 Good afternoon everybody. We are very pleased to have you for the second webinar series on the Water Energy Food Nexus. We already had last two weeks ago an introductory session that just introduced the concepts and the tools. And today we are going to dive in further in the tools and methods. And I will give the floor to Annette Berlie from the Stockholm Environmental Institute to just take you through the session we are having today. And before I forget, so this session is organized in the framework of the project called Implementing the 2030 Agenda on Efficiency, Productivity and Sustainability, in the Near East and North Africa region that is summarized on your screen on the right. So Annette, please. Thank you Dometia. It's a great pleasure to be here and to welcome those of you who joined us for the first in the series last two weeks ago. So welcome everybody. Today we're going to focus a little bit more deeply on tools and methods to identify Nexus solutions. If you recall, two weeks ago we really focused on more the identification of Nexus challenges. Today we're going to talk much more about finding solutions. So it's with great pleasure that I introduced three of my colleagues. Here we go Fusso Narini from KTH, the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden. My colleague Brian Joyce, who works with me in the Stockholm Environment Institute, and Camilo Ramirez Gomez, who is also with the KTH, the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden. And just like to remind everybody, the broader series objectives are really to deepen our collective understanding of the water energy food Nexus. And how do we think about identifying challenges and solutions, recognizing that not every intersection between water food and energy is something we need to identify as a concern, right? It's identifying where the intersections occur and what kind of method and tool do we need to use when it's problematic in terms of policies that are going in different directions and really looking at case studies. So we focused last webinar series focused on the MENA region. Today we'll focus more deeply on Jordan and Morocco. But as you'll see throughout the series we'll be referring a broader set of context with next week, or two weeks from now we'll be focusing on the case of Lebanon, really a deeper dive on the role of diets and food security in relation to water scarcity. And then we have the pleasure of learning more about both North Africa, West Africa, and then again a deeper dive into Jordan and Morocco in terms of understanding complex results, looking at climate change and other deep communities. And while we don't have it up here, I believe the following will one more, at least one more webinar series possibly more, but one that will be focusing on Iran. And so with this I'd like to hand over to Francesco, but I just want to add one more thing which is, today, last time we didn't leave a lot of time for questions. We're going to, when we finish our presentation side, we're going to go directly to questions. So may I ask that you please write questions along the way in the chat box, and we'll have a Q&A session before we do a breakout room. And one question that came up last time that you'll hear much more about was around how are we and our methodology, taking into account climate change future scenarios. And so scenarios will feature largely today so I hope we get a chance to address the question that was asked last time in today's session. So over to you Francesco. Thank you Annette and thank you everyone for joining and FAO for hosting this webinar. So yeah, as Annette introduced, we restart from what we did in the last webinar where we introduced the concepts of nexus challenges, which are intuitively challenges that are present across the energy, water and land sectors, and other sectors but here we focus on those three. And from that we look at solutions to address those challenges. Both in qualitative terms, so how do we identify the type of solutions and how we categorize them. But also then in terms of tools, once we find certain solutions that we want to investigate more in depth, how do we understand in detail how they would perform through dedicated modeling and scenario analysis. Depending on the time that we have after the question and answer session we will have some either group work or individual work on nexus solutions. So yeah, getting started on nexus solutions. Just to remind, this slide shows just a simple example of a nexus challenge. This is an example that is common in many countries, especially in waters cars area. But for instance, a common regional case in the Nina region are possibly water scarcity issues. They can be caused by a variety of cases in some countries for instance there might be inefficiencies in the water system. So not all the water that is available in the system is delivered but there are some inefficiencies due to losses of the systems due to illegal connections and so on. And this could exist and contribute to water scarcity. So this is a water issue, but when we see it with the nexus lens there are a variety of implications across all sectors. And here we provide a few examples. So for instance, when we have water scarcity the water table might become more deep so you need more energy for pumping pumping up the water. And in case water scarcity becomes really an issue to the point where there is not enough water in the system for certain uses, you might have to use desalination. And as you know desalination is a very energy intensive process. So you do require a lot of electricity or other source of energy to take out salinity from water to have it usable. There are also implications on the land and food domains so water scarcity can result in reduced food production. And of course issues around water, water tables can have impacts on ecosystems both terrestrial but also marine. So this is a typical challenge of course in this slide is quite simplified, but what we want to focus today is on solutions to address these challenges. And so for instance if we think at this specific challenge, one could think in the same type of way