 who is associate professor in Parma d'Aub-Urban and economic geography in Beijing University. That's where she received her PhD. She has worked as a visiting spider in Yale Center of Industrial Ecology in 2004 and the Long Bay International Institute of Industrial and Environmental Economics in Sweden in 2014. Her work has been focused on the extended producer responsibility in U.S. management in China, who she has worked in that area for many years with the support of from China's National Science Foundation. Thank you. Thank you, Chai Ma. And it's a great honor for me to be here and share our recent works with you all. Just as the last presentation has talked about the General Waste City initiative in China. So China has initiated quite a big project to promote circular economy at the city level. And actually Wei has undertaken some kind of very local grassroots work for the same goals. So we initiated some committed based recycling program in Beijing in the last five years. So we are undergoing a dramatic urban waste management transition now in China. So just as Chair has talked about, we currently, many people in this field, talk about the compulsory garbage sorting in Shanghai. Actually before 17, I mean, this has happened for quite a long time. In 2000 years, at that time, the government has already initiated 10 cities, garbage sorting, community garbage sorting program at that time. But in most cases, all these kind of activities are made by the NGOs. So it's quite difficult to promote people, to persuade people to participate. And on the one hand, people complain that whenever we garbage, even with sorted garbage, actually at the end, the waste management is just mixed everything together. But on the other hand, the infrastructure, I mean the waste management sector, complain that nobody sorting garbage, why we should provide to deal with it in a separate way. So let's just give me to a, give me to a, just cannot solve the problem. So actually, even at that time, we have some successful story. Just like in Shanghai, we have an iPhone NGO. They started from a very small community, only about 500 households. And every, actually the local communities, they have some willingness to do this. And then they ask for help from NGO, and then they collectively to establish a very small scale grassroots initiative for garbage sorting at the community level. But this kind of work is very, I mean, very limited. And it's, when the government really want to promote this kind of thing, that style of NGOs just cannot satisfy the requirement of the local government. So since 2017, now we see a different kind of local government for this kind of thing. They established kind of PPP program, private public partnership. So they have this kind of contract with the enterprises to do this. And now we can see what happened in Shanghai. On the one hand, for the waste management part, it's kind of providing a separated base for the communities. So every people have to, and every household have to be sorted the garbage in four streams, and put everything into different things. And on the other hand, how to make people to do that, there is this kind of social mobilization quite similar to what they've done by the NGOs. So for me, I think this is a kind of program. Namely, it's still limited with the management system. I mean, how the government would like to plan the infrastructure for garbage disposal. And on the other hand, mobilize the social, the societies to have some behavior change for that. But actually for us, for me, for our team, we are trying to study, we are conducting some kind of work on ETR for waste management. And we actually find several emerging new business models for post-consumer recycling largely because of ETR. So because the government want to establish certified or formal recycling facilities for electronics, they didn't expect this, but they tried to give subsidy to the end recycling and that creating a market for collected e-waste from the consumers directly. So there is two part, on the one part, 90% actually collected from the informal collectors. And on the other, about 10% the recyclers, the certified formal recyclers collected electronics with the electronic directly from the consumers. So that kind of effort has actually created a very different kind of business models in this country. So we define that into three, all of them use IT solutions. So actually in these kind of business models, we have to balance between various projects of different stakeholders. For example, you for the consumers, it should be convenience. And for the producers, actually if you want producer to join or give you some support, you have been some kind of traceability of the product you collected. And for recyclers, either for informal recyclers or formal recyclers, they would like to have some profitability. And for public, if you want the government to support you should this system to be reliable, especially for environmental protection. And so collection, because this is so different layers working in the collection. It needs some kind of tolerance for the hybridity of collection channels. So we can see three quite different models. First, the pure internet platform. Actually just provide an internet channel to exchange, to provide online trading platform to bridge the transactions between the consumer and recyclers. That's very simple actually for the companies to do that. But in some