 So, we will continue with the phrasal structure and complement and adjunct distinction. Quickly reviewing from yesterday, we have looked at these three aspects of a category. There are three layers of a category, one is the lexical layer, intermediate layer and then phrasal layer. All of them are going to be, in all the phrases are going to have these layers and each one of the category noun, verb, adjectives and preposition will follow this follow this system where the words are always at this category. The reason why we need phrases is because we need to accommodate more stuff that are related to heads. In a phrase, we have in a noun phrase, we have a noun as a head and then we get it. Potentially, we can have a specifier of a noun which can be a determiner and a compliment. Which can be an NP itself or a PP and then there are specific relationships between these elements that become crucial for how sentences work. This is what we have been trying to look at and we are looking at this, the relationship between these elements and categories with respect to the distinction between compliments and adjuncts. How do we find whether a particular phrase is a compliment or adjunct is what we are going to focus on today. So like I said, every phrase will have these three things, specifier, head and a compliment. Not necessarily, each position is filled, they may be empty but they will have a space for the three things. The crucial thing between a compliment and a head is they are non recursive and I am going to talk about it. I am going to talk about what it means to be non recursive and what it means to be recursive as well. But the relationship between the head and a compliment is non recursive. There is a role of intermediate category in us understanding the distinction between head and a compliment and a compliment and a specifier that also will be highlighted. We were looking at some of these examples. I want to stick to the examples so that we understand. Now I want to draw some of the structures of these phrases. Probably that will help us understand these things better. So the first one, help me draw this thing and please look at it how the structure develops. So we have the first phrase, the king of England. So in this phrase the head of this noun is king which is a noun and this is the head. The specifier of this noun is the determiner the. The compliment of this phrase is an NP, sorry is a prepositional phrase a PP which is of England. So look at it, look at this phrase now how it works. Again this will have a specifier a P bar, a head P and its compliment which is going to be an NP. In that case this NP since we are doing it to understand the structure. Let me elaborate the structure to see how it really works. Again this is this will have a specifier a head noun and a compliment and a compliment and then the preposition is of and then here is we have the noun. This is the full representation of this noun phrase the king of England. Now I want to draw your attention to several specifics of this phrase. You see this determiner is way too high in this structure. There right now I am mentioning about high and low and the hierarchical relationship in non-configurational terms. There are terms for these things which I want to introduce to you at a particular stage. But the reason why I am only saying it is high is everything else in this phrase look at this. Everything else is in the scope of this determiner this is a specifier. This is why it is too high and this provides a specificity being a definite article to the entire phrase. Then when we start looking at the smaller segments of this phrase we see that here is the head and then there is a sister relationship between the two. Head and its compliment which happens to be a P P in this case which is a prepositional phrase. Again when we look at the structure of this P P it is consistent with the phrase structure that we have been trying to understand. Where every phrase will have a similar pattern similar structure which is specifier head and a compliment. Now look at this P P this whole thing is the compliment of this now and this it has in a specifier head and again a compliment of its own which is the compliment of this head which is a preposition. There is no specifier for this phrase therefore this place is empty. Then when you look at the specifier when you look at the compliment of this P with preposition of then you see it happens to be an NP a noun phrase which is England and in this case there is no specifier and no compliment both. However it retains consistency in the structure of phrases and what it also retains is the relationship between one another. Look at this how compliments are related to their heads. In each configuration at each stage the relationship between the head and a compliment is of equal. You see that where the head noun of the entire phrase King takes its compliment its ancestral relationship. Everything that is dominated by this P P is in the scope of this noun and everything else is the compliment of this now which is this P P. Then when we further go and see this P P is headed by a preposition which has its own compliment another NP and when we elaborate that NP again we see that in the head position of this NP of this right of this NP we have a noun which does not have a compliment. Now similarly you can work on the structure of a student of physics it is going to work exactly this way. Where the differences begins is when we want to look at adjuncts in the example of student with long hair and again where with me for a minute I am only saying compliments and adjuncts and I am going to show you how do we find out that one P P becomes a compliment and the other becomes an adjunct in a moment to you. Now let us work on the third one student with long hair how does that work with in this whole structure so that we know that this is not a compliment this is an adjunct. Let me work on that with you again we have this whole thing is nominal in nature therefore it is an NP it has a specifier and then head which is a noun what is the specifier in this sentence A which is a determiner A and the head of this phrase is student. Now we are saying that this is a this is not a compliment of sorry student with long hair is not a compliment which clearly means that this P P is not going to be here because this is not the position for a for an adjunct this is the position for what a compliment if this P P was a compliment then this is where