about possible solutions. So for instance one could look at how to increase operation and maintenance of the water system or replace some equipment that would in turn reduce the losses of water in the system. And of course such a solution that starts in the water sector also results in decreased energy needs for pumping water because the water situation improves but also you need less water being more efficient. And then of course this becomes results in more water being available for agriculture. So systems then in turn have benefits from this type of interventions. And also one could think of other solutions to try to improve these types of situations and one that we will also explore in this webinar a bit more in detail is looking at solar pumping to replace other sources of energy for pumping such as butane or diesel. So this is just an example of one type of solutions but there are many types of solutions across different domains on how to address Nexus challenges. And UNEC, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and work with multiple stakeholders, including as a KTH in trying to categorize the type of solutions that are out there. And basically as a result of that research. This categorization of solution was produced. This is not set in stone. It's, it's not exactly that one solution fits only one of these boxes. But this is a very useful way to look at which type of solutions are available, and also to provide some examples now. So this is the so called five eyes. So solutions are categorizing institution, information, international cooperation, instruments and infrastructures. So I'll provide a few examples for each one of these five eyes. There are various possible ways to support Nexus work across institutions. So, for instance, if one want to coordinate the work on institutional work on water, energy and food, one could try to clarify the roles of responsibilities of the different let's say ministries. So we set up a mechanism to coordinate across the sectors. And there are a variety of examples to do this. For instance, one of the ministry could take a bit more of a role for the sectorial coordination, or there might be as there are many countries, multidisciplinary teams. So let's say, each of the ministries of water, energy, land, but even environment kind of change or finance they might appoint a couple of people that they meet and coordinate on the Nexus. And of course, all of this is to ensure coherence between sectorial strategies. So this was the first eye. The second eye is information. So how do we improve accessibility of data and availability of data about this kind of Nexus challenges and is not trivial. It's very difficult to act on something that you cannot understand and monitor. So of course, monitoring. It's very key across the sectors with, for instance, selected indicators that give information about this kind of cross sector dynamics. And as you can understand, one needs to understand where the issues are by collecting relevant data across the water, energy and food sectors. Another set of work in this in this field could be to identify policy implementations barriers and improve knowledge of Nexus challenges across sectors. And this is of course very crucial because many times different ministries but a bit everywhere even academia we work, we can work in silos. And one could have a perfect understanding of the energy system, but a limited understanding of how the energy system impacts the water systems, the land systems and other systems. So improving knowledge of this kind of Nexus dynamics is really, really important. Then to address the Nexus there are a number of instruments that can be adopted to address Nexus challenges. For instance, we one could look at policies that work across sector, for instance, giving incentives for coordinating across water, energy and food sectors. Economic instruments such as targeted tariffs on energy, water, land services and products. And of course also legal instruments, which for instance can be regulating the use of water resources across sectors. Another category of solution, I would say the one that we hear the most about usually is infrastructure and investments. So these are, let's say physical solutions to Nexus challenges. So we're talking about infrastructure projects such as big desalination projects, dams, conveyance systems, transmission networks and so on. And of course, this also includes not only new infrastructure projects, but also how do we change existing infrastructure projects to optimize their use. And again, this is the one that usually is most discussed around the Nexus because these are projects that need some plans, need some blueprints, modeling to really understand what they mean. But of course, all these others that I'm explaining are as important as both supporting and to understand supporting these infrastructure projects, but also to understand how to make these infrastructure projects successful. And then in some cases, so in the cases where more countries are involved in decisions around the Nexus, international coordination and cooperation is really key. So in some cases, one needs to look across boundaries to solve Nexus issues. So in the first webinar, my colleague Yusef Almulla introduced the case of the Northwestern Sahara aquifer, where different countries had to work together to harmonize their use of water energy and agriculture land across boundaries. So to address these kind of issues, one could start looking at common interests for regional development, looking at how to facilitate and optimize trades for water electricity and other services and so on. So, just as an example from and sorry, I think there is one microphone that is on. Can you please mute yourself from one of the participants. Thank you. In the meantime, I'll continue. Yeah, going back to the example that they started with, let's say the very simplified example of inefficiencies in the water system and combined with water scarcity, which type of Nexus solutions we can look at for addressing that specific challenge. So, here again, we don't have much time. Of course, there are many more examples for