 Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankaray's Academy for the date 5th August 2020. These are the list of news articles chosen for today's analysis. It has been provided along with the page numbers of different editions of Hindu newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping for the displayed articles is given in the description box and also in the comments section. Let's move on to the first news article discussion for today. Our first discussion for today is based on this news article which talks about the Odisha government's plan to start cage fishing. The government of Odisha has come out with a new policy to promote cage culture in the medium and large reservoirs. Now this new policy has been framed because there is a high demand and consumption of freshwater fishes in the state. Now when you come across new methods of technologies related to cultivation, production, animal rearing or anything related to agriculture, please take note of it because we can expect direct questions on these new methods in mains examination and also in prelims examination. So in this context only it becomes important to know about cage culture and the government policy towards it. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. First you should know that fish can be cultured in one of the four culture systems and they include ponds, raceways, recirculating systems or cages. Now here the raceway aquaculture is also known as flow through system. It is a system which uses a continuously running source of water or an artificial channel of water to grow fish. And then in recirculating aquaculture systems the water is reused many times by passing it through treatment processes so that the waste can be removed and the quality of the water can be restored. But today's discussion is based on caged aquaculture. So what does it mean? In a caged aquaculture system the fish or even the shellfish is grown in a mesh enclosure as you can see here. So this cage has a completely rigid frame. This means they are generally enclosed on all sides except for leaving an opening at the top for feeding and handling the stock that is the fishes or the shellfishes. And this cage culture uses existing water resources such as ponds, rivers, estuaries, open ocean also. But more importantly it confines the fish inside some type of mesh enclosure. Now since the mesh retains the fish it makes it easier to feed, observe and harvest those fishes. Now since this mesh enclosure is not an opaque structure it allows the water to pass freely between the fish and the surrounding water resources. And thus it helps to maintain good quality water and it also helps in removing the wastes. So what are the advantages of this caged aquaculture? Firstly they require comparatively low capital outlay because they use existing water bodies. So there is no need for us to build an artificial channel of water and they use simple technology. There is no need for any specialized knowledge to use this method. Then this method augments fish yield because it optimizes the use of all available water area and then it also helps to reduce the pressure on land for farms and nurseries. Then another advantage is that this method can be used to clean up the eutrophicated waters by harvesting of caged plantivorous species. See as you know eutrophication means excessive richness of nutrients in a water body which happens due to frequent runoff from the land and this causes dense growth of plant life. Like you would have seen green algal growth on a water body. Now this can be cleaned up by harvesting caged plantivorous species. See plantivorous species means those organisms which feed on planktonic food including zooplankton and phytoplankton. And this method is currently practiced in Malaysia and Singapore. Then apart from this other advantages include a very high production per unit area then it facilitates for towing off in case of pollution that is if the water gets polluted then the cage can be easily moved from one place to another then provides a safety from predators then the fish is easy to harvest in a caged aquaculture. So like this there are many advantages in this method. Now what are the disadvantages in this method? See there are concerns about the environmental impacts of these methods. Firstly the intensive culture is believed to accelerate eutrophication. See just now we saw that eutrophicated water can be cleaned up but only when we harvest plantivorous species. So what about when other species are grown? So because of this experts believe that intensive caged aquaculture accelerates eutrophication and then in fast flowing rivers intensive fish culture or semi intensive fish culture is not advisable because there will be excessive loss of feed that is there will be food losses since the food will be washed away easily in a fast flowing river or fast flowing water body. Then other disadvantages include high demand on oxygen and water flow then dependence on artificial food because since the fish will be caged the producer would have to provide the artificial food then there is also risk of rapid spread of diseases since the fish is in a caged environment. Then already natural waters are used for many multipurposes and this method could come in conflict with those purposes also. So these are some of the disadvantages of this method. Now what is the scope of this caged aquaculture in India? See here you should note that in the last five decades the contribution of marine fish in the total production of the country has decreased. It has decreased from 71 percentage in 1950s to 35 percentage in 2015. See here note that marine fisheries are carried out in oceans and seas including bays and eschewries but inland fisheries or inland fishing are carried