we get it then the question is where do we how do we represent this thing structurally so that we can denote the distinction between the two the way it works is this. So I am going to quickly do this thing for you do you understand this structure what is the difference between this structure and this structure that is this let me let me call it A and call this one B what is the difference between A and B so far that you see in B after the first and that it is the head with adjunct and with the other branches compliment I thought it will be much simpler than that it the difference is we have two of the intermediate categories here you see that two of the intermediate categories the role of the intermediate category is to provide recursiveness to this structure that is if you need more space add one more okay however once you are decided that we have reached the terminal node this cannot be expanded further once we know that we have reached the head now and then whatever is going to come here is going to be the compliment this does not branch any further so this configuration is non recursive and this configuration is recursive okay that is the relationship between the head noun and its compliment is non recursive that is that non recursiveness is brought into this thing to capture the idea that we cannot have more compliments however once we have however recursiveness does exactly the opposite it provides a space for more and more elements in the phrase okay so now this the determiner specifier here is the determiner A and the head noun is student and here is here comes the adjunct pp if it does not come in the compliment position and then it goes again to the spec so what do we have here in the pp what comes here in the head position of this phrase we are working on the third one from the screen with there is usually there is no specifier in the prepositional phrases sometimes you will see that place is also not listed but we are listing it for simplicity and for us to understand that it should be that every phrase follows a consistent structure and the compliment of this preposition is a an np again which is we have little bit more than that here long hair student with long hair so what do we have that sure long is an adjective so this could this is an adjectival phrase okay at this point I do not want to take you into that discussion but long is long hair is also called also argued as a noun phrase where long is just the modifier of the of hair but that that that discussion is a completely different thing right now for us it is not not relevant we can call it adjectival phrase or a noun phrase now if it is an exact if it is an adjectival phrase what will be in the head position of this phrase what will be in the head position of the phrase long long and then where does the noun go compliment as the compliment of that head which is which will be adjective and then again it will have its own phrase and then the hair will go to the head position of that np you see how it how the how the structure works right similar issues again in this kind of a phrase the specifier has the whole thing in its scope this head this is the head of the main phrase where this p p serves as a as an adjunct now once we have now let us look at the fourth one student of physics with long hair should be pretty simple for you to do where of physics with long hair comes in this place of a compliment and with long hair remains away from this configuration alright so we then we still maintain the distinction between a compliment and an adjunct get it on purpose I want to introduce verb phrase as well just to show you that the way we have been looking at noun phrases and its compliments and adjuncts the distinction of a compliment and adjunct works within the verb phrase the same way there is absolutely no distinction in terms of its in terms of their structural representation that is structural representation of of a compliment and adjunct in the verb phrase look at the verb phrase here I I in a in a as a matter of fact I do not want to just take it for granted I want to show you at least one of them the if I say if if we work on the structure of a verb phrase the way it works is again we have an a specifier and a verb and here is the head verb what comes we are working on the first one John loves Mary what comes in the head position what is the verb here loves loves so right now we are going to put both but you know that there is a distinction between love and loves what is the distinction between the two there is some other element associated with the verb when we say loves what is that element associated with this number or tense or something else please keep in mind that when we say terminal note right now I am going to put it here when we say terminal note that is a lexical category that category does not take anything else other than itself so in a way this this category here we should not have this that is whatever that element is number or tense that goes somewhere else and hopefully if if not today in the next class I will show you where that goes to how we separate these elements from the lexical categories and how they combine together to make a sentence remember we are working on a verb phrase right now that is and I told you in one of the beginning classes that verb is the center of the sentence it hosts everything and that is how it becomes a powerhouse so for the time being let me put loves and then we have a compliment which is what so the more we work on these phrases we stop writing compliments we know that this space is for compliment so we only put what what is the compliment of this verb Mary which is what a noun phrase see in the compliment position we cannot have a terminal category as the as the compliment that is here we cannot say that we have just a noun as the compliment compliments must be a phrasal category therefore we have an NP and then again it works the same way where we have a terminal node as noun and then it becomes get this thing in the second one Mary will meet with her doctor at 5 p m the verb phrase is will meet with her doctor at 5 p m right so at least this one again I want to show you how it works so we have a VP there is there is no alteration in the elements in a phrase that is we will have a specifier this intermediate category and then this part we see that with a compliment we have something else here what do we have the compliment is with her doctor and then there is another another okay