each one of these boxes, but just to start providing some concrete examples. For institutions, how could one address this? One could look at improving the cooperation between maybe the water and energy institutions to define a plan of energy efficiency and renewables in the water system. If we look at information, what could we do? We could look at automating the water system operation. We could look at training for operation and maintenance and personnel for reducing the inefficiencies and the water loss in the systems. If we look at instruments, we could look at so which laws, how could we enforce laws against illegal walls and wells and illegal water use? But also, how could we improve collection efficiency through performance-based contracting? And finally, of course, infrastructure. So, how we can enhance the existing equipment? How can we introduce decentralized wastewater management? And here another couple of examples, which today we will look a bit more in detail for the examples of Jordan and Morocco. How can we use, for instance, solar PV for water pumping and what will be the effect of large desalination projects across these systems? So, I'll jump to the examples that we had in these specific projects with UNFO for the key studies of Jordan and Morocco. And when we talk about finding Nexus solutions, there are various steps. And the first one is to have a dialogue across sectors to find solutions to the Nexus challenges. So again, in the previous workshop, we looked for Jordan and Morocco, which Nexus challenges we identified through participatory processes with the local stakeholders. And when we were looking at how in follow-up workshops and meetings, we started brainstorming and identifying the solutions to those challenges in these countries. So, as we said the last time, these types of meetings and dialogues, it's really necessary to have representative from water, energy, land and environmental sectors, and sometimes even more. In some of these meetings, we have also representative from the financial sectors and so on. So, let's say the initial processes are qualitative, let's say. So, for instance, here in Jordan, after discussing and investigating and adding details to the challenges, we then worked in groups to try to identify and brainstorm of possible solutions to those challenges. And here, as you can say, we work to categorize those in the same taxonomy in the same way that I just described. So, through information, infrastructure, institutional cooperation and instruments. And this was very valuable. So, and here just there are some of the examples of the Nexus solutions that were identified in these participatory processes. And some of the key solutions that were then identified in a, let's say, quantitative, sorry, qualitative way are now being investigated with tailored qualitative methods. So, for instance, here you see infrastructure solutions such as desalination projects, wastewater reuse and dumps are now being investigated through the projects with models and quantitative methods to understand their effect and feasibility. And Brian and Camilo, my colleagues will expand on those examples in just a few minutes. But at the same time, not only the infrastructure, we are investigating not only infrastructure physical changes to these systems, but also how all other solutions across institutions, informations, instruments can be used to support these different scenarios of development across these sectors. And I'll not go in detail here, but also to have you noted that in this kind of workshop we also try to understand which solutions the stakeholders deem as most important. And then the ones that are most important are then prioritized for the work on scenarios development and modeling. So just to mention a similar process was done for the Morocco case where we are working in the Sus masa region. In the same way. The other sizes are participatory with representative from all involved sector and aim at really understanding which type of solutions could be could be used to address nexus challenges. For Morocco, again, unfortunately we don't have the time to go in detail in all the types of solutions but again it was a really large variety of solutions that were proposed. The examples here are improving the efficiency of the irrigation system, the rationalization of what they use, looking at this alienation projects. But also looking at how to improve the water table level with the control over drilling of wells, and of course improving the coordination between different stakeholders. Now, I'll pass the word to my colleagues, but I would like just to flag that, you know, this case is starting from the qualitative work of understanding what are the nexus challenges and potential solutions in those challenges in a narrow or country in depth work is needed to understand the feasibility and effect of nexus solutions to address nexus challenges. And to do that, again, detailed modeling and quantitative work is needed to compare different scenarios of development across nexus sectors. There are a variety of modeling approaches that are available in international and academic work to do this. And well, now my colleagues, Brian Joyce and Camilo Ramirez-Comets will expand on the modeling that is being done and has been done to investigate nexus solutions in Jordan and Morocco for this project. So, Brian, when you want the floor is yours. Thank you, Francesco. Yes, as Francesco mentioned, my name is Brian Joyce from SEI and I, together with Camilo, will present the tools that were developed as part of this project to look at the nexus in Jordan and Morocco. So, if we can advance to the next slide. So, generally, this diagram is showing a general approach for considering the linkages between the water, energy, and food sectors with the representation of the water system on the left and blue. And on the right hand side of this diagram in red shows the energy system. And in between, we can see the linkages between them, the drivers for water and energy demands, such as agriculture. In agriculture, we have different water use patterns, maybe pumping groundwater or diverting