out in freshwater and this decline has happened due to a corresponding increase in inland fish production. Now since India is rich in open water resources like reservoirs, lakes, and flood plain wetlands etc. there is enormous scope in India to increase the production through caged aquaculture. Now in this regard we should know that unplanned expansion of any activity can lead to adverse impacts in terms of environmental integrity and social equity because it this could lead to over exploitation. So that means we need a proper guideline to carry out this method of culture system and because of this Indian government constituted a national level committee to develop guidelines for caged culture in inland open waters. It was constituted in April 2016 and they brought some guidelines with respect to caged culture. So we will see that now. Firstly they talk about the shape and type of cages such as the shape can be rectangular or round but round cages are considered more suitable for caged aquaculture. Then durable and stable cage materials are essential for achieving better results. Then second they also talk about the most important aspect of this which is site selection. According to the guidelines large deep reservoirs and lakes need to be chosen for caged aquaculture and the small and shallow water bodies should not be chosen for caged aquaculture. It is because small water bodies do not have sufficient depths for the cages to remain afloat during the lean season that is when the water flow is less and importantly the sites should be selected based on the safety of location and based on the availability of smooth culture operations that would minimize user conflicts. So because of this the guidelines mention that those sites should be avoided which have turbulence wave or excessive wave which have bad water quality and which are near to dense human habitations and even dams should be avoided for caged culture. Now next is water quality. Water quality is important to ensure that the fish is healthy. So according to this guidelines it needs to be ensured that the water body is either oligotrophic that is it is low nutrient content or it is mesotrophic that is it has moderate nutrient content and this has to be made sure before starting the caged culture. It is because the caged culture operations will increase nutrient load it will increase the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand in the water bodies. Now this point is important since excessive nutrient load from caged culture inputs such as especially the feeds that is the food for the fish can create eutrophic conditions with disastrous consequences to the ecosystem and because of this the guidelines also suggest that there is a necessity to conduct an environment impact assessment before cages are installed in reservoirs. Then the guidelines mandate that continuous fish health monitoring is required and as far as possible use of antibiotics and chemicals should be avoided while using this method so that we can maintain the water quality and we can also maintain the health of the fish which will be ultimately consumed by humans. In this discussion we discussed about a new method known as caged culture or caged aquaculture we saw what are its advantages and disadvantages and we also saw the guidelines provided by Indian government regarding this with this we come to the end of this discussion the displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next discussion this discussion is based on this opid article which focuses on the alleged human rights violations in the Jammu and Kashmir valley. Now the author of this article mentions about several rights violations relating to preventive detention then such as difficulty in accessing information through internet etc but today we'll focus on the issues related to preventive detention only the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see first let us understand preventive detention and related constitutional and legal provisions when we talk about constitutional provisions the fundamental right provided under article 22 Indian constitution explicitly mentions about preventive detention this article deals with protection against arrest and detention in certain cases see there are two types of detention one is punitive detention and the other one is preventive detention punitive is to punish a person after trial and conviction in a court has happened for offense which is committed by that person but preventive detention is to detain a person without trial and conviction but this doesn't mean that the person is punished for a past offense it simply means preventing that person from committing an offense so that means preventive detention is a precautionary measure and according to article 22 of Indian constitution no law can provide for preventive detention of a person for more than three months without obtaining opinion of advisory board that is if the government wants to detain any person under preventive detention for more than three months then it has to constitute a advisory board and such advisory board should consist of persons who are or who have been judges of high court or at least who are qualified to be appointed as judges of high court and in this article clause 5 is very important because it mentions that when a person is under preventive detention then the authority shall communicate to such person about the grounds on which the preventive detention order has been made that is the person has to be informed about the grounds on which she or he has been detained and this has to be done as soon as possible now such person should also be provided with an opportunity of making representation against this order now since these two important provisions are given in article 22 it