 By illustrating you the space project, the new proton cyclotron with this energy and current that it's about 52 kW power, and I would like to tell you something, remember it. When we go up to some tenths of energy, especially I'm talking about proton accelerators, the radioactivity production number of neutrons, not energy, number of neutrons that then gives you a certain dose is proportional to the power, not to the energy. To what I mean. If you take a 500 MAV proton accelerator, like tryon-herzhecki cyclotron, and you accelerate one microamper, you are going to have 50 kW of beam, right? If you take this machine, you have 50 kW of beam power, the number of radioactivity product is exactly the same. It's exactly the same. And I can tell you also how much it is. It's about 7000 sievert per hour from the target at one meter. And don't tell me that I don't want to go into the detail, but 7000 sievert is not a correct expression. Why it's not a correct expression? Because sievert, as I told you, is given the health effect. And as you know, a 5 sievert, a man 50% is dying. But it gives you the idea, the physical idea. I did not like to say gray because then we will be troubled with the Q factor and so on. Before you proceed, I have a stupid question. None question is stupid, there are only answers stupid. The equivalent of the human body? Yeah, as I told, the ICRU, I mean the ICRP gives the direction of the radiation protection like philosophy. The ICRU is dealing with units and with definition of quantities and so on. The ICRU, for first, took the ICRU sphere. What's the ICRU sphere? It's a sphere of 30 centimeter of radius made of material that the composition of the material is equal to the human body. 70% of blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. Then the things goes in evolution. It was not anymore sufficient this ICRU sphere. And they found the anthropomorphic fandom. They call him Adam Medeva because they find out that there are differences between a woman and a man. And then they evolve more and they make fandoms from voxel. Voxel, I don't know, it's not my field, but it goes up by creating more and more complex situations. They think that it goes very close to the reality. Without knowing that radiation protection, and if somebody of you is going to put his hand in radiation protection, remember always a little bit of inaccuracy saves tons of explanations. The different organs. Could somebody take, let's say, the spine of dead body and claim that? I have those, but you know that I don't know what I know for sure, because it was a health physics brochure of 1950 something. There was a cesium source, extremely intense, and all around there were donkeys in the States. The donkeys were irradiated by the source. Once I had that picture, I'm trying years now to find it again. I don't know, maybe there are, for example, the data that they have from my point of view are coming from radiotherapy. Of course, not only, but the PSI, if you remember, at the very beginning, they used also the Neutron capture therapy during the 60s or 70s. Then they stopped. Why they stopped? Because they were all dead. Anyway, going on, we will see some nuclear safety aspects. Some aspects preliminary evaluated, those in different cyclotron irradiation areas, cyclotron beam line induced radiative environmental impact, commissioning of the cyclotron measurement campaign, and I will show you also some instrumentation maybe that you haven't seen. But, Lenaro, you have seen it here, on the right here, you see the layout of the cyclotron to experimental bunker. And you see this one is a three-dimensional layout where is the vault of the cyclotron. And here is the beam where the commissioning was done. The cyclotron, you have already seen it. The purpose you know it is to create this kind of rib that they are very interesting. And take a look in this. The beam is extracted, it is going inside the bunker. It creates the radioactive beam. Kevin is taking out the selection from these magnets and so on, versus a leaner to be re-accelerated. This is underground. It is underground minus four meters. I would like to show you now something that is interesting. It is called safety. What safety and radiation protection? It is not the same thing. Radiation protection is a thing. Safety is another thing. There are different things. They are dealing different things. And I would like to show you what you are talking about when you are talking about safety. If you put here the risk level as you go up, you will have accelerators or medical applications. They don't have a big risk level. Then you will have the rib facilities, research reactors and ADS reactors. What's ADS reactors or ADS accelerators? You have heard about transmutation of the nuclear waste. That means irradiating them with accelerators to change their nature, their radioactive nature to make it decay faster. ADS. That means it was the idea of Karlo Rubia Nobel Prize. Accelerator driving system means ADS. That means I have an accelerator, I accelerate protons and I send protons in a reactor where the waste are and I can transform the waste from what they are to something else. And then of course the nuclear power plants. The ADS and rib facilities are based on medium or high energy, high intensity particle accelerators producing large fluence of neutrons and gammas. The major radiation safety considerations for this facility are classified in two parts. To protect the public from radiation hazards, to maintain hazards within limits for radiation workers. The third principle of radiation protection, not go over the dose limit. In the case of spares or ribs, the radioactive