for surface waters and the extent to which that your pumping or diverting waters will affect the availability of water throughout the water system. And it will also have impacts on the energy system if you're pumping more groundwater, presumably you're also using more energy. Similarly, if we're looking at desalination, it has a similar impact, both on the water system where more desalination is going to free up more water in other parts of the water system. And as Francesco already mentioned, desalination comes at quite a large energy cost. So there are lots of drivers like this, including wastewater treatment, have similar impacts as population is changing, the demands for water increasing, the patterns of water usage are changing, and that also has linkages back to the energy system. So going forward. More specifically, in our case studies in Morocco in Jordan, we developed tools to consider these linked systems using a variety of data inputs. So there are GIS inputs that go into informing these models as well as tabular data. And all of this information was collected and combined to create representations of the energy in the food and water systems to first create a baseline situation that describes or a quantitative representation of the existing condition in Jordan and in Morocco. And from that baseline, then we can conduct scenario analysis to look at different management strategies or to look at different policies. We can also conduct sensitivity analysis that looks at different levels of say groundwater pumping or surface water pumping or adding desalination to different levels and look at the impacts both on the water side, the energy and food sides. We go forward. So I'm going to present the water and energy tool or sorry the water and agricultural tool that we developed and then I'll pass it to my colleague Camilo who will describe the energy tool in the for water and food, what we used was something called the water evaluation and planning or the weep tool. And I'll just describe this in general terms it's a generic water resources management model which is that it can be applied and has been applied in a variety of settings in basins and countries around the world. And essentially what this model does is that it uses a collection of objects to describe the water supply situation and the water demand situation where you can have competing demands for a limited water supply and look at different scenarios that seek to balance the water supplies distribution of water to various demands in the most equitable way possible. So if we advance. So the the weep model was is used to represent in our in this case both the water system as well as the agricultural system. And we can do that because it is an integrated tool. It considers both the natural and human systems. The diagram here will shows the natural system is a full accounting of the hydrology or the water flows throughout the basin. Beginning with precipitation and how much that of that precipitation runs off to surface waters or recharges the ground water, or is lost back to the atmosphere. On top of that, we can add different infrastructure or demands that are nested within these underlying hydrological processes so on the agricultural side we consider rain fed or irrigated agriculture. In our case and the crops that are grown, the infrastructure that's in place, including the diversions or the groundwater pumping that extracts water and delivers it to agriculture. We can have urban demands that are taking water out of reservoirs that are on the rivers. We can also include environmental demands or to keep water in in the rivers. So if advance. So to give just a general sense of what these the the weep models in these two cases look like the level of detail that or level of disaggregation that we use to represent these these two case studies I just present here. These two screen captures that show a collection of these as I mentioned the objects that's GIS based that we can add all the surface water and the groundwater features to quantify the water supplies. And then we also include the different demands for your agriculture and an urban demands as well. So in Jordan, we, as Francesco mentioned we had a series of workshops where we worked with stakeholders to collect a date collect information and discuss with them. The different strategies that we would like to consider and looking at the the nexus of water and energy and food and looking at different strategies to to manage the these interconnections. So some of the strategies that emerged from these discussions included the addition of new water supplies so one large project that's been under discussion for some time is the, the Red Sea the Dead Sea project which we will present here. Other scenarios that we considered we're looking at increased water productivity in agriculture so less water for the increased crop per drop. I guess you could say, and others were reducing the leakage or the non revenue water within the water distribution system and increasing energy efficiency for water pumping. So the, the red dead projects, as many of you may be aware, it is on the left hand side of this, we can see the basic components of the of this project. It's quite a large project that includes taking water from the Red Sea and moving that north towards the large urban center in Amman and desalinated that water and the brine from that water would then some of that would be diverted to the Dead Sea in an effort to try to recover water levels there. And the desalinated water would then be used to meet growing demands. And on the graphic here shows how we considered the, the implementation of this project over time out into the year to the year 2020. So it, presumably in this scenario would come online somewhere around the year 2025 and increase its capacity moving forward, and look just out to the year 2050. So the the weep model, as I mentioned before, includes a collection of these different representations for water supplies and demands. We're considering a variety of different water sectors and irrigated agriculture as well. So the, the, those demands are getting water from a