 Good evening as friends welcome to the Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankarai's Academy for the date 21st of November 2021. So, these are the list of articles chosen for today's discussion. If you can see, we have chosen two articles from FAQ section and two articles will be about preliminary oriented articles. So, without wasting much time, now let us move on to the first news article discussion. Today, let us start our first discussion with this FAQ article. See, this FAQ article is about the procedure for judicial transfers. See, the issue of judicial transfers and the various controversies surrounding the collegium system is one recurring topic in the news. And for your information in the year 2017 in DAS paper 2, we had a question covering the area of judicial appointments. The question is displayed here. Have a look at it. As you can see, it is related to the NJAC Act of 2014 which is nothing but the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act 2014. And with the recent issues around the judicial transfers and appointments, you can actually expect a question on this area this time, especially related to the collegium system that is in practice. So, it is always good for us to be prepared in this area both in problems and mains perspective. And this is the reason why I chosen this article for discussion. Now, coming to the news article displayed here, see, recently a Chief Justice from the Madras High Court was transferred to the Mehalaya High Court. In the same manner, in the year 2019, another Chief Justice of the Madras High Court was also transferred to Mehalaya. Now, the issue is that these transfers have created a controversy over the question whether these judicial transfers are made only for the purpose of administrative reasons or if they have another sort of personal reasons or an intention of punishment behind them. And this article is written in this background. Now, based on this article, let us know some important points related to the issues of the judicial transfers which will help you in your preparation. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. Please go through it. First, let's see what the Constitution has got to say on the transfer of judges. So, when you take the Indian Constitution, it is article 222, that is 222 which deals with the judicial transfers. And as you can see here, the article clearly mentions that the President may transfer a judge from one high court to another high court after consultation with the Chief Justice of India. This shows that executive has got the power to transfer a judge, but only after consulting the Chief Justice of India. And clause two of the article mentions that compensatory allowance is also provided to the transferred judge in addition to his salary. So, you can see the article 222 here, both the clauses are mentioned here. Just go through it. See, whenever you learn about judicial appointments or transfers, you should always remember the three judges case which led to the evolution of collegium system. But actually, before the three judges cases itself, the interpretation of article 222, that is the issue of judicial transfer came up in the Supreme Court in the Union of India v. Sankal Chant, Hemadlal Shed case of 1977. And two important observations were made in that case. One is that the Supreme Court rejected the idea that high court judges can be transferred only with their consent. So, if a high court judge is transferred, he can be transferred only with their consent. But what the Supreme Court did is, in the 1977 case, the Supreme Court rejected this idea of transferring the high court judge after his consent. Since it felt that the transfer of power can or should be exercised only in public interest. So, the first observation is that the Supreme Court made clear that the transfer of a high court judge must be based on the public interest and not based on the consent of the high court judge. And the second is with regard to the consultation of the president with the CJI. As we saw earlier, according to article 222, the president is under an obligation to consult the CJI. This means that all the relevant facts must be placed before the CJI. And it also said that the CJI have the right and duty to manage and find further facts of the judge concerned or others. So, after this case, only the three judges' cases came. We have discussed the three judges' case quite a lot of times in our Hindu newspaper analysis, like on August 16, 2021. So, we are not going to go much deeper into that. I'll just give you a crux of each case judgment. In the first judges' case, which held in 1981, the court observed that the president's consultation with the chief justice does not mean concurrence with respect to appointments. To put it in simple words, just remember that it emphasised the primacy of executive in the matter of appointments and transfer. That is, the decision of president is supreme and the term consultation with chief justice does not mean concurrence. So, in the first judges' case, the court observed that the president's consultation with chief justice of India does not mean concurrence with respect to appointments. But this was overruled in the second judges' case, which held in 1993. And in this case, the court verdict held that consultation with the CJI really means concurrence. Now here, the opinion of the CJI refers to the views of plurality of judges. And it was this judgment that gave birth to the system of collegium. So, in the second judges' case, the previous verdict of first judges' case was overruled and the court verdict held that consultation with the CJI really means concurrence. That is, there must be an agreement between both the president and chief justice of India. Here, the opinion of chief justice of India does not refer to a single person. It means the view of a plurality of