is a part of fundamental right for that person first the person has to be informed about the grounds on which they have been detained and second they should be provided with an opportunity to make representation now regarding this also know that Indian constitution has empowered both parliament and the state legislatures to make laws regarding preventive detention because first entry nine of union list deals with preventive detention but it is for the reasons connected with the defense foreign affairs or the security of India and persons subjected to such detention and then again in entry three of the concurrent list there is a mention of preventive detention and this preventive detention is for reasons connected with the security of a state for maintenance of public order or for the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community and also related to the persons who are detained now since preventive detention subject is also mentioned in concurrent list state governments are also empowered to make laws on it now based on this only currently there are preventive detention laws already enforced in our country such as the national security act of 1980 then you'd have heard about the German-Kesmer public safety act of 1978 especially this German-Kesmer public safety act or in short PSA of 1978 it was repeatedly used or it is even repeatedly used to detain many politicians in German-Kesmer so this is the background that you should know with respect to preventive detention now coming to this editorial in this author has mentioned that the state is empowered to declare a building or house as a sub jail that is subsidiary jail now this power is given to the state government by the prisons act of 1894 under this act prison also means any place which has been declared by the state government to be a subsidiary jail and this has to be declared by a general order or a special order so this is how the residential accommodations of some political leaders are converted into subjails and after this the resident of that residential accommodation comes under house arrest now in this case what happens is the state government or the state takes over the property for this purpose and the owner of this property is entitled to rent or compensation for the use of that property and for occupying that property that is there is compulsory takeover of the property now this compulsory takeover of property has been an issue of great concern in states like Mizoram because their vast tracts of land were taken over by the armed forces for curbing insurgency but they were taken over without paying any compensation or rent and according to the author the residents of german cashmere are also facing similar issues now so this is one of the issues with respect to preventive detention then another issue is ignoring the procedural safeguards provided under the fundamental right of article 22 for preventive detention for example we already saw that it is the fundamental right of the person to be communicated about the grounds of the arrest and the person has to be given opportunity to make representations but author is stating that this is not happening so what is supreme court's stand on this see on several occasions supreme court has mentioned that if there is an unexpected delay of even one or two days in dealing with the representation then the order of preventive detention is initiated or not legally valid that means the person can no longer be held in preventive detention and in this scenario you should know about one important supreme court judgment which was given in a 1981 case law it is the ak roy versus union of india case law now in this judgment supreme court mentioned that the laws of preventive detention cannot introduce procedural measures of punitive kind by the way of backdoor that is by using indirect means so what does supreme court mean here by saying introducing procedural measures of punitive kind here supreme court also gave an example such as if a person is kept in detention in a place other than the one where the person habitually resides then this amounts to punitive measure or a measure of a punitive kind and further supreme court also noted that the use of preventive detention without following the procedure will actually make it punishment or conviction without a trial and as we know it is our fundamental right not to be punished or convicted without trial so such kind of measures which violate the preventive detention procedures like keeping a person in a place other than where he or she habitually resides then it outrightly violates the fundamental right under article 22 so keep this in mind that is all about this discussion in this discussion you should focus on the constitutional and legal provisions related to preventive detention and then whenever you see your main question related to preventive detention you can also mention about this supreme court judgment with this we come to the end of this discussion the displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session now this next discussion is based on this news article which talks about United Nations recent policy brief on the pandemic's impact on education so in this context we'll discuss in brief about the major findings of UN which are mentioned in this policy brief the policy brief noted that COVID-19 pandemic has caused the largest disruption of education in history because it has created a universal impact on learners and also on teachers around the world the policy brief also noted that by mid-april 2020 94 percentage of learners worldwide were affected by the pandemic it also mentioned the early 2020 estimate of the financing gap in education to reach the sustainable development goal number four the financing gap was a shocking 148 