ion production target is hot from radiation point of view because I told you that it's about a thousand curies when you stop irradiating with 8 kW. And so is outgazing, but at the same time your nice spaces in particular fissure products are extracted. To safely confine and control the radioactive inventory of this open source special efforts are required. Nuclear safety analysis techniques are technical solutions. That means analyze the risk. And how I can analyze the risk? I can analyze the risk by different software programs like HAZUP that are available where you can create risk analysis or what is calling the tree analysis where I can arrive taking consideration, let's say some probabilities of failure and to arrive if what at the end I get is sufficient safe or I have to implement it with some so-called safety functions. General safety objective is to protect individuals and environment. The radiation protection objective is to ensure a normal operation of the radiation exposure within the plant and due to any release of radioactive material from the plant kept as low as possible. The technical safety objective is to prevent with high confidence accidents, to ensure that for all accidents taking into account in the design of the plant, to ensure that the likelihood of severe accidents with this serious radioactive waste is extremely small. The safety is done the evaluation of the risk and is doing the evaluation of the risk of each part and the combination of the parts. What a practical example. If I have the source where inside there is the uranium carbide and because I want to take out the spaces that they are produced very quickly because the beam that I need is decaying very fast I have to go up with the velocity of these particles and to go up with the velocity of these particles means to go up with the temperature. So there is something that the source is operating at 2,000 degrees. So you can understand how important it is to evaluate the risk that a power not of a certain limit is arriving on the target because it gives hot, it gives thermometer, heat is giving heat. In the same time I have the resistance something that gives me 2,000 degrees. I have a cooling system that must keep it cool otherwise it's going to melt and all I have the pumps, I have all of these things all these together must have at the very beginning an analysis of risk what is going to happen because I have to prevent to install safety functions because what are the safety functions are what we commonly say interlocks. If the temperature goes up to 2,000 degrees something is happening. If I am going to see that the flow of the water is not the real one something is happening and all these things are, you have to think and evaluate it before on a risk analysis procedure. All of these. This is not the job of radiation protection. Okay? Dimitri, just remind me you shoot on a uranium carbide target you create the fission products and then the fission products are captured like an isle or... The source is open because it's an isle you ionize them and they take it out. So it's an isle facility. Nuclear safety golden rule you have to put it in your mind because you will heard about that very often the defense in depth. What means the defense in depth? Means to provide multiple independent protections against the occurrence of accidents and their progression in such a way that should one of them fail there is another one at least one present that its failure is independent from the operation of the first. So you must be ready for intervention to be in the field if one is going to fail. It is implemented through design and operation provision in a way to provide a great protection against a vast variety of transients abnormal events and accidents including malfunction of components and human errors. What the radiation protection is asking is to have a system that is called very often you will see and you will heard about that that it's let's say a failed safe system. Failed safe system means that whatever happens, whatever brings the system in a safe condition from the Greek. In defense of depth you have three barriers and you have five levels. If you have here your target the first barrier is with your efficient products it's the surroundings. Then there is a second barrier full road gliding in the case for example of a nuclear road the third barrier is the primary secret boundary and then you have levels up to the fifth level that it's the offsite emergency response because you have the last two levels the fourth level is the inside emergency plan and the last one it's the offsite emergency response plan whatever you have. How does it provide a barrier? You know that for example in the case of a nuclear plant you have the material the physical material instead of the road in our case the target are seven disks of uranium carbide five grams each that inside the gliding of graphite but there is of course an opening because otherwise they are not coming out the efficient products so don't tell me these things of course everything you know in Italy for lack not in the countries where there are nuclear power plants but in the all the other countries the single becquerel of uranium and thorium that gets inside the center must be declared in the topical authorities italian and also to the european community and because they are they are no excuse me I am laughing you know why they put us inside the protocol of proliferation of nuclear weapons you know why because they have had space they thought that we are able to separate the isotopes of plutonium and uranium and it's not the case it's impossible from the same gods department they