cases, they did it quite successfully. For example, in Taolun. It used to occupy more than 90% of waste mobile phones online trading, maybe two years ago. But now the competition increased and actually not work so well now. It also, they worked with producers for example, Huawei or many famous brands in China. And they collected the waste phones from the consumers and then gave coupons to the people that buy new products. Another kind of thing is the automatic reverse banking machine. That's actually learned from the developed countries. So maybe here, some people come from North Europe, in Sweden, in Norway or in Denmark. So people are familiar with this. This kind of vending machine, but actually you put your cans or bottles and then you got some coupons. Actually it's a kind of prepay. Actually you prepay for that things also. But this kind of thing, when they came to China, actually the entrepreneurs invented more things. So they collected mobile phones, hot clothes, many things but we can't income in Beijing. This company collected various things. And also we show this is another country's focused on mobile phone connections. They just established their purchase in shopping malls and also they got the products from the consumer and then gives coupons to the former new products. Both model one and the model two and actually many focus on things that still have value on the market. So people can make more money from discovering products. And the third one is actually what well, a community-based recycling program. So these kind of things actually try to teach people how to sort the damages at the home. What people do these? Actually first the former recycling companies would like to go to the community to buy e-waste. But when they came to the residential community, it's not a decision to do only collect e-waste because people don't throw the e-waste everyday. So if you came to a community, actually you have spent it to all kinds of waste. And then it's local government gives you some additional support. It will be very, there is good reason to do it for all kinds of waste. So this model aims to collect and start a product that's possible directly combined with promotion of garbage sorting. These kind of activities actually generated a lot of new initiatives in many of the cities. So for example, first in Shanghai, and then in Gui, we have Xiaojiao team, Beijing area, Guizhou area in Wuhan, and some in Shaanmen, Green Earth, and Chengdu. And many of them have disappeared already and the new ones come out because the cost is very low. So these kind of activities just team up and some of them got some support from the government and some of just don't get funding from the funds, the NGOs, and there's very different reasons to do that. So we work with one of the Green Earth in Chengdu. They are one of the pioneers in this kind of business model. And we just use their solutions to do our experiment in Beijing. So this is our ongoing project in Beijing. Now we have got a new project on the National Pioneer Program Solid Waste. And actually this work is not starting now. We started this work back to 2013 and most of our study area is in northern Beijing. So here is Tiananmen and now we are around here for Tsinghua University. So in this part area is the dramatic expansion of urban areas in Beijing in the last decades. So a lot of big residential communities newly constructed in this area and also a lot of informal evidence because people come into the cities. So quite dynamic areas in urbanization. So our starting point can actually come from the waste villages. So it's around here, so Dongxiao Po. And before Dongxiao Po, we started E-waste in 2005. And 2005, there used to be an E-waste recycling center just beside Tsinghua University, around here. So that part has been demolished around 2010. And then many recyclers moved in those words just to the urban frame. And they found a new place in Dongxiao Po. And this place because of good transportation conditions. So within five years, the concentrate need more than 30,000 informal recyclers there. And they have an expanded connection network covered many of those things. So that's around, they can take care of around one third of the garbage in Beijing for recycling, not the waste, but for recycling. And so you can see, actually, here, actually, you can see almost everything you can find in your home. So everything some people collected and sorted according to the materials. And then, actually, it's built a linkage between the communities and the waste villages. So people, basically, they collected this day in the residential community that they discovered. And then they used a bicycle to filter with heaven and then going to the waste villages. And then in the villages, you can see the people from this one people come out from the inner city to the rest of the villages. They use bicycles to take the goods. And then in the waste villages after sorting, it becomes, you can see the truck. So it became the materials and going out the city, going out to Beijing, or go out, went out to Beijing. So this is how we get practicing. So these products could be going to the Hebei Shandong or for electronics when they go to the Western China. So this is a vast informal network from the residential companies to the waste villages and to the productions. However, this kind of informal network has been demolished. Before that, it has been demolished