judges. So, this led to the birth of the system of collegium. Under the third judges' case of 1998, further enlarged the collegium to a five-member body consisting of the CJI and four senior most judges of the supreme court. So, these are the important judgments that you need to know about judicial appointments or transfers. You need not memorize all these, just remember these facts that will be very helpful for your main examination. Now, let's very briefly see the present practice of judicial transfers. Let us see how the system of judicial transfer actually works when a person is transferred from one high court to another high court. Firstly, have in mind that the proposal for transferring a high court judge, including a chief justice, should be initiated by the chief justice of India. And in this, the opinion of chief justice of India in this regard is determinative and the consent of the judge concerned is not required. So, the opinion of CJI in this regard is determinative and as we already saw, all the transfers are supposed to be made in public interest which is to promote better administration of justice throughout the country. The opinion of CJI is determinative in this regard and it does not require the consent of the judge concerned here. So, for transferring a judge other than the chief justice, the chief justice of India should take the view of the chief justice of the court concerned as well as the chief justice of the court to which the transfer is taking place. Adding to this, the chief justice of India should also take into account the views of one or more Supreme Court judges who are in a position to offer their views in the process of deciding whether a proposed transfer should take place or not. And when it comes to the case of transfer of a chief justice, see here the views of one or more knowledgeable Supreme Court judges needed to be taken into account when it comes to transfer of a chief justice of a high court. And note that the views by other judges should or will always be expressed in writing and their views will be considered by the chief justice of India and four senior most judges of the Supreme Court which is nothing but the full collegium of five members. So, the views of the other judges should be expressed in writing and their views will be considered by the chief justice of India and four senior most judges of the Supreme Court which means the full collegium of five members. So, once this procedure is done, the recommendation will be sent to the union law minister. He will then submit the relevant papers to the prime minister and the prime minister then advises the president on approving the transfer. So, this is the process which is in practice now. I hope by now you have a holistic picture about the process of judicial transfers. Now, we have almost come to the end of this news article discussion. See, regarding the issue of the judicial transfers, there have always been proposals for every high court to have one-third of the total composition occupied by judges from other states. What is the reason? See, one good reason for people to advocate this is because it not only promotes national integration but it also helps in avoiding narrow-minded tendencies which are bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations. But these transfer orders become controversial when the bar or the section of the public get a feeling that there is some motive behind it. The motive may be like the presence of a punitive element behind the decision to move a judge from one high court to another. It may be anything. See, a reason for this confusion is that neither the Supreme Court nor the government would disclose the reason for such a transfer. Now, say for example, the judge is transferred because of some adverse opinion on his or her functioning. Then in such a case disclosing the reason would impinge the judge's performance and also the independence in the court to which he is transferred. So, this is why it is not disclosed. However, the absence of a reason has got its own problem. Since sometimes it may give rise to speculations like whether the transfer happened because of compliance against the judge or if it was a sort of punishment for certain judges that inconvenience to the executive. So, the absence of a proper reason can rise speculations like these. So, these are the important takeaway points from the article here. In this discussion, we saw about what the Constitution has got to say on the transfer of judges. We saw article 222 in this regard and we also saw about a case of 1977 which gave an interpretation to article 222 and we also saw briefly about the first, second and third judges cases and we saw the present practice of judicial transfer. Finally, we concluded by seeing why there is an issue with respect to judicial transfers when a proper reason is not cited. So, these are some of the takeaway points. With this learned points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now, let us take up this news article for our next discussion. See, this article is about a study which talks about carbon sequestration or the long-term storage of carbon. Now, based on this context, first let us have a basic understanding on what is carbon sequestration and then we'll see some important findings mentioned in the study. See, as we know, carbon is found in all living organisms and it is also the major building block for life on earth. See, carbon exists in many forms predominantly as plant biomass, soil, organic matter and also as the gas-carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and it is dissolved in seawater also. So, when you take the process of carbon sequestration, it actually refers to the long-term storage of carbon in the ocean, soil, vegetation that is especially forest and in other geologic formations. A very important point to note here is that