explicitly ask what they think about the accelerator facilities using uranium carbide and what they said and they told us they were not that doubt they told us that if the country that operates the facility has signed the safeguard agreement then it's the duty of the country to declare it and not the facility itself look now we are it's a little bit maybe we will discuss it later because here there is a misunderstanding that comes that has nothing to do with science what they think is that this facility can separate as I told you different plutonium isotopes and uranium isotopes like saying uranium 235 and so on think that it's not possible why it's not possible because they are not ionized it remains inside the source only cesium and other things are going ionized this one that they have you cannot ionize them they remain inside the source we explain that they came to our center from EIA we explain to them they say you are right but then when they turn back home they send us a paper saying you are right but you are inside the protocol and the reason was but why are so anxious nothing is happening the only thing is that we can visit your center two hours before coming and we are going to show some kind of papers anyway so these are the defense levels that I told you before and here I close this part to go directly to tools and instrumentation used for shielding, calculation and cyclodron commissioning we have an idea how able are these kind of instruments like Monte Carlo to make calculations that are impossible to do it in some situation by hand here you have X zeta coming the beam is coming from here and here is the target and here you have the propagation and here you see in micro sievert how much is the dose inside so you see that you are let's say thousands of sievert per hour here and this wall you see from here to here you have three meters of wall of concrete the geometry is the geometry inside the code that the person must create and then the Monte Carlo gives you exactly where you see these things here is that the statistic is very low where you find all these completely full means that the statistic is very high but you don't need to have here statistic very high you see just from the color that you are here I put that photo these two graphs just to understand what is this this is inside a neck created because from here you have the air change so if you want to know how much dose you have here I mean it's difficult the Monte Carlo you see here you tell you that here you have something from 1 to 10 micro sievert immediately remember always Monte Carlo gerbach in, gerbach out so all the calculation must be then before any other thing be evaluated by the measurement only the measurement with an instrument says to you that the calculation are exact because even if you have put good data inside the Monte Carlo there is no Monte Carlo that gives you an exact result means you have at least factor of 2 here you can see the cyclotron the two volts and so on and here in the red these are polyethylene spheres with inside boron for interaction of neutrons eventually outside of the shield with the boron to create alpha particles on shear 39 detector these ones are portable portable with rem counter ionization chamber as you saw in the center here there is passive gamma monitoring that means badges and and here there is active gamma monitoring and up in the first floor was the two the two systems for measuring concentration of concentration of of gazes activated air before going to the chimney this one you have seen with your eyes ionization chamber from 0.1 micro sievert to 1 sievert hour with this range of energy very very extensive the rem counter for neutrons from 1 nano sievert to 100 milis sievert per hour remember that the rem counter over 100 milis sievert per hour is considered not calibrated it's it's his upper rate meter upper rate value number the energy range is low and goes up to 1 gv because if you remember inside it's not only polyethylene but there is iron or lead that slows down the neutrons the fast neutrons these are digimular monitoring instrument that when arrived up to 10 sievert per hour rate too high we use it inside the bunker for example of radiation and these are the dosimeters that we use like electronic active dosimeters and these are passive dosimeters but also for hands on maintenance of activated parts these are thermal luminescent dosimeters for whom was asking to act on activated parts of the cycle of the beam line this is the system that we have seen with his display on in this case and we had if you remember too one coming directly there and the other are measuring the air that went out of the facility and you see here how it seems the spectra of sodium iodine with the royal 511 because all the beta plus are converted in gammas of 511 and 10294 kv that's the royal number 2 argon 41 the argon 41 comes from the capture of thermal neutrons on argon 40 that there is a small percentage in the presence of the air and in this case why you have these neutrons thermal neutrons because the bunker as you see was too small and the fast neutrons went a lot of interaction with the walls going and thermalized excuse me it was this one you cannot see it from there but here you see that it's red from here up to here it's red why it's red because you take this royal interest because you know under these extremes it will be the peak if exists of argon 41 and the same here 511 because the unequalization of beta plus with with an electron then gives the gammas of 511 this is a real geometry put inside the code and it's not simple it needs a year to do it maybe more for an expert and you can see here