so first first of all tell me what is the category of this compliment with her doctor what is the compliment of this what is the category of this compliment what is the phrasal category of this compliment PP and we have another PP at 5 p m right and that PP is not a compliment because we can have just one compliment in this case so this is this is how it is going to work the way we have seen the earlier noun phrase we will sorry we will have a we here terminal thing meet and then we will have a we here and I am dropping right now the tense part will that I will show you some other time when we are working on the full sentence meet the compliment is going to be the PP and without elaborating this compliment I am just going to put it this way with the you can you can expand this thing can't you yes no yes and then we will have a we will have another PP here at 5 p m which is going to be the adjunct of this phrase all right this structure or the recursiveness and non recursive nature of this structure guarantees us that we can have more than one adjunct in a sentence rather n number of adjuncts in a sentence or in a phrase but we cannot have unlimited number of compliments in a sentence that is the most important take away point here from this structure is this clear then comes the point that how do we know that really a particular particular phrase is a compliment or an adjunct they are pretty simple and when I tell you about those things you are going to realize I already knew them this is the structure that we were working on yesterday do we understand this is structure in a better way today we have we have the whole head with the determiner as a specifier a and this is the distinction that I was I was asking you last night yesterday where you see this being recursive and this is the whole point of this intermediate category you can see that this this this node is called NP it is a phrasal category because the in the head position of this this whole category we have a terminal head which is a noun but and so is true for everything else but there is nothing this intermediate category is not a terminal thing this intermediate category is only for providing us recursiveness in the structure I do want to mention this to you that I have I have not taken you through the historical development of how people worked on these these structures when for the first time this whole thing came into existence this was not binary branching trees they had several several branches and there were reasons for that that is not in my understanding that is not important for us to understand how did it look historically and then however what is important for us to know is what are the advantages of binary branches probably next week when we look at two more issues in syntax I am fairly aware of the introductory nature of this kind of a class so I am trying to keep it within the limits but when when I introduce two more aspects of syntax then probably I will be able to tell you the relevance of binary branching in a little bit better way and this recursiveness here in this structure tells us that this pp is a compliment and the second pp is an adjunct clear so this is this structure clear today all right now let us go to see the distinction between compliment and adjunct I want your attention to the ungrammatical sentences which are with transitive verbs do they sound ungrammatical to you when we when someone says John will imitate is that incomplete does this sound incomplete Mary will abandon does this sound incomplete Tim will reconstruct what is missing in in these verb phrases with the transitive verb is what is missing the object in the traditional grammatical structure we we could have simply done away with this object we do want to put this idea that these objects are actually compliments what we know as objects are actually compliments so the the reason why these three sentences with transitive verbs are ungrammatical is because the compliments are missing and without a compliment we can have a sentence we can have a word phrase without a pp without an adjunct but if this is missing then the sentence leads to ungrammaticality and acceptability so here here we start how do we know the compliment how do we know whether a phrase prepositional phrase is really a compliment or an adjunct and also we want to learn how do we take care of ambiguity in sentences when you read this and then this phrase a student of high moral principles this and this phrase can be ambiguous. This phrase can be ambiguous this has two meanings and these two meanings are represented in a and b you see that distinction it this phrase student of high moral principles could mean student who studies high moral principles or a student who has high moral principles when it means someone who has high moral principles then it is really an adjunct and when we mean someone who studies high moral principles then it is a compliment. So the advantage of understanding the distinction between compliment and adjunct helps us understand ambiguity or at least describe ambiguity why ambiguities arise and how we take care of those ambiguities human mind does not make this mistake at all however I do not want to say that this is ambiguities are mistakes ambiguities are not mistakes but when we say ambiguity we mean if we are looking at this phrase this is ambiguous when you are telling this to somebody and the way my human mind processes this whole thing is very clear to human mind it takes just one reading it may be physically ambiguous but it take human mind takes just one reading when human mind takes the reading of this NP as a compliment which is a person who studies high moral principle then you know how compliment configuration works when we have a different meaning of this whole phrase that is meaning B then the configuration works like an adjunct the way human mind figures out this ambiguity with whatever speed required is precisely because of this distinction between compliment and adjunct maybe it is little bit too much at this point to tell you and for you to see that really human mind will be working with these two terms compliments and adjunct but that is the argument for these kinds of ambiguity in this kind of research next is yes so now we look at what works how how we understand about compliments you see the way the first way to find out whether a P P is a compliment or not the compliment should be close to the verb and the adjunct does not have to be close to