are struggling on an administrative level, on a technical level, on a social level and on a political level. The technical knowledge for designing, building, operating, delivering, networks of infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, walking infrastructure is very challenging. There's competing capital budgets for this type of work and that limits investment. There's also a difficulty around galvanizing political support from elected leaders and then on top of that, there's a skeptical public who, like all humans, gravitate towards rituals and habits and of course this has been couched in a car-based, car-dominant lifestyle and an environment that reflects that. These are all photos from our study visits in each of these areas. So each of these regions are struggling with all of these aspects. So one way to deal with this complexity, it seems, is to learn from other cities, to firsthand gain that experience of successful policies and practices. And this is not something new. There's a long tradition of academic debate around policy learning, around policy transfer, and then new upcoming is this idea of policy tourism. These have been, tourism has been developed more recently, but the policy learning and transfer is from the 90s and they both sort of emerged at the same time. Policy learning has been from fields like geography, political science especially, and then upcoming is sort of this transportation, a small but growing transportation niche around these ideas. And policy learning really is very conceptual based, a lot of case studies reflecting the changes in perception, the changes in values over a long period of time, mostly around elected leaders and influential decision makers. And this is a very dynamic theory, so it engages in these emergent issues around learning, whereas policy transfer, which was developed around the same time, is much more of this traditional, linear framework that's seven nice, neat, seven steps that starts with something like this, a study visit of sort of, you know, just decision makers or technical staff observing, riding a bicycle, and then it ends in them sort of stealing this policy and then implementing it in their home context. There's a lot of debate around this that policy transfer doesn't happen. Of course you can't just copy and paste, although some people are big proponents of this and especially in transportation, which is a field that gravitates towards these, you know, technical, rational, orthodox views of getting from A to B, really likes this policy transfer idea that we should analyze policy implementation in these nice, neat, neat steps. But so it's surprising then in transportation research that remarkably little is understood about the precise role of learning from elsewhere, because no studies have thoroughly linked policy outcomes to learning. And these are some of the greatest researchers right now in policy transfer and transportation. But I would argue that perhaps the goal of policy learning is not policy implementation at all and maybe we need to disentangle these ideas of policy learning and learning. Because what we see in a lot of these study visits is something beyond stealing policies or borrowing policies. We see a lot of dynamic interaction, rich experiences. We see things like communication, people talking to each other. People experiencing riding a bicycle, which is something that at least folks in Cycle Walk don't normally experience in their hometown. And also other research has confirmed that implementation failure, or after an attempt of policy transfer, that failure suggests larger institutional barriers, right? The failure doesn't mean that nobody learned. I think these individuals and as a group still learned. But failure means maybe that there's larger things at work like competing organizational cultures, bureaucracies that are hampering agility and flexibility and innovation processes. And that has resulted in a lack of coordination. So if we disentangle learning, which has always been conceptualized as something dynamic, something emergent as a social process, then maybe we can understand policy transfer a little bit better. So I would argue that other mechanisms that we know from fields like business, from fields like human resources, organizational learning, education, psychology, all these other fields have shown that mechanisms like relationships, communication systems, available resources on an organizational level, a bureaucratic level, leadership and support, these all foster learning and innovation. And so instead of looking at a study visit like this as just a way to learn about a policy, maybe we should see it as a way to build capacity and to build these other deeper mechanisms that then can afford the foundation of a good governance structure.