the the prediction of the code you see it in the dimension what you have seen before here before in the taxis you have seen this be blind and all all the black thing going versus the wall here you see it in the whole plant and you see here there are micro sievert per hour it can tells you during the operation of the cyclotron with 200 microamps 40 MAV on uranium carbide what are the doses when we present the licensing report the calculations we've done with 70 MAV 300 microamps we have to add a wall up to 4 meters yes the layout of the facility is 90% identical to the facility of Aronax in France that was built only for the production of radioisotopes but in that case you wouldn't have the uranium carbide facility only to produce radioisotopes strontium and rupidium and whatever the doses the colors here will be much cooler it will be worst really? why? he knows that first of all they use 70 MAV of protons 300 microamps 300 but the worst thing is that the reaction to produce strontium-82 you start from rubidium chloride and the p reaction on rubidium to create strontium it's a p5n reaction for every proton you have 5 neutrons so so I will answer you so this is the second line and here has to be done the proton on rubidium for creating strontium-82 here there is a 4 a 3 a 3.5 I think 3.8 a meter of concrete and we have we had to add 50 cm more of concrete here for example and inside the bunker and this why there is a reason because they want to create here does not exist this one take it out they want to create here a 1 plus radioactive beam line and they want to be present people meanwhile they irradiate so the neutron dose here must be extremely low but see something else maybe that you have not realized yet not only this is the neutron coming out but also it shows the activation of the of different part cyclotron and beam line due to the beam loss you see here and here as you irradiate you don't have all the current that goes on the target you have loss of that you lose current during the transportation of the beam and the code is able to calculate all these things that I am telling you in one run ok here for example but what we have measured what we have calculated was correct or was not correct and this is a very interesting thing that then this kind of job is giving you some satisfaction the calculated for example dose here was 500 ms per hour and what we have measured here with the monitor was 465 80 calculated inside here 10 ms measured the beam line was shielded with the beam dump was plenty of polyethylene so there was a lot of neutrons that was thermal but anyway can you understand that you are inside the same order of magnitude 10, 20 or 30 or 80 μs per hour in an area that is not it's not a personnel present does not mind not care it's like done well but you run the cycle and for some reason you stop the cycle and somebody has to get in how long do you have to wait do you exercise no no i keep i keep your question and i will answer it immediately just a minute here you see something interesting here there is a shielded door 1.5 1.5 1.5 m thick of concrete moving that close the part behind the cyclotron 2 cm of light in the door that was not well closed generate here 40 something like 40 to 100 μs per hour of neutrons escaping from the vault just to see how important is that the shield must be well made neutrons are extremely beautiful because they are going that did not obey to a lot of rules can go around like ok answering your question one of the things that at the moment we don't have measure is that we have not irradiate continuously for so much time just to to achieve those raised important that means create radionuclides in a quantity that they have an activity that give you an important dose it will happen but for example in 8 kW we irradiated a couple of days it was not sufficient to arrive to saturation with some radionuclides that they have half lives long ok here gives you an idea of what you have asked what is the gamma under those equations after two weeks of continuous protocol beam on target this is calculation by Flucca that means I irradiate with 8 kW 40 MAV 200 microamps on uranium carbide I stop the beam one second after the end of bombardment that means immediately what's my gamma dose and you see here the map you can arrive from 10 sievert inside the cyclotron you are here that means 5 ms per hour you go near the cyclotron you have 10 ms here you are in that part where you see orange and you are near 100 ms per hour these are calculations and you see now what is changing from calculation going from one second to one day you see inside the room you are here 50 micro sievert and give you the idea if you can go inside the vault and after a week of course of course about air activation this is the top of the facility you see here only one chimney that goes up and these 1, 2, 3, 4 are coming from all the rooms the air and it converts in a unique output unique point of extraction and here there is a detector that does not permit that means shut down the cyclotron if you arrive near 1 bpg of air the sensitivity of that is from 1.1 from 0.1 to 0.5 bpg of air depends on the time of sampling longer is the time of sampling lower is the sensitivity in the sense goes down with 10 minutes of sampling you are near 0.1, 0.2 bpg this is what we got from the instrument the graph in the sense 1 is the total this is the argon 41 and this is the peak of 511 so in here the air the total of the air coming from the bunker directly not in the chimney when everything arrives there like exhausted but from the bunker you see that you arrived up to almost 200 200 bpg the radiation conditional this one 70 