 I think it's time to have another science at hand and we are glad today to hear about the progress and delivery that SIGIT is giving to us. He is going to speak about blue carbon and that's mainly around mine growth. He studied with a long study with the literature supported by EBF. Let the arrow bearers here to see how things are moving ahead. From there, from the literature review and systematic review, he's got the idea what's the gap in terms of knowledge and science. Then he designed the field work to test that kind of gap and how can science help filling the gaps especially around mine growth in terms of carbon stock and fluxes and how to manage them properly when the pristine mine growth are converted or when the degraded mine growth are restored. SIGIT. Thank you Padernil. Good morning everyone. Again, thank you Padernil for believing in me to pushing this kind of unusual journey. I've been here in SIFO and you can see in the picture, I was measuring the mine growth trees in Kuburaya in West Kalimantan. It was one of my first time of field work under SWAM here in SIFO. Until now, I'm still doing this kind of similar things and now I'm currently in the final years of my PhD in Charles Darwin University in the Wayne, Australia. Today I want to present one of my findings that will be published soon in Global Change Biology. Starting with the blue carbon ecosystem, what is exactly blue carbon ecosystem and where is the location of the blue carbon ecosystem? The blue carbon ecosystem is a new term that introduced like 10 years ago and it's term that define for the carbon or organic carbon that's stored in the marine and coastal ecosystems including mine growth, salt marsh and also sea grass. And here I just want to make a deep understanding on the blue carbon ecosystem that's stored in the mine growth forest, particularly at the global scales and also at the local scale in West Papua in Indonesia. And why mine growth forests are one of the important blue carbon ecosystem? Because we have the picture of the mine growth blue carbon cycle here, especially in the mine growth ecosystem. The first path is here, as usual, you can see all of the vegetation including mine growths are having a process that we call it photosynthesis, they're capturing carbon from the atmosphere into the vegetation biomass. But particularly in the mine growths, the biomass that process by the vegetation productivity is stored in the below ground soils here and we call it as carbon burial and supported by the Indonesian of the anoxic condition in the tidal Indonesian processes, the carbon burial in the mine growths are about 20 times larger compared to the terrestrial forest. And then mine growths are also special because receiving the carbon input from the agri-sources, what we call it aluptanus inputs here. So the carbon sources that are coming from the upland due to the erosion and transported into the coastal area in the mine growth forest and also carbon that are coming from the marine sources. But the fact is that why there is a emission of the carbon from the mine growths because once mine growths are deforested and co-fitted into the other land uses, the carbon that's stored in the mine growth ecosystem will be lose to the atmosphere or into the marine ecosystems. And today I want to highlight a little bit on the rates of the mine growth loss, particularly in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. And this figures published in 2016 highlighting the dominant factors of the mine growth loss drivers, particularly from the aquaculture in the East Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and rice field expansion in Myanmar and also oil palm expansion partly in Sumatra and also Peninsular Malaysia. So that's causing the blue carbon emission coming from the land use link coverings, particularly in the mine growth ecosystem. And this is a classic methods, IPCC methods how to quantify the potential emission of the carbon coming from the land use. We have the activity data here derived by the satellite analysis, quantifying the rates of deforestation, how many hectares of the forest that already converted into other land uses every year. And we have also emission factor like the difference between the carbon stock before and after conversion and then multiply those factors as emission factors. Or potential emission coming from the land use link coverings. And today I want to present you my global data review using semantic review on assessing the emission factor here. And also I want to move our focus into the local scale and where I also assess the emission factor from the field and also using big data satellite imagery to track the rates of the mine growth conversion or deforestation in West Papua. And here is the trends of the mine growth publication starting in 90s. We have in C4, we proud that after the publication in 2011 that is part of the swarm product as well and the number of the publication that assessing mine growth and carbon is increased significantly. But all of this publication assess the potential of the carbon stock, carbon storage or blue carbon in the undisturbed mine growth forest and because of these facts I conducted systematic review looking at the difference between control undisturbed and also treatment converted mine growth forest. And here is the journey of the systematic review. We got grant from the EPF in 2016, three years ago. And in the first year we developed the protocol aims for providing the guidelines for the study inclusion and also the data analysis. And then the second year and the third year we conduct the literature search. And I can tell you that the red button is showing the degree of my frustration because during my literature search was a very low number in terms of the papers that I can use for the further analysis. But finally in the last December last year we have the final literature search and now we have the results. And mainly we asked the question here for example like we want to see the size and distribution of the data that we're reporting the carbon stock and also the sediment fluxes or fluxes. And then the second question is we want to see in the relative change between undisturbed and also the converted mine growths. And then we want to see whether there is an effect on the time since land use and also the geographical location and also the climate condition to the change of the blue carbon. And then finally we know that in the news so many ceremonies of the mine growth planting or restoration. But here I want to look at how long do mine growths take to recover following the land use recovery particularly when they are