 Felly, mae'r gwybod y gweithloch. Mae'n 7.5 m o 10. 2.5 m gwaith, 2.75 m ar y gyrdd. Mae'r gweithio ar y gwrdd, ac mae'r gweithio ar y gwrdd o'r gweithio arall. Mae'n gweithio ar y gwrdd, ac mae'n gweithio ar y gwrdd. Mae'r projekty yn iddynt gyda climatau a gweithio'r gyffredig. gyda'r conserfotriol a'r erigatio automatig o'r ysgaredd yma. Rwy'n meddwl y cwpl o'r ysgaredd o'r ysgaredd. Rwy'n meddwl o'r erigatio automatig o'r ysgaredd, ychydig, ychydig, a'r erigatio meddwl o'r ysgaredd. Rwy'n meddwl o'r ysgaredd. So, there's a pond on the centre. And that's five metres long, three-quarter of a meter deep and just over a meter wide. And there's a utility pit about a cubic metre at each end where there's various electronics and stuff. Felly, y bwysig o'r pannu yw'r ystod rhainwater o erigatio a humyddifigatio. Mae'n gwybod o'r 4m3 o wath. Ac mae'n cael ei wneud, mae'r galwnau o'r stiolgratio oherwydd mae'n gweithio. Mae'n gweithio'r Arduino MAGA 2560, mae'r cyntrôl. Mae'n gweithio'r un oherwydd, ond mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'r gweithio yw'r cyntafwnol yw'r PC, yw Windows PC, ynghyddiwch chi fod yn gweithio, ychydig o'r gweithio'n adeiladau'ol, a'r galwbraddau o'r gweithio, ac oeddiwch yn ddat, ond mae'n gweithio'n edrychwyr ar gyfer y control, yw'r cwrdd ddigonol. Mae'r gweithio'r gweithio yn ynfysiwll, sy'n gyfnod ddotnet o'r dweud, ac yn ddiddordeb yn fysiwll Wfostero 2013 ac mae'r cyfnod o'r Ardueno a'r Gweinwyr i'r cyfnod o'r pwysig i'r hefyd, mae'r 15m U.S.B. Llywodraeth a'r bwysig iawn. Mae'n gweithio, ond mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n Gweithio a'r U.S.B. Gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio a'r amddangos yn gwiriaeth, lle mae'n gwneud yw o'r cwestiwn gwahanol ar y cyrraeth a'r ventillol. yn adrwyddedd o'r pwysig iawn i ddefnyddio'r d deunydd. Rhyw 4 wedi gwybod anhygoel. Mae'r ddeunydd fydd yn y ddefnyddio'r rhaid, a oedd yn cyntaf ar ystyried llun. Mae'n gweithio'n iawn o'r cyfnod i ddefnyddio'r 100psi yn adrygiad o'r cyfrannol i ddefnyddio'r chweithref ychydig. ddwylo'r cyllidau cymhysgol. Mae'r 4 12 volt ac 12 volt ddweud i gwbl yn ddwylau gwbl, ac rwy'r 2 cymhysgol yn ddwylau gwbl ar y ddweud, ddwy i ddweud i ei ddwylau gwbl. Yn y ffordd o ffordd o ddwylau gwbl, rwy'n 12 volt ac 12 volt ac 12 volt. Felly mae'r 8 o ddwylau gwbl yn ddwylau gwbl, The eight outlet-cell annoyed valves, a manifold made up of brass tees and two inlet valves to the right, Which provide the supply of rain water via a pump, which is in series with the valve, Or mains water if there's a shortage of rain water. I've got samples of the cylinders and the valves and things. Anybody wants to look at those afterwards, there's a cylinder there, Dyma'r fawr iawn yn iawn, ac mae'r fawr iawn. Y Though is the software that imposes two interlocking rules on those water valves. Rule one ensures that only one of the eight outlet valves is ever energised at any time. And Rule two ensures that only one of the two inlet valves are energised at one time. Yn y ffordd, mae'n meddwl am ddechrau'r ffordd a'r dormau a'r dechrau. Felly mae'n meddwl yn ymwybodol gwerthu, yn y bau. Yn y ffordd, mae'n meddwl am y brifysgau cyfnod yma ar y ddechrau ac mae'n meddwl am y ddechrau gyda ddweud, ac mae'r ddechrau'r ddechrau cyfnodol gyda'r ddechrau cyfnodol. ac, dyfod, y gynnwys llunwyd �unedd yn ychydig, rydych yn llunwys llunwyd dw i'r gymwyllach i'n gweld derbyn y dyfod y gallwn gweld yn yngyr â'r gynnwys llunwyd yn y gynnwys llunwyd dros yr edrych cifrebu. A i gyfrifiad a'r ardal yn y gallwn gwneud, y gynnwys llunwyd mae gyrfa yn y neud mae'n ei wneud yw'r g yn digwydd ein sgwynt ..a syniad o'r gwrdd, oed yn fawr yn ysgrif iawn... ..a bod yn rhan i gyllid yn ymddangos... ..o'r gwrdd yma yn ysgrif iawn. Un o'r amddangos o'r yrwyddoedd... ..eg y cyfrif yw'r amddangos o'r cyfrif yw'r cyfrif yw'r ysgrif iawn. Yn y byddwch yw'r amddangos o'r ymddangos o'r ymddangos... ..o'r cyfrif yw'r ysgrif iawn o'r ymddangos. pan yw'r cwnch, yn hen ac yn yr adeiladau'r bwysig, pan yw'r adeiladau o bobl o'r adeiladau, dywed ddangos cyfwict o'r adeiladau fymlo ddechrau i fynd ei wneud, dywed y gwynghau yma yn y adeiladau organisation, ac mae gwynghau ddangos byd yn digwydd. Rydyn ni yw'r adeiladau mae'r adeiladau. Maen nhw'n gwneud o'r bobl yn ddiforol, bod yna'n meddwl o'r ffordd yn gweithio,wn yn ddiwedd o'r bydd yn gweithio'r awtio yn gweithio'r bobl. So mae'r ddweud o'r bobl yn gweithio'r bobl yn gweithio'r bobl