maybe 500 micro amp for short time and the bunker is as I told you not so big they are 180 meter cubic volume these are the data at the chimney you see oh excuse me and you see in the same radiation conditions we are very close to 1 we are in 0.9 bpg take into account that in that moment there are 10000 meter cubic per hour the exhausted gas coming from all the volts of the facility when we have 180 200 bpg coming from the volt we are close to 1 coming from the measurement of the detector in the output of the facility to the environment which means practically that the only contaminated so to say place seriously contaminated is only your volt yes of course a little a non-volt the bunker which means you don't have leakage you don't know that in the sense that the leakage must not exist but we are a little bit of air activation arrived also from there a comparison of calculated data measured ones always from Flucca because you are able to do it with Flucca directly your radiation conditions are this one after 3 hours Flucca gives 705 bpg a 21 of argon annoying we measure 160 or 70 as you have seen with the with the with the detector and 35 35 and 21 are very close I am not discussing it let's go here in this difference this difference does not take into account from some informations which are the continuous radiation with current ramp 70 mav and from 170 to 470 μμ with 5 times decay to take into account the sampling time what does it means means the Monte Carlo Monte Carlo calculates the production total no the instrument is sampling the material in 10 minutes or 5 minutes it depends and your material there if you don't produce it it decays and this is one that means after 3 hours if you take into consideration these things you reduce better to 261 and if you take into account also the radiation with this current you have also the decay of the current and you have different changes you arrived to compare this beta excuse me to compare this beta with this beta it's just a factor of 2 you're not even having to say something about the activity of the activation of the air the bunker from the neutros produced this is the measured this is the calculated what means measured measured means that we put a filter a pump at the end we take it very quickly because it dedicates very fast very quickly to a gamma detector and we measure it in different times of decay just to create this kind of curve the cooling water have been measured with high pure germanium of course there is beryllium 7 and then other things you see here there is cobalt and 60 cobalt 50 56 or 58 you see it here all cobalt also manganese why the water must have this kind of activity because there is an erosion of the water from where it passes takes material from where it's confined it's metal where it's confined they take it inside and then you activate these small parts the cobalt comes from copper also from copper because copper has two stable then is to see if there is tritium inside the water tritium is created from spallation interaction of neutrons in water and we measured it with liquid distillation we found almost one bacharel per gram and the irradiation was very short then the part that was activated of the cyclotron where we have found let's say millisievert per hour was here in the extraction of the cyclotron then in a strange way here where we did not expect to have it because something in this kind of quadrupole something was not going good so part of the beam was going to hit the aluminium it was a couple of millisievert here and also here one millisievert and now I'm going to show you something I don't know if you have ever seen this we with the money that we have we bought a new instrument this space of camera it is a detector it's called epics and it's possible from a distance of 10 meters to create you a thermal photo this is a real photo where is the activation in the machine without going near the machine but it's also able putting inside a conversion factor to give you also the dose the dose rate at contact was about 2 millisievert hour measured with a portable instrument and this is what you see and this is of course extremely interesting because an operator that wants to put hands on maintenance he knows exactly where is the activated part and you can sit there you can sit here at contact was 2 millisievert per hour the dose at 1 meter 1.5 micro sievert per hour given by the instrument itself and then putting this one is a high pure germanium portable that is cooling without electrically and takes a spectra directly from this point and here you see the output from sodium 22 going down this is 1 and 2 are produced from aluminum aluminum the only with protons radionuclides that produce is sodium 22 and sodium 24 the most important is sodium 22 because it decays in 2 years then there is manganese, cobalt and zinc what is it called? zeta n zinc this is the most important also here and this is the beam dump where the beam for commissioning stopped it's full of polyethylene the dimensions you can see it here it's made slices of polyethylene inside here it's copper where the beam stopped here because this is all copper and we make a spectra at the end with the portable spectrometer and what we found we were these radionuclides coming from the copper of the beam dump and look here this is the prediction of the Monte Carlo in activity and this is the activity that we have we have calculate with the portable instrument by the measurement and this is the activity uncertainty you see how close in a lot of situations we are but there are also differences you see here for example cobalt 6 is on ok this is when we took out we took out this