 He's got a great man, he's got a great big call. Does this look like anyone you know? My grandmother. Nellie Donlon? Okay, we're going to start now. Let's be related. Yeah, I'm live streaming. Oh, you are? All right, very good. I'm live streaming. All right. I'm putting it live in the face. Okay. Yes, and sometimes things get too long. I'm sure it's going to be fine. And we'll also, afterwards, we'll go to Facebook and search for Instagram. Well, good morning, ladies and gentlemen. And welcome to Genetic Genealogy Ireland 2018. It's great to have you here. You're all very, very welcome. And we have two days of DNA lectures for you related to genetic genealogy. And it's great to be in the iconic Titanic Center in Belfast for the first time. Hopefully this will become an annual event. We've been running it in Dublin now for the last six years, very, very successfully. And year on year, the audiences just get bigger and bigger and bigger. So it's great to bring Genetic Genealogy Ireland to Belfast. And I'd like to thank the organizers, SLP, for organizing back to our past. And also our sponsors of these DNA lectures, Family Tree DNA, who have a stand outside and they're selling DNA kits. They're at incredibly reduced prices. So if you ever thought of having a DNA test, now is the time to do it. I'd also like to thank my fellow colleagues from ISOG, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy. We're all volunteers. We only do this because we love DNA and would do anything for it. And we have a great array of speakers today who are all members of ISOG and are going to give you their experience running DNA projects and how to use DNA to help you in your Family Tree research. And of course, we also have to thank the North of Ireland Family History Society who have also helped organize this event and will be manning the Family Tree DNA stand, volunteering to help you address any questions you might have regarding your own genealogy and how DNA might actually help that. So we're also joined live on-line by about 400 people on Facebook. So a very big welcome to our Facebook viewers this morning and for the next two days. And I'd like to, first of all, introduce our first speaker, who is Catherine Borges. Now, Catherine is the Director of the International Society of Genetic Genealogy. She's a member of the Southern California Genealogical Society, Daughters of the American Revolution and the Colonial Dames of the 17th Century. She's also, that's during the night time. Now, during the day, she is the President of the Salida Chamber of Commerce. And Catherine will be giving us an introductory talk about DNA, so if you know nothing about it, Catherine is the best person to inform you and encourage you and encourage you. So please, can we have a warm welcome for Catherine Borges. I also tend to talk loud, so if I'm not talking loud enough, please raise your hand and point out. Or if I talk too loud, also please let me know that too. Also, please forgive me for my American accent. I do mispronounce words, but I have been trying to practice pronouncing the words correctly, like county to Rome, instead of Tyrone, as most Americans would say. Things like that, but I may slip up. I also sometimes slip up and refer to things that cost in dollars instead of pounds. So again, please forgive me if I make any of those gaps, I will try not to. So just to let you know as far as I'd like to see at hands, how many here are new to using genetic genealogy or DNA for genealogy, or are beginners? Oh, pretty good, good. Yeah, notice my friends in the front row do not raise their hands. So anyhow, thank you very much for coming. I hope that you're also able to come to many of the other lectures because my talk is just a basic talk, but a lot of the other presenters give more detailed analysis of things like using autosomal DNA and how it's worked for them and other tools, but mine's a very basic talk. I don't go into, like, a chemistry lesson or a biology lesson of DNA. The most complicated I get are on the words because there's really no escaping it. Why chromosome? You can say why DNA, but it's the same thing. You can't really dumb it down. That's about as technical as I get. So just wanted to let you know those things. These are the three most important things you need to know when you're just starting out using genetic genealogy, is the type of DNA tests that are available in the market, the ancestral paths that the DNA travels, which applies to the tests that you need to use, and how it can work for you. So these are the four main types of DNA tests that are on the market. They debuted in about the year 2000. I got into using DNA in the year 2003. It was actually because I attended a Daughters of the American Revolution lecture, and to be honest with you, the speaker's content went over my head and under my feet. I did not know what she was talking about, but I did get the message that she had tried it and it had worked for her. So that was incentive enough for me to go out and learn about it myself. Back in those days in 2003, the early days of DNA, there were only three companies that offered DNA tests for ancestry purposes. The first one, well, both Family Tree DNA and Oxford Ancestors launched in the year 2000. Now Oxford Ancestors is based in England, but they don't really market their tests for genealogy purposes, it's for deep ancestry purposes. Also, on the exchange rate for the amount of markers you get, it was exorbitant back in 2003. So then there was another company called Sorensen Molecular Foundation Project, and SMGF for short, and back in 2003, you could do the DNA test for free, which free is good, but at that time you did not get the results back. Later on they gave the results where you could get the results back and now you can't get the results because ancestry bought the database and is going to put the results into their database, so there's no way to access the results anymore. So that left Family Tree DNA. So I made a proposal to my cousins to try this Y chromosome DNA testing, and one of my cousins took me up on the offer and we started