yn gweithio'r bobl. Mae'r pwg hwn yw hwn ar 16 oes i adeiladau y 15, a mi'n gweithio'r reilio bwyr o'r internet. Mae'n cerddau i ddiforol, fel ydych chi'n fwy oedd. Ac mae'n gael yma ac mae'n gwybod fel mae rhai o'r cyfrifatur o'r ffordd yn gwybod, mae'r rhai o'r cyfrifatur o'r cyfrifatur o'r cyfrifatur. Yn ymddangos, mae'r duodd yn ei ffordd yn y ddigital yn y cwm, yn ei gwybod gyda'r gyfrifatur o'r cyfrifatur o'r cyfrifatur. felly dweud yn y gwnaeth hynny o'i risio a'r risio. Gweledig am f Infinite o adwyn gof spun yn y gwnaeth i'w adwyno, mae wedi bod nhw'n cael bod y byddol yn y gwybod. Ac mae'n maen nhw'n Hyun, mae'r hynny, oherwydd, gallwch bod ein sologonau yn eu internetu, ac mae'n bod yn dwych yn dweud o ei ddysastrion, mae'n cynnal y cael bod nhw'n gwneud. Mae'n gallu ysgolard o'r ysgolriaeth, ond yn y dim, gallwch wedi bod yn y cerddwch y bwysig y bwysig yng Nghymru, i ddim yn gwneud y arduino ar y bwysig yng Nghymru, ac yn cofwyrdwyr o'r ddarlentyn yng Nghymru, ddweud ychydig ychydig ychydig ychydig yng nghymru, ac mae'r bwysig yng nghymru yn y ddweud yng nghymru, i gydig yng Nghymru, i gydig yng nghymru, ac mae'r bwysig yn dda i gael i'r bwysig. Now a bit about sensors. So, there's a temperature sensor for the, controlling the heating and the window positioning. There is a humidity sensor for controlling the humidification system. There's the water flow sensor which I've already mentioned. Gwylltau mallu yn ei gynifer, mae'r bwynt nhw, maen nhw, yn masdd digon gwylltiau oherwydd y cael gweithio ac mae'r penderlau o gwylltiau yn gwylltiau arnau olyw, ond mae'r gwylltiau yn ystafell gwaith o'r gwylltiau, ac fel y gallwn awdyn nhw'n masddig o amlwg. Nw, ben i fewn i'r bwyd yn cyfrannu niwn ac oeddwn i wneud ben oeddaf yn gweithio y tartyl. Byddai fyddech chi'n oedd i'n ni'n gweithio, ac yn ffapt mae ydw i'r ei ffordd digidol digital oedd yn ni'n ei ddweud o ddysgu'r 11 oed, yr oedd yn ffwrdd hyn o'r hollod a'r hollod. Ond mae'n rhaid i'r hollod maen, ac mae'n rhaid i'r hollod. Mae gennym yn mynd i gyda'r blaeniau a'r lleol wedi'i ddweud mewn gwahod ar hyn. Rydyn ni'n meddwl i ddweud eu ddechrau, oedd mae'n... Mae'n ddweud o'r analog, mae'n ddweud. Mae'n ddweud i llinio yn ydyn ni'n ddweud sy'n gweld o'r ddweud o'r hollu yn cyfnodol. Mae e'n ddweud o'r hollu yn y ddweud. ac rwyf yn ddweud y LM35DZ, oedd yn fwy fyddiol. Rwy'n gweithio'n gwybod i'r ffordd. Mae'n gweithio'n 1 volt o'r 100 degrees C. Mae'n gweithio'n 0 volt o 0 degrees C. Ac rwyf wedi'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n 1 volt o'r 0-3 volt o'r output. A i'r cwmwngen a cyllidio'n gyntaf amlywgr yn fawr am ryw mwysoch o fod yn gweithio yn mynd. gyda ei wneud y ddwych yn bach yn gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'n gweithio'n gweithio ym wneud. Mae'n gwneud y pethau o ran mynd bitau, a'r ddweud y ddwy'r flwyddyn yn ddwynu'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio ym 1-2-4-4 volt. y gallu'n medgedd. Felly, mae'n rhoi ddefnyddio'r ystod ychydig o'r ddod o'r ddod o'r gwaith. A dyna'r adegynol ydych chi'n cydnog yn cydnogol, yn cydnogol anolwch cydnogol, wedi'u ddaw'r opump mae'n bywys o'r ddechrau, a'r ddod o'n ddod o'r cyfrifiad yn y llaw wnaeth bod yn cyfrifiad. A wneud hynny'n meddwl am ddod o'r 3-chordr bod hanfod. 1C provides the plus 5V for the sensor, 0V the signal to lay Arduino analog input and the screen is connected to 0V at the Arduino end only. The PC software uses configurable variables for offset and scale. These are used in a calibration calculation to convert the raw values of 0 to 1 or 2 or 3, approximately, from the analog inputs, to the values seen by the user such as temperature in degrees C and humidity in percent. That's the humidity sensor I found. It's not the cheapest, but it's still cheap enough. It's only a couple of quiddas, I think. Very accurate, very nice device. Produces, that was me a minute. What does it give me here? 0.8V to 4V over the humidity, full humidity range. So I didn't even need any additional signal, analog signal conditioning circuitry for that. Now, the flow sensor, again, is less than a 5V, very nice little device. Unlike the analog sensors, it produces a stream of pulses at a frequency proportional to flow. Its output is connected to an Arduino digital input with a 3-core screen cable, same spec as the analog sensors, and the Arduino software uses an interrupt routine to count the number of pulses received per second. This count is then scaled to provide a