thing the last part of the beam line and we measure also this because then you can create a geometry that is extremely important for the efficiency of the detector if you want to make a quantitative measurement and let's put a point Canberra creates a detector has a detector that can be characterized in efficiency that means not only in one point but whole efficiency and gives you a Monte Carlo that can create isoch's geometry and in the basis of the geometry that you create you can have the curve of efficiency so you can make a quantitative real analysis because if you don't have a curve of efficiency you will never know what's the quantity of material that you have inside these are spectra coming this is another case where the instrument here we are where we did not expected to have this kind of hot spot done with EPICS and also here and this is interesting because it's inside the cyclotron this is the the localization of the activated beam stopper inside the cyclotron here there is a beam stopper and you can stop the beam and image capture in order to plan a maintenance of the vacuum of the chamber you see exactly where the activation is what is measuring I mean what signal is measuring the gammas and it can like focus the yeah it takes it's a very special detector created at CERN it's based on zirconium something like that complicated that deal it takes the gammas from the intensity of the gammas created this kind of colors and here is the activation of the beam dam because here it's the copper where the beam coming from here stopped inside that kind of V that you've seen before I'm too tired but I can go one because there are two things that you must know if you want to make calculations of the impact of radioactivity in the environment you must know how to use genie genie is a code where you put inside a number of radionoclides that you want long as you wish with their activity and it gives you the dose for three types of different phage from zero it's zero in the sense of just the born up to 70 years divided in groups gives you the dose in the case of effluence gas in the environment liquid and it's so complicated that follows all the path all the path of the chain that can introduce in your body and we made calculations for space about that I'm going directly what it shows to you it shows from where they divided let's say the the volume of the mission in sectors and shows to you in what sector the radioactivity is coming out it tells you in total what's the maximum in sievert versus what the distance from the point of emission not only it gives you the dose separate from external radiation due to the plume inhalation but also in ingestion and gives you the dose coming from part of the chain air if you ate eggs if you ate fruits, grain ground vegetables meat, milk poultry blah blah blah blah and gives you also what's the constituent of the dose if it's beryllium carbon 11 nitrogen and so on and at the end you give the effective dose a 700 meters for example that this is the maximum in different groups in this case the maximum 1.1 millisievert was from 7 to 12 years old it takes into account takes into account the meteorology of your site if you don't have the file of the meteorology you don't you can do nothing and what does it mean it means that with a little bit of money not so much Orion, you know Orion that makes the clocks and other devices Orion also humidity I suggest you if you want in your lab to create a chain it's not so difficult cause maybe 1000 or 2000 euros where every day you can have the temperature the humidity the the wind and the intensity of the wind and so on and from this data you can create a file and this file is absolutely it's the only thing absolutely needed to put inside this code you have what real data at your site another code that is free I don't know if someone knows it hotspot from Livermore nobody it's a free code you can go to hotspot.301 Livermore and take it it's a code that you can you can go you can put inside the type of radionuclide that you need or you can create a list of radionuclides the only limitation is that you cannot put more than 40 the activity then change some meteorological data it's more friendly you don't want to have but it's not so precise it's something that gives you an idea in emergency situations when somebody is asking you what I'm going to do now I'm going to to evacuate the village or to close them inside the door inside the rooms and close the windows and you have to give an answer this is very useful it creates this kind of mixtures because once you put the mixture let's say tritium he knows all the things he knows the decay you have to put only the maximum released activity and you create this kind of file and then what he gives you is this thing gives you the distance from 30 meters to 40 km you give you the 10 that means the total dose in some way where you have your maximum and then you give you also the backer second square meter that means contamination or respirable in air concentration and you give you also the arrival time of the plume and creates you this kind of graph here is silver here is the distance and tells you that the maximum for example you will have it at 700 meters with this dose and of course all these things depends on the stability class because what's the stability class stability class is if it's cloudy or there is a big very good shiny day and so on this is important for meteorological file reasons these are the different stability classes that I told you before in the sense that if it's cloudy and sunny and so on there are different but they don't as you see they don't change a lot that's all I'm really tired