 Proste, pa lahko zelo. Taj sem Irene Gelli, psychologičkega enzikozatavna. In zelo napravljava v tega kvalitetu, in v svekih delovih vzelo. Pa za vsočenju, in tudi načo površava, je bilo niske, da je doživila vzelačno uvršenje enzikozatavne enzikozatavne enzikozatavne enzikozatavne enzikozatavne enzikozatavne enzikozatavne enzikozatavne enzikozatavne enzino. Onečnja, da vzelačem, tako to se nače prijevne zato, in mači izvah, da je po tudi dobro, ki je to dobro. Zato je tudi do Google. Je to dobro, da se počatimo, da je bilo vse zelo to, ker je bilo bilo začal, da se počatimo, da se počatimo. Spravno je, da je bilo začal, da se počatimo. s informacijem about our symptoms, about what our problem can be, and also about how it can be treated. But on the other side, this is also not so good, because not all of this information is reliable. And so this search can also bring to strange results, and it's not straightforward that this search will help us. Trudi tudi je zvuk, da so jaz pošli, da imaš dobrojo doktor, kako se vse nalega nekako vse dobroje. Odejte, kako je pošli, da se dobrojo doktor, ki so dobrojo doktor? Na različenem na 15 minuče, sem vzela ta dobrojo. Kako je klinika na pridem? Kako je pridem, kako je pridem, kako se pošliči. Zdaj smo prišličili o početnih, doktorji in sajem v tem procesu. Zdaj smo prišličili, da smo prišlični, Jane. Jane je začela taj diagnosis. Jane je schizofrinja. Schizofrinja je nekaj problem, je nekaj zelo, in je več nekaj nekaj zelo. Jean was hearing voices in had was condensed about things that are not real. And she was feeling a little bit of this reason, and she was avoiding social contact. She was feeling at risk of losing her job. So finally, with the help of her family she looked for professional landing. And she now had an appointment with a doctor. Kaj je tudi način vzil? Kaj je začin, ki je začin začin, da je jazda problem? Jazda problem je medicijne problem, je zelo zelo zelo. Zelo, da je drža o te, ko je zelo začin začin. Zelo clinicov. So, kar sklidovrstvene, nekaj posilitivni, nekaj akši, Record most of the times pharmacological treatment is necessary and there are different medicines available that are called antipsychotics. They are more or less working. All of them are working but they can present different side effects so unwanted effects of the medication. tudi nekaj možno doblizneti, nekaj do zelo vse, nekaj do dobrogovorov, skupaj, zelo vzelo. Otvrčne zdravite, ki so vljili za koniciji, je zelo zelo vzelo, tako vzelo psychoterapij, kako so nasložili, in tudi, načine je zdravite zdravite. Film tačno tega. Čutak poslijeva za ochotno porskjev.這樣子, ki je počori da dokonja v toje procese. Tako, da je priamo. Ipa, da pogledačo božem na to, o separatedne začetje. Zato je moja zdrav, moja predvodna. Veselys sem da pogleda. Or, at the other extreme, one person would say, I will adjust to what the doctor says, it's the job of the doctor to decide about the best treatment and I will just do what they tell me to do. Or, one person would say, well, I want to discuss with my doctor and we together can take a decision. I would be very interested to know what is your opinion about it, so I will ask you now to raise your hands. First of all, who would like to decide on his own? Please raise your hands. Who would like to make the decision to the doctor? Okay? Who would like to decide together with the doctor? Oh, very nice. So, the most of you is referring to this further option and this further option is called shared decision-making. So, shared decision-making is a model that describes how doctor and patients can interact with each other in order to take a good decision for the patient and the idea behind it is that both doctor and patient have important roles in this process. And when we study this model, we see that actually it works. So, when it is applied, it brings to better relation between doctor and patient, it brings to better satisfaction from both sides, it brings to minor cost for the health system and also to higher adherence to the treatment. What does it mean? When the patient is involved in deciding about the treatment plan, then he is more committed, he is more motivated to follow the treatment plan. And all in all these things all together they bring to better results for the health of the person. So, this model actually allows to consider three very important aspects and now we will go through them one by one. First of all, our Jane is now at the appointment of the doctor and shares some important things in her mind that she tells. So, first of all, she does not want to have this problem anymore. So, these voices were disturbing, these symptoms were bad for her and she, of course, wants to solve this problem. But since she looked online like all of us, she discovered that this medication can cause sometimes great pain and this is something she is concerned about, she would like to avoid it. And so she tells this also to the doctor. And then Jane would like to understand more about her illness, understand what is happening to her and therefore also more information about her experience and share her experience with