 This review discusses recent findings on how human coronaviruses, HCOVs, which are known respiratory pathogens associated with a range of outcomes, have been thrust into the spotlight due to their high pathogenicity in humans, and how the study of HCOV host interactions has contributed to our understanding of HCOV pathogenesis. The review also discusses various cellular processes that may be modulated by HCOVs, including apoptosis, innate immunity, ER stress response, mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK, pathway, and nuclear factor Kappa B, NETKappa B pathway. This article was authored by Yvonsonny Lim, Yen Lingying, James P. Tam, and others.