oceans store most of the earth's carbon and although oceans store most of the earth's carbon, still it is the soil which contains approximately 75 percentage of the carbon pool on land. See, this number is actually three times more than the amount stored in living plants and animals. And remember, carbon pool is a word to describe the reservoir of carbon that have the capacity to both take in and release carbon. So, soil plays a major role in maintaining a balanced global carbon cycle. Now, you may get a question. You may wonder how carbon gets sequestered in soil. So, now let us see the answer for that. See, through the process of photosynthesis, what plant do is that they assimilate carbon and then they return some of carbon to the atmosphere through respiration. And the carbon which is assimilated remains in the plant tissue that is through the process of photosynthesis plants assimilate carbon and then they return some of the carbon to the atmosphere through respiration and the remaining carbon which is assimilator remains in the plant tissues itself and this carbon remaining in the plant tissue is then consumed by animals or will be added to the soil as litter when the plants die and decompose. So, the primary way through which carbon is stored in the soil is as soil organic matter and this soil organic matter is a complex mixture of carbon compounds which consist of decomposing plants and animal tissues microbes like protozoa, nematodes, fungi and bacteria in addition to the carbon which is associated with the soil minerals. So, to put it in simple words carbon is stored in the soil as soil organic matter. This soil organic matter is nothing but a complex mixture of carbon compounds which consist of decomposing plants and animal tissues microbes like protozoa, nematodes, fungi and bacteria in addition to the carbon which is associated with the soil minerals and these carbon can either remain stored in soil for millennia or it can also be quickly released back into the atmosphere. However, the amount and the length of time period of this carbon storage depends on various factors like the climatic condition, natural vegetation, soil texture and drainage. So, this is how carbon is sequestered in soils naturally. So, so far we saw about how carbon is sequestered in soil. We saw that through the process of photosynthesis the plant actually assimilate carbon which is later returned to the atmosphere through respiration. The remaining carbon which is assimilated remains in the plant tissue which is consumed by an animal and when this animal dies or when the plant itself dies and decomposes they primarily contribute to the carbon storage in the soil as soil organic matter. Now, coming back to the news article, see the study has found that the carbon storage is found to decline shortly and this is actually giving a boost to global warming. This is a very important matter of concern because release of carbon into the atmosphere obviously add up to the greenhouse gases and the scientists have also found that the amount of carbon which is released from the soil depends on the soil type also. For example, the low clay soils are found to lose three times as much carbon as clay rich soils. So, in a study, scientists have taken more than 9,000 soil samples from over all the world and they have detected that the carbon storage declines strongly as temperature averages increases which further is giving a boost to global warming. As the temperature average is increasing, the carbon storage capacity of the soils is actually declining which is giving rise to or which is giving a boost to global warming. So, this is what the article is all about and the scientists have also stated that the amount of carbon being released, it actually depends on soil type. So, these are some of the important points that you have to make a note of. This is a very important article because we had a question in 2021 prilams regarding blue carbon. So, this might be asked in your upcoming preliminary examination and you can use these points to write in your main answer as well. So, with this, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now, let us take up this article for our next discussion. See, this article speaks about the gathering of Buddhist monks from Thailand, Laos, Myanmar in Mahabodhi temple in Bodhkaya. If you can see in this image, they lit earthen lamps and offered prayers for a pandemic-free world. So, in this discussion, let us see some of the important facts about Buddhism in prilams point of view. Those who are preparing, they know Buddhism and Jainism is a very important topic and you may expect one or two questions every year in prilams examination with respect to Buddhism and Jainism. And if you recall, Buddhism is one of the major religions of the world that originated from the Indian subcontinent has now spread to large part of the Southeast Asia and the basic tenets of Buddhism are explained through four major noble truths and it is said that one can be free and at peace through following the noble eightfold path. So, the details about noble truth and eightfold path are given here in this image. Just have a look at it. We are not going to get into the details of these truths and paths because they have extensively covered about this topic in our previous Hindu newspaper analysis. Instead, we'll learn about four distinct sects of Buddhism. We'll see how the different schools of Buddhism originated and we will also see major distinction between these distinct schools of Buddhism. So, what happened after the attainment of Mahapari Nirvana by Buddha to compile his teachings? Four Buddhist councils were held. It is recorded that in the fourth council in King Kanishkash Rajin, there was a split in Buddhism and two sects were born. These two sects were named as Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism and in the later periods, Hinayana school declined and two more new schools and the Buddhism were born. So, let us see them one by one. First of all, Hinayana Buddhism. We'll see about distinct features of Hinayana Buddhism. Make a note of these points. It will be very helpful for your problems and main examination. What does this word Hinayana Buddhism mean? See, it means lesser vehicle. The school includes the followers of the original preachers of the Buddha and it is more of an orthodox school. And remember, they did not believe in idol or image worship of Buddha. They believed in individual salvation through self discipline and meditation and the ultimate goal of Hinayana is to attain Nirvana. For those who are not aware, Nirvana means a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering nor sense of self and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. So, to put it in simple words, Nirvana means releasing from the effect of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. So, attaining Nirvana is the ultimate goal of Hinayana and it represents the final goal of Buddhism as well. And one of the important point to note here is that one of the subject of Hinayana is Theravada. The Hinayana scholars used Pali language to interact with the masses and if you remember Emperor Ashokha, he patronized Hinayana sect as Mahayana school came into being much later. So, Emperor Ashokha, he patronized Hinayana sect and another important point to note is that Hinayana school in its original form is almost non-extent in the present age. Now, talking about Mahayana Buddhism, see it means the greater vehicle. In contrast to the Hinayana Buddhism school, this school is more liberal and believes in the heavenliness of Buddha. So, here the ultimate goal is spiritual upliftment. Apart from this, the Mahayana followers, they believed in idol or image worship of Buddha. And very important point to be noted about Mahayana is that they believed in Bodhisattva. For those who are not aware what this word Bodhisattva means, see Bodhisattva or Bodhisattvas or enlightened beings who postpone their own salvation in order to help all other beings to attain salvation. So, those beings who postpone their own salvation in order to help other being to attain salvation is known as Bodhisattvas. And this concept of Bodhisattva is the result of Mahayana Buddhism. Hence, this Mahayana Buddhism is also called as Bodhisattva Yana or the Bodhisattva vehicle. And as per school is one of the sub sects of Mahayana developed in the later period was Vajrayana. See the Mahayana scholars predominantly used Sanskrit as a language and Emperor Kanishka of Kushana dynasty is said to be the founder of Mahayana sect of Buddhism in first century AD. Now presently majority of the Buddhist followers in the world belong to Mahayana sect countries like Nepal, Bangladesh, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Mongolia, China, Bhutan and Tibet. So these countries or some of the countries which are still following this Mahayana sect. Now moving on next we will see about Theravada Buddhism. See this school actually this word actually means to the school of Elder Mox. In Theravada, the ultimate goal is the cessation of the Klesha and the attainment of state of Nirvana. It is achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path. And as I already said Nirvana is escaping the cycle of sufferings and rebirth. See Klesha is nothing but it is a state of mind which includes anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, etc. So cessation of this Klesha is the ultimate goal of Theravada. And the Theravada actually believes in the concept of Vibhaja Vada that is teaching of analysis. Pali is the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism and this Theravada is contemplated to be a successor of Heenaena school. Around 35.8% Buddhist in the world belong to Theravada school. And countries following it includes Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, etc. Lastly, let us see about Vajrayana Buddhism or Tantric Buddhism. See scholars contemplated that Vajrayana school developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Sivism. That is this school has a unique feature that it has an influence of Hinduism or it was influenced by Hinduism. See the main deity of Vajrayana Buddhism is Tara, who is a lady and it involved combining Brahminical rituals with Buddhist philosophies. These Brahminical rituals are Veda based and this Vajrayana Buddhism is based on Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. This school believed in Tantras, Mantras and Yath, Yantras superiority as being a faster vehicle to liberation. And according to this school, the mantra is an easy part to achieve Buddhahood without the difficulties as compared to striving for six perfections or Paramitas under Mahayana. Apart from this know that 5.7% of the world's Buddhist population followed it and countries following it includes Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia and etc. So in this discussion, we saw about four distinct sex or four distinct schools of Buddhism. We saw how Buddhism splitted into two important sex named as Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism. We saw some of the distinct features of Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism and we also saw that the Theravada Buddhism is one of the subject of Hinayana Buddhism and we also saw that the Vajrayana Buddhism is based on the Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. So we saw all the distinct features, make a note of it. It will be very helpful for you in your problems and it will be a value addition for you in your main sanser writing. So with this, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now let us take up this article for our next discussion. See this article speaks entirely about coal, its