times and times. I mean, first demolished, then moved outside. Demolished, moved outside. But this time, it's quite difficult for them to keep moving. There is two reasons. One, we have, I mean, on the one hand, we are moving to the aging society. So shortage of labor. And on the other hand, you see people basically trying to produce to the waste village. That's almost impossible now. Because now if you would like to find a new place, you have to find it out of Beijing. It's impossible for you to buy it sitting there. So we need new solutions for that. And then time, some people, I mean, when the waste village being demolished at 2013, some of the recyclers working there told us that they would like to have the government to give them one piece of land to build the market again. But I told them it's impossible. Because these kind of things just cannot sustain in the future. So what we should do in the future? At that time, we think that we should rebuild the recycling system from the very bottom of the residential communities. At that time, in 2013, we tried to initiate a project with some kind of new model at that time. So we initially experimented in Zhengguozhuang. So Zhengguozhuang is not far from the Zhongxiao port. So in here, this is the urban village. We're trying to do this in some kind of more formal villages. But it's quite difficult. And this is the urban village. What do you mean? That means the local villagers demolished their old cottage and built them into a city. So they made big money from that and didn't lose their debt. Because of this, they had some kind of autonomous. So we can work with them to do something we would like to do. So we introduced the system of the rivers. You've got some coupons. You give coupons to the households. And the households is sorting the garbage. They're coordinating, redeveloping some coupons from us. And they can use the coupons to buy things online. Initially, we worked with the company who provide cleaning and garbage transportation for this community. But after two months, we found it was impossible to do that. Because this kind of new innovation is difficult to be adopted to the whole system. So finally, we found a husband and wife of Jack Byer, so informal connector. So they are interested in what we are doing here. And they would like to work for us. And after three years, they worked to take care of the whole system for us in this community. So that system stopped in 2016 when our love program stopped. So this one we'll get from this experiment. We can see the households, the newly registered households, about when we got 500 households registered to our program. And the participation rate about 50%. And among which about 50% actually built some kind of habits to do this. And we can also see the people, how many people in each building participate in our activities. And after the program, we also compared our research results with communities using similar technology solutions. So we just compared with some communities from Chengdu and our colleagues working in the inner cities in the two different, I mean, work with the sanitary companies and the informal collectors. So our conclusion is that first we find that for us, it's not good to do this. We need some kind of companies to do that, PBT. And so on the other hand, we see that behavior changes takes time to do that. So actually, after our experiment, we see actually in 2018 or in Chongqing, we got a company actually got the PBT contract from the local government. And here is what they did now. They provide encore door-to-door connection in the communities. So they use five tractors to connect it from community and then they have trucks to take things away. So they also provide coupons through the code bar to the consumers. And they also got the sorting centers. And they use the information system on the one hand. They provide information to the consumers. And on the other hand, they can track in the material flows. And what I would like to share is how this changed throughout two generations. Here in the father, he came in Beijing for, was paid for about 30 years ago. And using money, he support his son to go in colleges in Beijing. Now this son established his son. And then actually, we enter, they had this government many years ago, when we did our experiment. So I'm glad three days. So this is service coverage of their in Chongqing. And here is overall participation to now. So last year, it just initiated in 2018 and it's just ongoing now. And still with the BPP, the same company, same college, we see diversified participation rates. And we would like to, now we will try to model to explain the behavior change in these communities. And I think we should include in the local factors, not only individually, but also community level. We think it's a very important thing that infect people's behavior. So finally, my selection, I think whether it's for the zero waste of cities or circular economies, we are more keen for big stories. But actually we need some micro states that happen locally. The behavior change actually embedded in the diversified local institutions called Innovating Microcosm. And I also think as researchers for myself, we should go from all the vision interactions. So we need some tools for actual oriented research. And we also need some methods that can help scaling up local best practices by respecting the diversification of various local conditions.