variety of groundwater or water or surface water sources. So for in the case of the red dead project, we would consider adding a desalination plants down along the Red Sea in the south, and pumping that water through a system of pipelines towards towards Amman. So with that I will pass to my colleague Camilo. Okay, thank you, Ryan. Okay, so we're moving on. Based on on the outputs that we get from this hydrogeical model, we are now we now need to be able to estimate where the different energy needs in the country for supplying these water resources. So this basically includes groundwater, pumping energy, soft water, conveyance energy, desalination on energy and wastewater energy for treatment. So basically for the energy model, what we do is that we start from the outputs of weep, which will tell us where are all of the, where are all the different water flows throughout the different systems. So how much water is being extracted, how much is being conveyed, how much is being supplied for each different supply point. And we couple these with some different technical specifications of the systems. So meaning some technical specifications for the conveying system or the different water network for the desalination system wastewater treatment system and so on. And then we selected some targeted geospatial input layers and analysis methodologies to be able to account for these different energy uses. It was selected as a lot of these different parameters changes especially. So for example, we could use different groundwater depth maps to be able to account for the water table levels of the aquifers and the extraction points on the different changes in times based on what the water balance modeling would tell us. Then also thinking to account the complexity of the water network system in Jordan, which as Brian said spreads through all the country from southern out and serves different demand points and takes water from different supply points. We are able to account for what's the energy required for conveyance from point to point based on the on the distance and the elevation differences and accounting for technical specifications of the pipelines. Then specifically for the desalination scenario that we are analyzing, we take into account the location of point A from the wire is being sourced. So basically the seawire that is being captured, desalinated and conveying up to point B in north of the country to be able to supply demand to municipality and agricultural sectors. So moving from this, now we are able to see some preliminary results. This is still an ongoing project, but this is for desalination purposes of these different nexus dynamics. So based on the participatory approach that we conducted throughout the project, we're able to ask some questions to try to answer some of the challenges and assess the different solutions that we are trying to implement. So one question will be how this project could aid into reducing water scarcity. So the estimations of the model results basically tell us that the overall water deliveries could increase on average by 4.3% annually. And this will relate to a decrease in on met demand of in average of 6.5% annually, as we can see in the plot of the right. So this on met demand, what tell us is basically what is the percentage of water that is theoretically or technically required by each sector, but is not being supplied due to water availability or water scarcity. So as we see in Jordan, we still have a high percentage of on met water demand. But we see that this project has a substantial effect, especially on the municipality level, improving substantially this on met demand in the municipality consumption. Then if we analyze further the system, we are able to see how this relates or how this affect the energy sector, what are the additional energy requirements. So the estimations of the model tell us that the energy for the salination would be around 355 gigawatt hour annually and extra energy for conveyance around 1886 gigawatt hour annually. This is a substantial amount of extra energy and as we can see here in the plot of the left, which is the results for the salination scenario. The right is basically the business as social. So if the trend ongoing trend that we have now continues, it looks something like this. And we see that when the project comes full operational in the year 2029, we see a huge increase in energy requirements, which basically doubles the current amount of energy needs in the for water purposes. This is especially important in the context of Jordan as all most of the energy sources in Jordan are being imported and are a positive fuel based mainly positive fuel based. So this has both consequences on the environment and energy security or energy independence story of the country. So this is not to say that this is a problem with the project as this is an extra solution. Basically what needs to be accounted is holistic solutions that take into account these extra energy needs and targets. Sustainable solutions to be able to supply these energy requirements. So for example, couple couple this desalination solution with some mother sources of energy, which could both help the environment and improve the energy independence of the country. Now, we are move on to the sus masa moroccan case. We're going to talk about some scenarios that we analyze there and analyze in a specific scenario. So I pass back to my colleague Brian to give the introduction. Yeah, thank you. So, similar to the process that we had in Jordan in Morocco, we also had a series of workshops with stakeholders to to collect from them information about the system and to discuss with them different strategies and scenarios that we should consider in evaluating the Nexus. So in, in this case, we have some similar strategies that were discussed so starting with new water supplies in this case a desalination plant that is to be built along the Atlantic coast and your Agadir. Wastewater reuse and agriculture is another strategy that was of high interest in the basin. Also increasing water productivity and agriculture and in our case in Morocco looking at solar preview adoption