negative impact and why India needs coal. See in the recent Global Climate Change Conference that is in UNFCCC's Glasgow Conference, Indian Environment Minister committed to face down of coal rather than face out. For those who are not aware, face down means to reduce the size or amount by phases. That is to undergo reduction by phases is known as face down and face out means to discontinue the practice. I hope you are now aware about the difference between these two phrases. So face down means reducing the size or amount of something by phases or to undergo reduction by phases. Whereas face out means to discontinue the practice, production or use of something by phases. In this discussion, we are going to talk about the Indian perspective of the statement facing down of coal. The relevant syllabus is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. First of all, let us see why dependence on coal should be reduced. See we know that at every stage of its life from extraction to burning coal causes severe damage. See coal is an abundant fuel source that is relatively inexpensive to produce and convert to useful energy. So it is an abundant fuel source and it is inexpensive to produce and convert to useful energy. So this is the first reason why we are dependent on coal. On the other hand coal is the single biggest contributor to anthropogenic climate change. The burning of coal is responsible for 46 percentage of carbon dioxide emission worldwide and it accounts for 72 percentage of total greenhouse gas emission from the electricity sector. Apart from this coal mining is usually associated with the degradation of natural resources and the destruction of habitat. See in order to mine we have to clear the trees, plants and topsoil from the mining area right. So this actually destroys forest and natural wildlife habitat and it also promotes soil erosion and flooding and stirs up dust pollution that can lead to respiratory problems in nearby communities. So this is the second reason why we should reduce the coal dependency. Thirdly coal burning contributes to air pollution. See air pollution from coal plants is mainly due to emissions of particulate matter and gases including methane, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide as well as carbon monoxide. See these gases are harmful gases. Despite polluting the air they also cause harmful health concerns. Apart from this it also leads to, apart from this coal burning also leads to smog, acid rain, increase in toxicity in the environment and in turn it ultimately leads to global warming. Here you can see an image. Here you can see from 1990 to 2021 how much level of CO2 emission has been happened and how much it has raised. So we have seen the impacts of using coal so far. Now let us see why it is difficult for India to face out coal despite the negative impacts. See one of the reason is that coal is the cheapest and abundant fossil fuel in India. It accounts for 55% of the country's energy need and the country's industrial heritage was built upon indigenous coal. Here you can see an image. This image shows India's coal reserves and most of country's coal production is limited to Chattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Mathya Pradesh. See these states alone contribute to a total production of over 550 million tons which is about 75% of country's total coal production. So as I already said as coal is the cheapest and abundant fossil fuel in India and it accounts for 55% of the country's energy need, we need coal despite its negative impact. Apart from this coal is used to meet over 70% of India's electricity needs. See most of this coal comes from domestic mines. In financial year 2020 to 2021 India produced 716 million tons of coal compared with 431 million tons a decade ago. Since it is abundant in India it is considered important for the nation's energy security and is a key source of revenue for the government. So this is the second reason and if you remember the prime minister promised to increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 gigawatts by 2030. He also promised to meet 50% energy needs from renewable sources and reduce carbon emission by 1 billion ton in a decade. But coal is a reliable energy source especially when compared with the seasonal and diurnal variability of renewables. Apart from this the coal mining and coal fired thermal power generation sectors that is the thermal power plants which generate electricity through firing the coal or two of the core industries and together they contribute approximately 10% to India's index of industrial protection. So this affirms their importance to the economy. So considering the significance of coal in varieties of sectors in India and its significance in other developing countries India argued that it is not fair to ask developing countries to face out coal. See adopting stringent steps to reduce carbon emission can drag down the growth level and it may affect efforts to reduce poverty and a very important point to note here is that see the peccapita carbon emission of countries such as India and China are still lower than those of many developed countries. According to World Bank data of 2018 India produces 1.8 metric tons of carbon emission peccapita against 15.2 metric tons produced by the US. Here itself you can see the difference right US produces 15.2 metric tons while India produces only 1.8 metric tons of carbon emission peccapita and it should also be noted that the focus on ending the use of coal deflects attention from other fossil fuels such as coal and natural gases that are heavily used by the developed countries. If you remember at COP15 which held in Copenhagen the developed countries made a promise to offer hundred billion dollars every year to developing countries to achieve net zero emission but they have not made good on their promise. So these