billion dollars annually and now it is estimated that the COVID-19 crisis will increase this financing gap by up to one-third in this context know that sdg-4 is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and to promote lifelong learning opportunities for all now in this regard the policy brief also noted that this interruption of the school year will have a disproportionately negative impact on the most vulnerable pupils from poor economic background and moreover their presence at home can also complicate the economic situation of parents because they have to take care of the children who are at home and with special concern the policy brief also tells about the condition of girls in this regard we can imagine the condition of girls who are forced to take up domestic chores and farm works also children with disabilities and refugee children are suffering due to the lack of inclusion in the strategies for distance learning so because of this they are also losing on the education and more importantly the policy brief mentions about the economic impact of COVID-19 on education it mentions that the pandemic will widen the inequities in education achievement in this regard UNESCO has estimated that around 23.8 million additional children and youth may drop out of school or they will not have access to school next year due to the pandemic's economic impact alone now we know that there are many indirect consequences of dropouts which is also noted by this policy brief like it includes food insecurity due to loss of school meals then economic instability due to lack of education then violence against women and girls etc etc now this disruption also concerns health and psychological services because as you know some education institutions also serve as platforms for prevention diagnosis and counseling so based on these findings UN has called for some action areas to revamp the education system in the world first schools should be reopened by taking steps to suppress the virus transmission secondly education should be given priority in financing decisions of the governments and international communities and it should be done by strengthening domestic resource mobilization and also by international coordination for mitigating the crisis in education sector and thirdly there should be focus on equity and inclusion so in this regard target should be on the hardest to reach that is to reach the children from remote areas to reach girls to reach children's with disabilities etc and finally the governments should accelerate a positive change in teaching and learning this means that there should be focus on addressing learning losses and preventing dropouts the policy brief also prescribes to remove the technological barriers by investing in digital infrastructure and by lowering connectivity costs so that even the children who are hardest to reach can be benefited from digital education so that is all about this discussion from this discussion you have to take note on the impacts of covid-19 on education which is very helpful from main's perspective and finally we also saw some suggestions from UN you can also mention these in your main's answers whenever a relevant question appears with this we come to the end of this discussion moving on to the next discussion based on these news articles these news articles and this editorial discusses about the recent executive order by US president it is an executive order on the aligning federal contracting and hiring practices with the interests of American workers so in this context let us what this order is about and what are its implications the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference on 3rd august the office of US president has issued an executive order this order has given directions to the federal agencies of USA to review their policy of contracting or subcontracting foreign workers and this includes those on H1B visa see here for your reference we have given you the contractors role and subcontractors role you can just read it for your understanding now this move by USA is yet another example for US protectionism if you see from a broader perspective because for the past several years under current administration of Donald Trump we have been seeing many measures to protect the interests of Americans and this is one such measure and for this purpose the current US administration has largely targeted the intro of skilled foreign workers with number of announcements like in April 2020 US announced that it would be suspending the issuance of green cards which in turn halts the legal migration into USA then in June 2020 also USA decided to suspend a new issuance of four non-immigrant visas till the end of 2020 and one such visa which was suspended is the H1B visa other visas are H2B visa J category visa and L category visa if you remember we discussed about these categories in detail on our 24th June can the news analysis on that day we also saw about the implications of this move on Indians now similarly this latest executive order by USA is also going to affect H1B visa holders in particular now for defending this move USA has noted that the contract jobs create opportunities for US workers but when employers trade such American jobs for temporary foreign labor like to those who hold H1B visa then it reduces the opportunities for US workers and this executive order is especially targets federal agencies because in certain regions of USA the federal agencies are the largest employers and this is the reason given by USA for defending its current executive order see the background for this order is an announcement made by federally owned Tennessee Valley authority this Tennessee Valley authority has recently announced that it would outsource 20 percentage of its