and agriculture in the phase out of utain. So let's consider the, the, the addition of new water supply from desalination at Agadir. And this is as I mentioned at a new desalination plant that would augment supplies just along the coast for for urban demands and Agadir and for coastal irrigated agriculture. And the, the graphic here shows how this is scheduled to be phased in over time. In two different phases and initial phase that will provide some level of water to the region and that will is expected to be expanded at a future second phase. So similar to what we did in in Jordan and developing the weep model in Morocco we used a collection of these water demands objects to consider residential demands as well as agricultural demands. In this case we're looking at water delivered to agriculture at the level of irrigation districts or perimeter irrigation parameters. In Jordan we were looking at a somewhat larger scale and for the purposes of the scenarios that we considered here, adding desalination desalination project along the coast that's delivering water to Agadir and to a couple of these irrigation perimeters just along the coast. So considering the another scenario for wastewater reuse in agriculture. We looked at the extent to which the residential demands can take water that has been treated after use there and then applied to local irrigation parameters to the distribution network. Okay, so. Now similarly as in the Jordan case to be able to account for the different energy requirements in the Susmasa region in Morocco. We start or draw from the weep outputs. So this water balance and agricultural balance model. Then coupled with technical specifications, some GIS input parameters, groundwater maps, elevation difference maps, supply points, demand points, desalination projects and so on. And then we're able to estimate the different energy needs and explore different scenarios. So taking a look into some preliminary results for the Morocco case, we can do the same and based on the participatory approach that was undertaken there. We can start asking some questions to be able to answer some of the challenges and how these solutions could aid in the different questions that were raised in the in the workshops. So one will be how this how desalination how wastewater use could reduce water scarcity in the region. So some results basically tells that around 30.65 million cubic meters of filter wastewater could be reusing agricultural annually. And around 44 million cubic meters of water could be saved annually due to this solution. Then this will all translate into water deliveries being increased in average by 5.3% annually. So if we analyze the points here low, basically the ones on the left with the purple circle are the ones with the solution of desalination plus wastewater reuse. And the ones on the right with the red circle are the ones with the business social case. So without any desalination or wastewater reuse. And we see that in water delivery terms, we see a substantial increase on deliveries, mainly by the end of the period. Let's say half end of the period. And this translates most into alleviating the groundwater resources. As we can see here, the main reduction of water being used as is from the groundwater resource and it's being replaced by desalination and some reuse of wastewater. If we further analyze this, we can ask ourselves how this could help or aid in the restoration of groundwater aquifers and help agricultural production. So the results tells us that the Shatuka aquifer could be the aquifer that would be most substantially benefited by this measure. As we can see here in the business social scenarios, this aquifer is seeing a drawdown constant drawdown throughout the entire period. And this will entail in the future that less water will be available for agriculture, which will translate into a low production of crops in the future. If we implement this measure, then we see that substantial recovery of the water table levels in the aquifer could be achieved. And then this will aid directly the production in agriculture. Moreover, then we analyze will be the additional energy requirements, similarly to the Jordan case. We see desalination will require around 402 gigawatt hour annually, convenience around 182.8 gigawatt annually. This number, although substantial, is much less than the one that we saw in the Jordan case. And this is mainly due to the characteristics of the project in MoroCo. The desalination project is as well of a similar capacity or as well big, but the water is being delivered or conveyed to coastal zones, which are not that far away from the desalination plot as opposed to the Jordan case. So this conveyance energy is much less in this case. Then we see that for wastewater treatment is requiring 26 gigawatt hour annually. And this is much less than for desalination, which is logical as there's a much less wastewater resource to be reused. But in general terms, the wastewater treatment energy requirement is or intensity is much lower than the intensity of the desalination processes. And also has some additional characteristics as it can be a much more decentralized systems as the desalination one. As you have a big desalination plant and you supply to some points, but with the wastewater treatment, you can have several wastewater treatment. Let's say closer to the supply of the wastewater points and try to supply to close demand sites, for example, in agriculture. So we see from the results that the extraordinary requirements are substantial. They more than double the current energy requirements. And similar to the Jordan case, this will need to be coupled with sustainable energy sources and modern systems. So the environmental impacts are not high or diminished and they can also achieve energy security and independence. Moreover, we analyze some scenarios into how it can be decarbonized the agricultural sector. So currently in the Sozmaja Masar region, butyne is still used as a fuel in the agricultural sector for some activities and also pumping. And this entails some inefficient pumping and high emissions. With the additional