people who are the same problem. And all together with these aspects we can call the patient's wishes. So, how do we know about the medication is working, what are the side effects, what are the possible treatments, how is this knowledge created? To create this knowledge is the role of science. In the medical field, this information, this knowledge is created by clinical studies. So, when we have a topic, we have an illness, a clinical study works like that. We will take a group of people with this illness and we will split them into two groups. One group will take one treatment and the other group will take the other treatment. So, very roughly speaking, in the end if you see that, for example, 54% of the patients are feeling better with the first treatment and only 41% of the patients are feeling better with the second treatment. Ok, we can say that the last treatment is better. There is a lot of statistics here in the middle but this is the idea of how it works. However, one study is not enough to produce reliable, sufficient knowledge on the topic. That's why usually many studies are conductive on the same topic. And at this point, who is going to read all this stuff? So, doctors have a lot to do, they have a lot of work with their patients and people don't have these skills, maybe they don't understand what is written in these complicated studies. So, we have a problem here. And that's why some researchers, and that's also what I do, collect all the studies that were done on the same topic and we put them together and we make a big summary that provides an overall picture of the knowledge about this topic and these are called systematic reviews. These systematic reviews can then be further used to produce clinical guidelines. Guidelines are like instructions, recommendations that the doctor can use every day in their practice in their work with the patients. All this path, all the knowledge that comes from this path we can call the evidence. So, what is the role of the doctor then? In the past, there was this idea that the doctor is an expert so that thanks to his big experience he can decide everything. Nowadays, the experience of the doctor is of course always important because we have this idea that it must be combined with this evidence. So, the paradigm that is used nowadays is called evidence-based medicine. So, medicine is based on evidence and also on experience of the doctor. They must be combined in order to be meaningful. So, the doctor is also now at the meeting with our friend Jane and based on this evidence and on his experience it tells her, for example, that there are different medicines that are available, that they are thicker shoes but they can produce these for that side effect. And also that there are groups of patients that are meeting and they can share their experience and maybe talk without psychologists and this also is organized, is available. This was the second important aspect to consider, but it's not finished because, in our case, Jane has also another illness. She has also diabetes, unfortunately. And so for this reason she cannot take some medications. So, the decision we have to consider this point. And moreover, Jane is part of the hospital, she does not drive the car and so for her it would be unrealistic to plan a treatment program in which she has to drive everyday to the hospital. And these aspects play also fundamental role in the decision and we can call them the patient circumstances. So, in the end only considering all three of these domainings is it possible to make a meaningful decision if we don't consider one of the something near not work. And to summarize what I would like you to remember is on this slide. So, the role of science in this process is to provide the information that we can call evidence on a specific treatment for a specific illness. The role of the doctor is to analyze this information and also based on his experience discuss these options with the patients. So, tell for example what are the benefits or what are the health connected with each treatment possibility. And the role of the patient from his side is to bring to the doctor to express his or her needs his preferences what is important for him to get the correct information and be proactive in this decision. So, in case you have any sort of medical problem I strongly encourage you to look for this process so ask a lot of questions to your doctor take a lot of good information and be active in the decision that concerns your health. Thanks to this process the patient and the doctor together they can discuss and they can take a meaningful and good decision that is hopefully the best for that patient in this situation and with these specific needs. So, here I provided some links they are reliable sources of information and they provide information about the evidence that is available in different medical programs. If you are interested about my research you can go to this website and my research was actually as we said before about the psychological treatments for schizophrenia. So, thank you very much for your attention and please ask any questions.