with testing my father, because the Y chromosome, I have some charts that show the path of how the DNA travels, that is the male gender chromosomes, only males have it, it's good for surname testing, and in countries like Ireland and Scotland, and when you have seps and clans, then it gets a little more tricky, but I will show you that too, because my mother's maiden name is McCallum, so it's obviously a clans, her name. The next type of DNA that was also available in the year 2000 was mitochondrial DNA, and it is really good for deep ancestral purposes, it's a little more difficult to use for genealogical purposes, but it can be done and people do use it, so I don't discount mitochondrial DNA at all, and I have an interesting story on my mitochondrial DNA. SNP stands for single nucleotide polymorphism. We usually say SNP, or some people say SNP, it doesn't matter whichever you prefer. Back in those early days, I heard more people use the term SNP, so I say SNP for SNP, because you really don't want to watch a single nucleotide polymorphism. That's a giant mouthful, right? So what a SNP does is that confirms your deep ancestral origins on a direct white chromosome line or a direct mitochondrial line. Now, family tree DNA, they're the only company right now that does the white chromosome testing. Well, I should say only major companies, there's smaller ones like I've heard of around, but for genealogical purposes you'd want to use them. There's a new white chromosome testing right now, not counting the 23 male give you origins, but we're talking about YSTRs. I'll get to that in a little bit. So in the white chromosome, they'll give you a prediction of what your SNP is, your deep ancestral origins on that all male line. But if there's a little bit of a discrepancy, like my grandmother's maiden name is Thompson, and I've seen Thompson's come in with a very unusual haplogroup, they will SNP confirm it for free. They have a quality assurance program, and then they do SNP confirm mitochondrial DNA testing for free. It's included, and they're the only company that does that. 23Me has SNPs that they will give you the haplogroup, but they only give you a prediction, and I've seen it be wrong. So one of my relatives had it wrong, and I messaged him and he fixed it. So those are two of the benefits on the white chromosomes that comes in the mitochondrial with the SNP testing. And then autosomal DNA. Back in 2000, when autosomal DNA testing first debuted, it was very primitive and had a very limited number of SNPs that it used for the autosomal DNA, but now in 2007 23Me was the first company to come out with an autosomal DNA test. They marketed it primarily for medical purposes, because the founder of 23Me, one of the founders, she was married to the founder of Google, and he had Parkinson's in his family, so they started this DNA company and wanted to see if they could find a way to identify DNA connected to diseases. When the test first debuted, it was $999. I'm sorry, I don't know the pound conversion for that, but that was pretty expensive in 2007. In 2009, they debuted it for ancestry purposes and geological purposes, and they lowered the price. Well, it first was $999, then it was $750, and then it was $150 by 2009, so you can see how the price really dropped. So the introductory price was $150, and so I tried it out, but I was not really interested in the medical part of the test, because I figured I already know my genealogy, I already know what my ancestors and family with diseases we have, but I actually did learn things that were very helpful from it, so I don't discount it anymore. 23Me has since changed their website a little bit and they still offer the medical, but it's more limited than what they had initially, so the genealogy purposes, it worked great. So Founding Tree DNA, not to be outdone, introduced their autosomal tests three months later, so in about early 2010s when they launched, and then they were followed by other companies like several years later, Ancestry.com, several years later, DNA Heritage. DNA Heritage, or my heritage, Founding Tree DNA for the processing, so that's who's actually processing your tests when you test through them. So anyways, the autosomal tests now are amazing for, you know, genealogical connections and the price has really dropped, you know, now it ranges, so what is it here, 43 pounds, and so it's really dropped in price, but something I got to point out to you, for those of you that are new to it, you remember earlier when I said, you know, when they first came out, they were $999, so a lot of people think white crumbles and mitochondrial testing is expensive, but if you put it in comparison to those early days of autosomal testing, it wasn't, you know, but people that have been doing it for a long time, we don't view it as expensive because we knew what it used to cost, it's just that the market demand has driven, and competition, and consumers, so, but the autosomal DNA I'll go into that more in a minute, so where do you get DNA from? There's really only two sources of where you get DNA to do DNA testing, and that's from ancient remains and living descendants, so the reason I had Marie Antoinette up there is because they found a lock of her hair in a locket that had not been touched, you know, probably since she was alive but it sounds very significant because a lot of times when your ancestors, they left hair some people have warning wreaths or a hairpin, I actually have a hairpin of my great-grandmother from Scotland, we touch it and we contaminate it and the DNA degrades and breaks down but because it was sealed in this locket it didn't, so they DNA tested it and then they found a heart, a petrified heart in a goblet that was labeled under a cathedral in France and it had her son's name on it so they DNA tested the petrified heart they DNA tested the hair, it matched and in 2004 they had a stake funeral for her son so normally though we don't get it from ancient remains although I will say that you will see more of this in the respect of and there are speakers that will talk about it here