characteristics, the butyne is highly subsidizing the region currently. So we explore several scenarios into what facing out butyne and adopting PV systems would mean. We analyze different levels. So the business as a social scenario where node phase out is taken a phase out by year 2040 and earlier phase out by year 2010 30. And then we couple this with three different levels of PV adoption in agriculture, PV pumping adoption by year 2040 10% 20% and 50% shares. Some preliminary results already tell us some interesting dynamics. So in here, if we analyze the worst case scenario, which will be this point here on the right, it's telling us that by the size of the point that around with around 10% of PV adoption and not non-facing out butyne, so doing nothing about butyne, we will have high emissions and high system total system costs. This total systems cost is a measure which takes into account all the different costs of the systems as operational costs, maintenance costs, capital investment costs, fuel costs, and also levels of subsidies. So if we do the opposite and analyze the best case scenario, we see with a high adoption of PV in the agricultural sector of around 50%. An earlier phase out by year 2030, we obtain lower emissions and lower system costs. So this is quite interesting because this already gave us a powerful message. That's the long-legged technique. Okay, sorry. So it gives us an important message in which basically tells us that implementing solutions to move away from fossil fuels, use and adopting modern energy sources is often both cost-beneficial and environmentally friendly. So it's something important to take into account with when we analyze all of these different nexus aspects, as often moving forward for modern energy and sustainable sources is actually better in terms of cost and for the environment. So after all this, we were thinking into a way of trying to close the gap between quantitative modeling and decision-making. So how to provide a useful tool or how to make all of these insights useful for decision-makers and working in these different perspectives. So we are constructing some visualization platforms both for the Jordan case and the Moroccan case, in which all of these different scenarios and assumptions can be explored. One could go and explore all the specific scenario that we modeled with the different assumptions, change some values here and there, and see some custom results with different insights. And see some additional information about the assumptions embedded into the model that the different scenarios run. Also, one could go and see specific results for a specific point. For example, here in this two aquifer, how the drawdown is changing, how the water supply is changing over time, where is this aquifer supplying mainly to, to agricultural, domestic, and so on. And the same with all of the different supply and demand points in the region. For example, one could go and see an agricultural site, how is it producing on a certain time. And we can even summarize that aggregated by municipality or province, and see how this province is producing crops, is using water and is requiring energy. All of the data embedded here will be fully available online, open access, and one could go explore the models and even download all of the data that is embedded in the results of the models and do further analysis. With that, I finish my interrogation and I pass back to Francesco. Actually, I think to me, Camilo, if I could take a few minutes and then direct some some questions to the three of you who presented. Francesco, I'd like to start with you. A question came up to what extent are institutions information and instruments really solutions to nexus issues they all imply appropriate governance arrangements to be implemented in practice. Can you speak to that. Yeah, of course. And again, I would like to flag that none of those categories are set in stone. They're more like guidelines and broad categories to help thinking across nexus solutions. Yeah, I mentioned to address an issue so can we build a large dam can we do some dissemination project can we store PV. However, all those others are equally as needed so sometimes a simple solution, maybe with a change in legislation with some tariffs with some coordination across ministries could solve certain nexus challenges at a much lower level. So yeah, I'm not sure if if I answered the question, but that's the thinking across having all these different boxes, let's say to categorize these solutions. Thank you Francesco it's really helpful. Brian if I could direct a couple of weep related questions to you. The first question is, can you use weep to do trend analysis on rainfall variability and groundwater levels. And the second very interesting question. How do you discover distinguish recoverable water from unrecoverable water in these projects and how were those modeled. Yeah, sure. So for for the first question. Looking at trend analysis for changing precipitation or a temperature that can be done in in weep. I think there was one slide that I showed that that presented that the integration of the natural systems along with the human systems that that are represented within the model. So weep does include a full accounting of the hydrology so that what that means is that if you have calibrated your model in a way that allows you to use precipitation and temperature inputs to evaluate the the rainfall and the recharge of groundwater, then then then you can add in a future scenario for climate that that considers these these trends and then you can look at the impacts of the changing groundwater levels or changing hydrological regimes under these different future climates. For the second question. Looking at non recoverable water. I'm not sure that a 100% clear on what the term means that in either case. Maybe around leakage, for example, that goes back into the groundwater or an aqua transpiration. Yeah, sure. In Jordan say we do have for the water system and the the collection of pipelines and canals that are used to deliver water. We consider losses from those and it just as as a percentage based on observed