restored. So here is the result of the literature search screening and inclusion. We repeated the literature search three times within three years because as I said we have limited data at the beginning to be included and we stick with the undisturbed control and also the land use affected treatment. And that's why we exclude a lot of papers that because those papers just measure the carbon stock at the natural mine growth forest not pay between control and treatment. And finally we just only get 13-7 papers that published first in 1998 and then the last publication that we collected was last year. And then we can see here the number of publication is increasing dramatically particularly in the last three years. And the approach data analysis we use the as I said in previous slide we use the stock change approach that introduced in RBCC 2016 guidelines. And we also conducted the meta-analysis to see in the change of the impact of the land use to soil carbon stock, fluxes, forest structure and also the soil properties. And here is the data sets distribution that we collected. All of the data set is coming from the 37 papers. And all of the points is about 400 somethings data sets or data points scattered globally. And also we found that in this data set we found that land use types is like tree removal, aquaculture, pasture, rice field and other such as coconut plantation and also salt pond. And here is the result of the meta-analysis and the stock change. We have above ground, below ground, soil carbon and fluxes. We found that the overall land use effect we found that the land use land cover change generates about 80% of the biomass carbon stock loss. And then from the soil carbon stocks it generates about 50% carbon stock loss. And unfortunately we did not find the effect of the land use to the soil carbon, soil grain host gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and also methane. And here is the effect of the regeneration, the effect of the mangrove restoration. So we brought the data from the literature that want to know how many years mangroves can recover once they are planted or regenerated. So we found that mostly the above ground biomass increase up to like 40 years after regeneration similar with the below ground biomass. And here is the rates of the biomass accumulation. And you can see the rates are increasing after 30 years and then decreasing when correspond with the similar trend of the biomass carbon stock. But again, unfortunately we did not find that the effect of restoration to the soil carbon stock increase. And we conclude that mangrove restoration might only increase the carbon stock in the biomass but not necessarily for the soil carbon. And what is the implication of the numbers in terms of carbon stock in the mangrove? So we can say here that the mangroves are among the highest carbon stock in forest. And once the land use land cover change impact the mangrove, so they will lose the 82% of the biomass and 54% of the soil carbon. And it can be, we can say that this loses meaning that we can say that losing one hectare of the mangrove, meaning that may be comparable with losing five hectare in the terrestrial forest in term of the carbon stock lose. That's our conclusion from the systematic review. And here I want you, we have parallel studies that looking at the local scale particularly in West Papua. We have five study sites, Etna Bay, Kaimana, Arguni, Buruwai and Bintuni. Here the red circle is the undisturbed mangrove forest and then the triangle is the disturbed mangrove forest particularly in southern Bintuni. The mangrove forest is designated as the production forest and they have a logging operation in the last 30 years and in Kaimana we have a small scale aquaculture. So we went there and then assess the carbon stocks and also greenhouse effluxes. And we want to also scale up as spatial in across the West Papua province and also in the Papua province. What is the potential carbon stock and what is the potential carbon emission once they are lose? So we utilize the available satellite data or big data in the Google Earth Engine. And this was data of the mangrove forest cover loss by Hansen 2014 and we overlay with mangrove area in 2000. So we can identify where is the mangrove that are deforested and this is very similar with the pets that we find in the field. So here is the logging in 2015. Here is three years ago, two years ago and this is one year happening. So that was the production forest area. And then in Timika from the data sets of the forest cover loss we found a huge amount of the mangrove cover loss because of the mangrove day off. It's happened between 2016 and 2018. It was just three years and it's due to the tiling accumulation from the many activities in the upstream area. So here is in term of the emission factor again comparing the undisturbed mangroves here. We have logging mangroves and we have regenerated mangroves after 25 years and we have a small scale aquaculture. So here is the difference of the carbon stock in terms of the biomass and you can see once the mangroves are locked, so the decrease of the biomass is very significant because they harvest the trees from the wood chip product and then once they are regenerated. So that can be similar comparing with the reference forest after 25 years. So combining with activity data of the mangrove cover loss here we have the data from 2000 and 2018. In terms of the rates of the cover loss it's about 800 hectares per year with a total of nearly 15,000 hectares in the last 18 years. And here is the emission and also the potential of the carbon stock across the West Papua. And particularly the emission that coming from the mangrove cover loss are increased in the last five years because of the increasing the cover loss. And in summary we can say that the land use and cover change generate significant mangrove blue carbon loss and it differs between land use types and also time since land use and also the climatic condition. And the biomass carbon pool may recover after 40 years in terms of the regeneration and from the field we also can say that the Papuan mangroves has a significant blue carbon stocks and mangrove in Papua particularly recovers blue carbon stocks after 25 years and then carbon cost generated by mangrove degradation is a nationally significant particular in West Papua because in West Papua is about 10% of the global mangroves in the world. So I think that's all my presentation today. Thank you for the chance to be here. And thank you for the contributors, collaborators and also donors who support me in the last four years. Thank you. Thank you so much.