the verb if you try to reverse the order then that results into ungrammaticality so anytime you are in doubt you put another P P there and try to reverse it if it if the order is giving you ungrammaticality reversed order is giving you ungrammaticality then you know that you are inserting another adjunct in the required adjacency between the head and the compliment are you with me at this point you have a noun you have a noun phrase a student of physics you want to know of physics is compliment or not try inserting another P P if that results into ungrammaticality then you know that you are disrupting the adjacency required adjacency between a head noun and its compliment therefore ungrammaticality you with me and that is what then grammaticality of B on this phrase a student with long hair of physics tells you that is the first test of whether a P P is a compliment or not the other test is located in recursiveness and that goes back to what us when you are asking about an N P that sometimes an N P may not have a compliment we have an take for example we have an N P a student with long hair how do I know that this time this P P with long hair is an adjunct if it is an adjunct and we put another adjunct and another adjunct that is another P P and another P P and still we are getting a grammatical string then they are all adjuncts here we have this with long hair with short arms in green coat all of them as all these three P P's are adjuncts now what are we trying to say suppose we had only this much student with long hair and we I want to find out this with long hair is a P P is in this P P is an adjunct and not a compliment if I put here something which is of this sort of an compliment this a structure is going to be ungrammatical if the following P P is still an adjunct then it is going to be grammatical and thus we know that the previous P P is also an adjunct and therefore it is allowing the think about this recursiveness the intermediate category because of that recursiveness it is allowing us to have more I have put only three but you understand that we can put three more here can we and that is what I mean when I say arbitrarily large number of times and that gives you remember in the one of the first few classes I had I was talking about a fairly long sentence remember about that how long a sentence could be how long do you think this phrase could be technically or theoretically how long could this phrase be why you cannot describe a person more than I mean theoretically it could be infinitely long I mean it do not make any sense I understand I understand what you are saying it do not make any sense probably we will lose track of what we were talking about right if I am talking about a student and we can continue talking about that person I mean this is all these things do not mean anything with long hair and short arms and these things are probably not supposed to are not giving us the factual details of it all we are saying is technically and theoretically this phrase could be infinitely long therefore we have not even reached to a sentence I can tell you we can predict a sentence is also a phrase and therefore that phrase also could be infinitely long we will talk about that when we come to come to sentence some of you do not seem to be agreeing with this infinite infinite thing you do or you do not you you can very well not agree that is also perfectly okay but you understand that theoretically there is a possibility of this being infinitely long so that should be checked with reality also we cannot describe a person when we are talking about a theoretical possibility the by the definition of this theoretical possibility it is not going to be actually in practice nobody speaks a phrase nobody uses a phrase in a sentence which is infinitely long what will be the consequence of the use of a phrase that is infinitely long in a sentence you cannot have a sentence you you will never complete a sentence if we are going to have a phrase which is infinitely long in a sentence are we going to ever complete that sentence therefore we you are right that practically speaking we are never going to be using a phrase which is infinitely long but that is what We mean when we say theoretically speaking, it is a possibility that a phrase could be infinitely long and that is captured through the recursiveness. Just one small little glitch, one small little insertion in the whole phrase structure tells us or allows us to capture this infinity, hold on, we will have one more thing. This kind of recursiveness is not allowed for compliments. I guess that should be pretty simple. We cannot be saying a student of physics, of chemistry, of engineering, of whatever. This is not allowed that is because the structure between the structural configuration between the head now and its compliment does not allow for further branching or keeping this empirical facts in mind, the structure has been designed in such a way that it does not take a signal. The ordering of adjuncts is pretty free. We can change the order of adjuncts in a phrase. The student with long hair with short arms can be reversed, however what we cannot reverse is if we had instead of these two, both of them are adjuncts here. If we had one compliment and the other adjunct, then we will not be able to reverse the order. That is another test. Any time you have two PPs and you want to check whether both are adjuncts or not, you can reverse the order and see whether it results into grammaticality or ungrammaticality. The last point is about coordination. You understand coordination? When we add two phrases together, we can only add an adjunct with an adjunct and a compliment with a compliment. We cannot change the categories in coordination. So we cannot say student, we have to say student of physics and of chemistry. We have to say a student with long hair and with short arms. What is not allowed is student of physics and with long hair. That is a compliment and an adjunct cannot be coordinated together. Likewise, an adjunct and a compliment cannot be coordinated as well. So there are three or four very short tests which can tell you how we make the distinction between a compliment and adjunct and whether a particular phrase is a compliment or an adjunct. Number two, this distinction can easily be captured configurationally which you have seen on this screen. I guess I will respect your time limits and we will stop, we will talk about cases next time we meet. Thank you.