historical information. And that some of that water is what is you say it's lost to the atmosphere through evaporation, or it can just, it could be lost back to to the groundwater. The weep model is, you know, is able to handle these things. Depending on the level of information that's available. Great. Thank you, Brian. Camilo, a couple of more energy oriented questions. One question is, did we consider looking at options that were less energy dependent, for example, the red dead case. And then could you speak to what is causing the sudden increase in energy consumption in 2037 2038 in the Jordan. In the Jordan study so two questions around Jordan and energy. Yes. Okay. So to answer that, what we presented here as a case, what was the red dead desalination project as a scenario. So in this one, this is the main driver of energy consumption. But within the project and within the tool, we have other different scenarios as well, which look into different solutions. So this is all what let's will come together into the visualization tool. And for example, we have other scenarios that look into increase efficiency of water productivity in agriculture. And this of course has different energy requirements. And of course, in general terms, it can even also aid the energy part as if less water is being consumed, then less energy will be required for pumping. So all of these differences kind of come visible when we analyze all of these different scenarios. And one can see basically where the different energy intensity of a solution against another. The increase or the step increase in this years in the Jordan case are mainly due to the desalination project becoming operational. So as Brian showed in this capacity graph of the energy of the desalination project. First, it starts in year 2025 with a, let's say, small capacity operational, but in around year 2029, it basically doubles this capacity or triples. I don't remember well. So this big stepping capacity has a direct impact into the energy system. So it's like passing from the salinity in zero and million cubic meters of water to the salinity in 100 million cubic water. So this will have energy implications that needs to be addressed. Great. Thank you. Back to Francesco several questions coming up around scenarios. And it seems like we really sort of emphasize supply side versus a demand side options. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you to the balance of those two. And then also several questions about to what extent we consider economics in our analysis. In terms of the selection or preference of one strategy or one intervention versus another. Yes, thank you. These are very good questions. I think there's a little bit more balance between supply and demand. So yeah, we and across the different resources. And maybe I'll pass it on to Camille and Brian for more concrete examples. And on the economics part. Yes. As we have mentioned, we are today we are presenting preliminary results, but we are also inserting costing of different solutions and scenarios. In the in the workflow. So maybe can I give it, leave it to Camille and Brian for a couple of more concrete examples on, on this, on the demand side. Yeah, I could speak to the demand side a bit. It both, I think both in both cases in Morocco and in Jordan. The, the, the demands are maybe quite low on a per capita basis is in terms of relative to, to global standards. And that the, the efficiencies, there's, there's probably more to gain in terms of efficiencies on the supply side. Then there are in terms of gaining efficiency on the, on the demand side, which is why the scenarios evolved in such a way that maybe focus more on the supply side dynamics. Maybe one, one final question and then we could go to the breakout rooms. I'm going to give this to you, Brian. In the lead model, can you speak a little bit about how we simulate climate change? And to what extent have we validated and benchmarked against observations to understand how realistic some of the results are. Right. Well, I think I'll take those in reverse order. The calibration process is generally quite rigorous and validating the model is, is done against a variety of different metrics, starting with the, the hydrology, taking historical observed the climate inputs and generating the hydrology model that is validated against observations of stream flows at a variety of different locations around a basin or, you know, the basin in Susmasa or in a different Watties in Jordan. So looking at the stream flows, looking at the groundwater levels is another metric that we use to calibrate the model, looking at the natural system. When we look at the, the managed system for water, we look at the levels of water and storage in the, in dams or reservoirs. We look at the amount of water that's, that's been delivered historically. So how is water managed where the model is calibrated to, to capture those, those dynamics of the rules that govern the distribution of an allocation of water based on historical observations. So we do generally go through a very rigorous process of validating the model based on historical information and using trying to focus on the most recent historical data because that is most reflective of what the system is, or how the current system is operated. The first question which was about climate change. So, getting back to the hydrology, if we have a, a weep model that includes hydrology, where the hydrology is driven by climate inputs of precipitation and, and temperature and relative humidity and other climate inputs. Then it becomes a matter of replacing those historical observed data that we use for calibrating the model, and adding in projections for how those will change into the future, which is, you can have any number of different future climate scenarios that that can be considered within the model. Great. Thank you, Brian. I think we have time to do breakout groups. So Francesca, if I could hand over to you. And for me personally, these were, I really enjoyed the breakout rooms last time as a way to get to know some of the people on this call much better. And explore some next solutions.