 Thylakoid membranes derived from green leaf chloroplasts have been shown to affect appetite-regulating hormones, leading to decreased food intake and body weight in both animal and human subjects. Additionally, thylakoids have been found to decrease the intestinal in vitro uptake of methylglucosin rats, suggesting that they may play a role in the regulation of glucose absorption. Furthermore, thylakoids have been shown to alter the gut microbiome, increasing the presence of lactobacillus re-tiri and decreasing bifidobacterium species in rats. This suggests that thylakoids may play a role in the regulation of body weight by influencing the gut microbiome. This article was authored by Caroline Montelius, Nadia Osman, Bjorn Westrom, and others.