volume reading in litres and a flow reading in litres per second. Soil, moisture and water level sensors, I'm going to come back to at the end. That's the power supply I've used, which is very handy. CCTV power supply for 12V DC outputs, which were very conveniently used for one for the pneumatics, one for the water solenoids, one for the Arduino board and one for the relay board. I'm going to miss a lot of this out. I'd love to talk to you about my DIY EMC testing, but I'll do that tomorrow if anybody's interested. This is the main board, which is in one of the utility pits. If you look across the top, I don't know how well you can see that. There's a row of four-way terminal blocks across the top, which connect to the various sensors by the screen leads. There's a 100K resistor and a 0.1 microfarad cap on each of the analog lines to help filter out any noise in addition to the digital filtering that's used in the software. There's the power supply. There's the Arduino. There's the interface board with the inverters. There's the relay board and the four pneumatic valves and the two pneumatic manifolds are at the bottom. Just a bit about window control. It's a proportional closed loop system. It has a target or set point for the temperature, which is subtracted from the actual temperature to give an error signal. Error signal is unused to move the windows in such a direction as to reduce the error. The amount by which the windows move relative to the error is determined by a configurable gain setting. If we get that right, the windows should stabilise in a nice intermediate position with a temperature error at zero. I'm going to have to miss this. I was going to talk a lot more about window control, but I've no time. I'm just going to say how I've done it in software. I've used a state machine, which is like using methods or subroutines or functions, in that it keeps the software operations where you would expect to find them. It's easier to follow and understand as you're dabbling with it and making it better. The likelihood of changes to software in any particular state are very unlikely to cause unexpected results elsewhere. I've taken a lot of information off this drawing because the blue lines are transitions from one state to another, the total of seven states. I've moved a lot of those blue lines out because I just wanted to talk about a little bit of it that concerns the gain and what I've called a dwell time. If you think about there's a temperature error, we want to open the windows. We produce a pulse of compressed air to the cylinders to open the windows by a little increment. When that's happening, we're in that opening pulse state. The duration of that pulse is the product of the temperature error and the gain setting. So either of those being higher will produce a bigger pulse and make the system more lively. It then goes to the dwell state, which is just a time delay, really. Again, the value of the dwell is configurable in the software. It needs to match roughly. Obviously, the room, the buildings have got a time constant because we move the windows, you don't see the result of that movement straight away at the sensor. It looks as though it's around about 80 seconds in my case. So that dwell time really wants to be somewhere close to that. Otherwise, it's not going to respond as you would expect. The other information that I've left off this is what actually goes on in older states, again, if anybody wants to come and talk about that tomorrow, that's great. Now, the configurable settings I'm using at present for gain and dwell are very rough estimates. I just haven't had time. I really only just finished, well, I haven't finished it yet, and I just haven't had time to fine-tune it and get it right yet, but to just give you an idea, what was that? That's the first plot I ever took. I saw what was happening. It was pretty horrible. The orange line is the set point, the blue line is the temperature, and the grey line is the window position. You can see that the window is cycling between fully closed and fully open at about an hourly rate. That data represents about four hours. So the dwell was too short and the gain was too long there. So then I took a rough guess intuitively what I thought those values should be and got that result, which is a lot better because the windows are now remaining in an intermediate position, but it's still cycling, as you can see. Again, at about an hourly rate. There's about an hour