technology jobs to companies which are based in foreign countries so threatened by this order that even other federal agencies will follow the same which might in turn reduce opportunities for Americans the current US administration has issued this executive order so what are the implications of this move by USA see this executive order particularly targets H1B visa holders as we saw already it is because this order directs certain federal departments to take actions to protect the US workers from any adverse effects on wages and working conditions that are caused by the employment of H1B visa holders at job sites and this in turn especially affects Indian nationals because international are granted 60 to 70 percentage of H1B visas annually so Indian nationals will be affected apart from this the IT and IT enabled services firms which are based in India that send workers from India would be affected by this move then this order will also affect the corporate companies of India who invest in US economy and create jobs there because they will be at disadvantage to not utilize the Indian workforce in USA since Indian workforce is known for its skill and also for its cheap labor so all these implications could produce a ripple effect in the bilateral economic space between India and USA thus it might create problems in India US bilateral ties also but here you should note that it is not only India which will be affected because even USA will be affected by this move for example NASCOM that is the national association of software and service companies has mentioned that this US's decision appears to be based on misperceptions and misinformation now NASCOM has noted this this executive order has been issued at a time when there is huge shortage of skills in the stem in USA that is stem stands for science technology engineering and management sectors in USA with respect to this you should note that in US the unemployment in other occupations apart from computer occupations grew from 4.1 percentage to 13.5 percentage in May 2020 but at the same time skilled workers are not available to fill these shortages in USA now to fill these shortages only the short-term non-immigrant visas such as H1B and then L category visas are issued and they help to bridge this shortage but now since USA has taken a decision which directly affects a particular category of visa holders then it is going to directly affect certain sectors in US economy in addition to this NASCOM was also noted that it is important for USA to be able to access talent that is critical to the recovery phase post COVID-19 lockdown so that means the measures like the current executive order which restricts access to talent will slow down the recovery phase of US economy and it will also slow down its innovation and research and development also so these are some of the implications of US's decision now in this scenario keep in mind that the presidential elections will happen in USA in November 2020 and like around the world even in USA unemployment rate has increased due to COVID-19 lockdown so the editorial particularly notes that the present US administration under Mr. Donald Trump is trying to score political points with polarized decisions in order to be reelected that is certain measures of current US administration is trying to divide employers into two contrasting groups on one side there are American workers and the other side are the immigrant workers so instead of making use of the diverse population to build America's economy it is said that the current US administration is building a hate culture in USA that immigrants like H-1B category visa holders are stealing jobs of Americans so by issuing executive orders like the recent one the current government of USA is trying to get the support of people and that is why the editorial has mentioned that this executive order is only for political gains whether this we come to the end of this discussion that is my practice question will be discussed in the last session now let us take up the next discussion based on this news article it mentions that the Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services that is INCOISE is developing a seasonal and climate forecast system for surface waves see as you know in 2018 we heard the news of damage which was caused by a high wave to the Indian coastline from Kerala to Maharashtra now the increased damage caused by high wave activity are common during cyclones it is common during southwest monsoon and also during swell surges so because of this INCOISE is developing a seasonal and climate forecast system for surface waves now this will help to have a better coastal and the navigational protection plan for India now as part of this they have also investigated the link between wave activity in the Indian ocean and an important summer intracesional variation called as BS ISO BS ISO stands for boreal summer intracesional oscillation so what is this BS ISO as you know the Indian summer monsoon has vigorous intracesional oscillations or in short ISOs and they are in the form of active and weak or break spells of monsoon rainfall within the summer monsoon season and the seasonal variations in the tropical ISOs are usually represented with two distinct modes one is madden julian oscillation and the second one is boreal summer intracesional oscillation that is MJO and BS ISO we have discussed about MJO in our target 2020 number analysis also today we will just focus on BS ISO see in this boreal refers to northern regions so BS ISO is the intracesional oscillations that are happening in the northern part of earth when it is summer there here know that BS ISO dominates during boreal summer that is from June to October and MJO dominates during boreal winter that is from December