 Morphological processes define different types of words, for example, words that involve processes that are fully productive or words that are generated by means of more or less exceptional processes. In the following we will first look at the main types of morphological processes, we will then exemplify each main process in particular and eventually look at the main criteria that keep these processes apart. So let's start with an overview. Here are the main morphological processes. The central subdivision is between inflection and word formation. Now in inflection, and this is the formal definition, we normally have one base form and one operation that can be applied to this base form. Word formation processes involve a base form that is modified either by a morphological operation or you have a process where you simply concatenate one base form with several other base forms. Now the formal subdivision between the main types derivation on the one hand and compounding on the other is as follows. In derivation we do exactly the same as we did in inflection, we have one base form and one operation that modifies the base somehow. As you would see, sometimes we have in inflection as well as in derivation the possibility of applying two or even more operations at the same time. And in compounding we formally, or compounding is formally defined as a combination of one base, which you might in this case also call lexeme, plus n base forms that are added to this base form. So this is the formal definition of the main types of morphological process. Let's now look at them in more detail and first of all look at some examples and some general information about these processes. Now inflection is often as you may have found in the literature spelled alternatively inflection, and it is normally subdivided into two types and that has historical reasons. One type is called declension, it is the inflection or the inflectional process applied to nominal categories such as noun, adjective and determiner. And the other type of inflection is often referred to as conjugation and the main category that is involved here is the verb. Let's look at some examples. Now here we have a typical example of inflection, walk plus the morph E.D. I'm using orthographical and orthographical notation here for reasons of simplification. Now here we have a concatenative operation where you add a suffix to a base form. In the example mouse, which becomes mice, we don't have a concatenative operation but a vocaliate change, one particular type of non concatenative operations. And in go, which might become wind, we have an example of supletion. Now the set of inflectional variants associated with one base form is called the paradigm. Let's look at some paradigms in more detail. This little tool here allows us to select a number of base forms and see how many elements the paradigm will eventually contain. So here we have love and you see the base form love can be associated with four inflectional variants. So the paradigm is relatively small. If we compare that with the German equivalent of love, Leib, Leibst, Leib etc. We will see that the paradigm is much larger and even larger paradigm is represented by the equivalent in Latin. Amma, Ammo, Amma is the basic form. Ammas, Ammat, Amamos etc. and you see the paradigm is even larger. The maximum number of elements in a verbal paradigm in present day English is five, as you can see in this paradigm of the base form take. Now typically example of derivation are things like act, active, where you have the operation of concatenation again. You add an affix here, a suffix. Or you might have things like destroy, which becomes destruction. And here of course you have, sorry, I should have inserted boundary, destroy, destruction. And here of course you have several operations that are active at the same time. On the one hand we have affixation or concatenative operation. Then we have a vocali change, where oi changes into a. And at the same time we have the insertion of a particular consonant, destroy, receives a k at the end, destruction. So we have several morphological operations that are active in this particular derivative. The set of elements that constitutes the possible derivatives of one base form is called a word family. Now in compounding also sometimes referred to as composition. We have a word formation process that involves at least two base forms or two lexemes. So we could have something like bath and then add room to it. Now we have a compound bathroom. Now this compound can serve as an input to the next step of compounding by adding a bathroom or by generating the next larger compound bathroom towel. Note that I am inserting morph boundaries here that in order to avoid the spelling problems, whether a compound is spelled with a hyphen in a spaced form or in a solid form. And we could go on, we could use this as an input to our next compound bathroom, towel and then we could add designer. And here you see something very interesting. Now compounds of course can undergo further morphological processes. For example, here we have design plus ER, a derivative. And we can even add an inflectional morph at the end to turn it into bathroom towel designers. Now since formally it is easy to separate compounds from inflectional processes and derivational processes. Compounds involve at least two base forms. We have to look at derivation and inflection in more detail and have to find out some criteria which keep these particular processes apart. Now the first of these criteria is productivity. Productivity means or wants to answer the question whether a process applies to all members of a given class or only to some of them. Inflection is fully productive. Since all members of a specific class, let's say all verbs can undergo a certain inflectional process. So let's take, for example, past tense, let's take blue here. So if this is the morpheme for past tense, then we can simply say this morpheme can be applied to all verbal base forms. All verbal base forms have a past tense form, irrespective of the morphological operation that is involved. If by contrast we look at the, let's say the aphix eyes, which turns a noun into a verb, standard eyes, we run into trouble if we take other nouns like lizard, lizard eyes, well that is hardly possible. So standard eyes works, but lizard eyes does not work. The next criterion concerns the stability of the word class. Well, in inflection, the word class is not changed. So if we take something like take and taken, well in both cases, we have a verb. Whereas in derivational processes, if we take standard and standard eyes, we immediately see we have a noun here, but the whole thing becomes a verb. We have to be careful though, the word class does not necessarily have to change, but it may change in derivational processes. In inflectional processes, the word class never changes at all. The next criterion concerns the stress pattern, whereas in inflectional processes, so if you take something like take and taking, the stress always remains the same, so it's in both cases on the first syllable. Derivational processes may change the stress pattern, but again we have to be careful. This does not mean that all derivational processes involve a change of stress pattern, but some of them. So if you compare standard eyes and standardization, well, then you immediately see that in standard eyes, the stress would have been on the first syllable, but in standardization the stress shifts towards the end of the new derivative. The final criterion that keeps derivation and inflection apart is called semantic transparency. Here we simply wrote down the word meaning. Now whereas inflection is semantically fully transparent, derivation is not always. So if we add our past tense morpheme ED, we know that the verb, the resulting verb, is always in the past. So the meaning is the past of a particular verb. If we add by contrast ION to a base form and get a new derivative, I normally expect that ION means the act of, what the verb describes, so standardization is the act of standardizing. But what about a word like commission? Now commission is certainly not the act of committing or television is not the act of televising anymore. These criteria are primarily based on present day English. In some languages the criterion stability of stress pattern, for example, does not work. Here is an example from Welch, a Celtic language. In Welch, aval, aval means apple and the plural avalai is avalai. So you see even in inflectional processes in some languages the stress may change. So let's summarize. Formally, a distinction can be drawn between inflection, so this is inflection, this is derivation. On the one hand, and compounding on the other. One base form, several base forms. In order to distinguish inflection and derivation we need further criteria.