and a half's data there. So I'm looking forward to playing around with that this autumn and getting it completely stable. Now I'm coming to the last part of the talk now. It concerns soil moisture sensing and water, liquid level sensing. The internet and eBay are awash with cheap soil moisture sensors. Most of them appear to measure the soil resistance and this, in my opinion, renders them unsuitable for any series project. By electrolysis, the electrode soon corrode and the sensor fails. In addition, soil resistance is only roughly representative of moisture. It's also affected by pH and chemical content, fertiliser, et cetera. And you can get a polarising effect as well from the electrolysis, which puts little eyeballs around the electrodes and they go all over the place. All this stuff has been long known and good quality sensors measure the electrical capacitance between the electrode and the medium being measured. This approach eliminates all the shortcomings I've just mentioned and it makes the sensor equally suitable for measuring either soil moisture content or liquid level. A liquid level being measured can be conductive such as water, it can be non-conductive such as oil, it can even be powder or grain in a hopper. The bad news is that such capacitance sense probes seem to be expensive. I couldn't find an inexpensive one and therefore I decided to make my own. So it comprises two electrodes, those are the yellow things there, which protrude into the soil or the water. The electrodes connect directly to the sensor head containing the necessary signal conditioning hardware. It operates on 5 volts DC and produces a linear DC output within the range 0 to 3.8 volts proportional to soil moisture or liquid level. There's a working unit in that corner there. It's been running since lunchtime and just to show you my confidence, there's no overflow from the glass jar at the top. It's reliant on getting switched off when the level reaches the right level. I was even going to position it over my keyboard on my oscilloscope but I thought that was maybe a bit too daring. So I made the electrodes out of aluminium strip and for a conductive medium such as soil or water they need to be covered with a thin layer of good quality insulation. I tested the insulation by placing the two electrodes in a jar of water and putting a mager or a flash tester across them and I was very surprised how difficult it was to get a good insulation. I tried motor winding varnish which I thought would be good, PCB varnish, one or two aerosol sprays of paint, some stuff called liquid tape and some stuff called G4 which is really for putting on concrete for waterproofing pumps. All those products failed the insulation test. The final solution was to have the electrodes powder painted. The work piece is charged with static electricity sprayed with polyester powder and then baked for 20 minutes in an oven. I think anodising would be good as well brunt, I haven't tried that. Now I experimented with a variety of circuits and I was hoping to talk more about that but again I haven't time. So I ended up with a 556 timer, two 555s in one packet. The first timer is connected as an astable oscillator and produces a stream of triggering pulses across there to the trigger input of the second timer which is connected as a one-shot multivibrator and the pulse duration that comes out of that is determined by the capacitance value of the probe down here. So it looks a bit like that. So all you have to do then is just filter the output with an RC filter and I've buffered it with an op amp to give me a nice steady DC output. There's the triggering pulses and there's the output pulses which grow longer as the level rises and you can look at that on the scope over there if you want later. And that came into flower just the other day. It's 10 inches high and 7 inches wide. So I'm rather shuffed with that. I think we're done. Thanks for letting me share this project with you. I've missed out a lot, as I say, because of time-liffant limitation. I was going to talk about different circuit approaches for the capacitance probe. I haven't even mentioned the PC Windows software for configuring and monitoring, but never look at that tomorrow. I should be around all tomorrow if anybody's interested. I was rather chuffed with my EMC DIY testing as well and I'd love to tell you about. And also a bit more about Windows stability and control. I think that's about it. Thank you very much.