are the reasons why it is difficult for India to face out coal despite its negative impacts. Another important point why it is difficult for India to face out coal is that see according to an estimate by the Center for Science and Environment the promise to reduce emission by 1 billion ton means that India would need to reduce its carbon output by 22 percentage by 2030. India is now actually meeting about 12 percentage of its electricity needs from renewable sources and increasing it to 50 percentage by 2030 will be difficult. See while some renewable energy sources like solar are cheap they are unreliable because of the intermittency problem. See intermittency problem is nothing but renewable energy cannot always consistently produce energy at all hours of the day right? So we have this problem with renewable energy sources. For example if you take wind power we can generate wind power only when it's windy. Likewise we also saw that the solar power is only generated when it is sunny. Solar power can be generated even in indirect sunlight but the efficiency will be low. Thus they might require the use of storage batteries which add to the cost right? So it will be hard for many low-income countries to invest in renewable energy. See many low-income countries with low savings may not even possess the capital required right? In such a case how will they invest in value addition? So this is another point that you have to make a note of. So to conclude even though developing countries like India and China are heavily dependent on coal conception for its economic growth measures should be taken to adopt to the changing climate and global warming. In that line India have promised Panchamitra that is a set of five goals in COP26 to address climate change and hope we should achieve this promise. So with this we came to the end of this news article discussion. In this we saw about why dependency on coal should be reduced. We also saw why it is difficult for India to face out coal despite its negative impacts. With this we came to the end of the news article discussion. Now let us move on to the next part of the newspaper analysis which is the practice problems questions. See now look at this first question. This question is actually a previous question. This question was asked in recently held 2021 preliminary exam and this question is related to the concept of carbon sequestration which we discussed today. As you can see it is framed in the format of a simple question and among the four options we should find the suitable statement for the question what is blue carbon? So this is a very simple question and if you know what is blue carbon you can easily answer this question. See blue carbon is a term used to refer to the carbon that is stored in coastal and marine ecosystem as simple as that and generally the coastal ecosystem such as mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass middles they sequester and store more carbon per unit area than terrestrial forest and due to this feature they are recognized for their role in mitigating climate change as well. So blue carbon is a very important topic and from our discussion you can easily infer the correct answer and the correct answer here is option A that is the carbon captured by ocean and coastal ecosystem is called the blue carbon. So now moving on now look at the second question this question is regarding the different schools of Buddhism. Consider the following statements regarding different schools of Buddhism. Statement one Hinaina Buddhism school believes in idol or image worship of Buddha. Statement two Theravada Buddhism is also called as Tantric Buddhism as it involves the use of mantras and yantras to achieve liberation. Third statement Hinaina Buddhism preaches individual salvation but Mahayana Buddhism preaches universal salvation. Choose the correct answer using the codes given below. Option A one and two only. Option B one two and three option C three only and option D two and three only. See the first statement is incorrect because the school includes the followers of the original preachers of the Buddha and it is more of an orthodox school we saw that in our discussion and they do not believe in idol or image worship of Buddha. So the first statement is incorrect. If you can eliminate first statement you can say option A and B or wrong. So if you confirm either statement two is correct or three is correct you can directly arrive at the answer. Now look at the second statement. See second statement is also incorrect because Vajrayana Buddhism is also called as Tantric Buddhism and scholars contemplate that Vajrayana school developed as a result of royal codes which sponsored both Buddhism and Sivism which means this school actually have the influence of Hinduism and the school believes in Tantras, Mantras and Entras superiority as being a faster vehicle to liberation. So statement two is incorrect that is Theravada Buddhism is not called as Tantric Buddhism and it does not involve in use of mantras and entras to achieve liberation. So the statement three is correct which means option C three only is the correct answer. Look at the third statement Hinayana Buddhism actually believes in individual salvation through self-discipline and meditation. Ultimate aim of Hinayana is Nirvana and we also saw in our discussion that Mahayana Buddhism actually believes in Bodhisattva concept of salvation of all conscious beings that is Mahayana Buddhism preaches universal salvation. So the third statement is alone correct so the correct answer for this question is option C three only. The main questions are displayed here interested aspirants can go through it and write an answer and post it in the comment section. With us we came to the end of the news article discussion if you like the video like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you.