to April see the BS ISO of the Asian summer monsoon is one of the most prominent sources of short term climate variability in the global monsoon system if we compare this with the MJO then BS ISO is more complex in nature with prominent northward propagation and its variability also extends much further from the equator see this BS ISO consists of alternating episodes of active and suppressed convection that moves northward with 30 to 60 day mode in the Indian Ocean and then it moves westward propagating 10 to 20 day mode in the northwestern tropical pacific ocean and the most important feature of this BS ISO is the propagation of clouds and convection from about 5 degrees south to 25 degrees north over the south Asian monsoon region see to put it simply we can say that BS ISO has significant potential to influence the seasonal monsoon and according to today's news article the active phase of BS ISO creates significant wave activity over the north Indian Ocean during the summer monsoon season that is from June to September or October and this is one of the reasons for the high waves that are seen over the Arabian Sea at that time and these high waves have adverse impact on marine activities and they also have impact on navigation then it also leads to intense coastal erosion and more floods are expected in the coastal regions so from this discussion you should understand that the BS ISO has an impact on the tropical Indian Ocean surface wave heights during the boreal summer season and understanding this fact is crucial for the improvement of the wave forecast system which is beneficial for many marine applications and in turn it will also help the coastal communities so that is all about this discussion today we discussed about BS ISO in a very brief manner and hopefully in the coming days we will see it elaborately with this we come to the end of this discussion the displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session now we have come to the last session for the day that is the practice questions discussion session this question is based on cage culture or cage aquaculture it is a three statement question first statement asks fish or shellfish is grown in a mesh which has a completely rigid frame the statement is correct we saw that cage which has a rigid frame is used for fish culture and here if you see the question asks for the incorrect statements so one should not be in answer so eliminate options a and b now the second statement mentions small and shallow water bodies are best suited now even if you don't know about this statement from the remaining options you can say that statement two is definitely incorrect a large deep reservoirs and lakes are suitable for cage culture because it is needed for the cage to remain afloat now the third statement is water is reused many times by passing it through treatment processes to remove waste and to restore the quality now this statement is incorrect first because in the discussion we saw that this method of aquaculture uses natural water bodies where the water is naturally replenished and this particular statement talks about the recirculating aquaculture systems which we discussed already so third statement is also incorrect hence the correct answer is option d 2 and 3 only now this next question is a two statement question the first statement is the term preventive detention is explicitly mentioned in the constitution of india this statement is correct it is mentioned in article 22 of indian constitution now the second statement mentions parliament has the exclusive authority to make laws of preventive detention for reasons connected with defense foreign affairs and the security of india so whenever a statement mentions like exclusive authority to make laws that means this statement is talking about the subjects mentioned under seventh schedule to the constitution so whether this preventive detention for reasons connected with defense foreign affairs and the security of india is a subject under union list yes it is a subject under entry nine of union list that means parliament has the exclusive authority to make law on this so this statement is also correct and here the question asks for the correct statements so the correct answer is option c both one and two now this next question asks what is h1b program sometimes seen in news now option a it mentions a temporary non-immigrant visa category of usa option b india's indigenous anti-missile program option c a defense collaboration between hong kong and britain option d an initiative undertaken as part of the vande Bharat mission now the correct answer is option a only it is a visa category of usa now in this related to option d we recently discussed about one initiative which is the swadesh initiative we discussed it on july 29 just keep that in mind now let us take the next question this is a two statement question and the question asks for not correct statements that is incorrect statements now the first statement is boreal summer intra seasonal oscillation creates significant wave activity over the northern indian ocean during summer monsoon season this statement is correct we discussed during the analysis now the second statement is bs iso dominates during june to october and madden julian oscillation dominates during december to april and the statement is also correct we saw this fact also during the discussion now here both the statements are correct but the question asks for the incorrect statements since there is no incorrect statement the correct answer is neither one nor two with this we have come to the end of today's discussion if you like the video don't forget to like comment and share do subscribe to shankar eyes academy youtube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation