 My name is Sam Beckel. I'm the author of Malignant Self-Love, Narcissism Revisited. Is pathological narcissism the outcome of genetic inherited traits? Or is it the said result of abusive and traumatizing upbringing and experiences in early childhood or early adolescence? Or maybe it is the confluence of both, nature and nurture. Narcissism or pathological narcissism is not common. But it is a common occurrence that in the same family, with the same set of parents, in an identical emotional environment, some siblings, some offspring, grow to be malignant narcissists, while the others are perfectly so-called normal. Surely this disparity indicates a predisposition, a propensity of some people to developing pathological narcissism as part of their genetic heritage. This debate between genetics or upbringing, nature or nurture, genes or abuse, I think relies on or springs off some obfuscating semantics. When we are born, we are not much more than the sum of our genes and their manifestations. Our brain is a physical object. It is the residence of all mental health and all mental health disorders. Mental illness cannot be explained without resorting to the body, and especially to the brain. And our brain cannot be contemplated without considering our genes. So it is a clear chain of being, genes, brain, mental health and mental health disorders. Any explanation of our mental life that leaves out our hereditary makeup and our neurophysiology is lacking, by definition. Such lacking theories are nothing but literary narratives if they don't take into account genetic, composition and the brain. Psychoanalysis, for instance, is often accused of being divorced from corporeal, physical, bodily reality, and justly so. Our genetic baggage makes us resemble a personal computer. We are an all-purpose, universal machine. You can run different softwares on the same person, so to speak. Subject to the right programming, conditioning, socialization, education, upbringing and, of course, the wrong programming, such as abuse, we can turn out to be anything and everything. A computer can imitate any other kind of discrete machine given the rights of her. It can play music, it can screen movies, it can calculate, it can print, it can paint. As opposed to a television set, for instance, a computer is constructed and expected to do multiple chores, multiple tasks, while the television set is expected to do only one thing. So, unlike the television set and more like the computer, we have multiple purposes. We are a multiple purpose machine. We do not have a unitary function, such as the television set. We humans are also subject to programming. We also run different types of software. And this is what we call upbringing, education or socialization. And when this goes wrong, we call it abuse and, in extreme cases, trauma. Single genes rarely account for any behavior or trait. Behaviors, traits and personalities are explained by clusters of genes, some of them are not. An array of coordinated genes is required to explain even the minutest human phenomenon. So, when we hear about discoveries of a gambling gene or an aggression gene, these so-called discoveries are derided, they are mocked by more serious and less publicity-prone scholars and researchers. Yet it would seem that even complex behaviors such as risk-taking, reckless driving, compulsive shopping, addictive behaviors, even these complexes have some genetic underpinning. So, what about the narcissistic personality disorder? It would seem reasonable to assume, though at this stage it's not fully proven, that the narcissist is born with a tendency to develop pathological narcissistic defenses. These defenses, which are maladaptive, they are sick and probably genetically prone or genetically determined, are triggered by abuse or trauma during the formative years, in infancy or during early adolescence. When I'm saying abuse, I'm referring to a spectrum of behaviors which objectifies the child, treats the child as an extension of the caregiver, parent or as an instrument. So, dotting, smothering, spoiling, engulfing the child are as much as abusive as beating and starving the child. Abuse can be dished out by peers as well as adult role models, such as teachers. If you take all this into account, I think it's safe to attribute the development of narcissistic personality disorder mostly to the environment, to nurture, not to nature. Narcissistic personality disorder is an extremely complex battery of phenomena. Behavior patterns, cognitions, emotions, conditioning and so on. Narcissistic personality disorder is a personality disorder. And even the most ardent proponents of the School of Genetics do not attribute the development of the whole personality to genes. This is extremely unlikely. Narcissistic personality disorder is probably the interplay between a genetic template and the abuse and trauma heaped upon this inner computer.