for the ancient remains that are around in Ireland, England, et cetera you will see more of that come about but I think that in a few years we will see because there are companies doing testing on this trying to find alternative sources so for instance hopefully eventually we'll be able to test stamps because a lot of us have old letters I had an old letter from my grandfather had licked the seal on the envelope and the stamp and I put it into a plastic bag and put it in a lock box to save but it's 50 years old so I'm kind of waiting for the technology to catch up to where it could be tested however I did luck out and did find a cousin in Scotland to test because that's actually much easier to do, the living descendants part so I found a second cousin in Scotland to test as a proxy because my McCallum line has daughtered out in North America there are no males left in North America we call that daughtering out, they only have daughters so I had to go to Scotland to find one and there could still be one in Ireland because you'll hear my story in a minute so when it's done with living descendants it usually is either a swab like we have here at the Family Tree DNA stall or it is done with you expectorate until a vial so that's how the testing is normally done so the path of YDNA follows the paternal line but there are caveats to it with different ancestries so for instance my surname is Borgus which is Portuguese the Portuguese did not adopt a patriarchal surname pattern until 1900 so two generations before that it's Machado, two generations before that it's Veline, you can't do surname testing when you have a you have a broken surname line like that so a lot of the surnames in the aisles you can do it and also you can do it with clans but with the clans in the sects you do have the caveat of sometimes they would take the name as a protectorate so they're not all going to match it's still fascinating when you see my account okay so back to the SNP testing so on the white chromosome this as a family tree DNA chart they have a phylogenetic tree very condensed when it's much more expanded now has many more SNPs included and they call the first man that they could trace back they call him Adam it's in quotes because it's not really Adam but they just call him Adam so this is the tree of man on the the white chromosome so these these letters right here are what we call haplogroups and most western European men are of our haplogroup are that's the most common one in western Europe and then so all of these haplogroups we know they have origins now something you need to know especially when you're just starting out is the male white chromosome haplogroups and the female like mitochondrial haplogroups do not correspond to each other so a female H haplogroup is not going to be the same as a male H they won't have the same origins so scientists didn't set it up like that it's a long story that's a whole another lecture sometime so I had just showed you the white chromosome tree from family tree DNA as the verse said in the introduction I'm the director of ISOG and we have a white haplogroup tree that we maintain too now on our tree it is we have a very strict criteria I'm not the one that set it up because you know the people that first started this they set up their own criteria for the tree and they still abide to that criteria but it's on a more ancient level but one thing that's nice about it is that we do include data from other companies and from different studies but it's not the most comprehensive tree out there because too we have very strict criteria so there's actually a tree that's done by Alex Williamson that's probably one of the most comprehensive trees out there if you want to see a tree but a lot of people do use the ISOG white chromosome tree it is cited in over 45 paper scientific studies geneticists use it all the time so because our standards are so stringent that's why they cite it so and this is this is on the ISOG site there's a link to it it's our most visited page it's easy to find and you can learn more about your haplogroups when you DNA test so I included this just charts a little dated it's from several years ago but I don't know of any I don't know if there's any recent ones but this at least it gives you a picture so these are for the white chromosome these are different haplogroup origins and the percentage of where they fall in Ireland and as you can see R1B comes in at the highest amount and then haplogroup I is very common I is usually tied to being Scandinavian so a lot of people in the aisles come in with I and then these are ones of different origins so G is thought to be possibly Welsh or you see a lot in Cornwall is G but they do appear in Ireland they're not it is indigenous to Ireland in a sense more so than my haplogroup waiting here so several years ago I think it was 2006 Trinity University in Dublin came out with a study in the Nile of the Nine Hostages and they found a white chromosome SNP the M222 that corresponded to a Northwest Irish modal haplotype and they call it also called the Nile of the Nine Hostages when you test your family tree DNA and you have an M222 you'll get a little logo that says Nile on it so and it's a good study to read but it is dated I gotta tell you there's so much more out there now and there's experts here that can tell you more about it so the M222 does have a project in Family Tree DNA so Family Tree DNA set up a system called DNA projects and they allow volunteers like myself like everybody in this front row right here Morris and we all run DNA projects we don't get paid to do this but the reason we do it is because we benefit from the correlating the data and so this is a volunteer project for M222 so if you're a male and you come in with M222 you can join this project it doesn't cost anything extra and the volunteer administrators will answer questions for you they'll also tell you if they think you need to do extended SNP testing because Family Tree DNA does have they have boutique SNPs you can purchase in addition to a test called the Big Why which is very popular and you'll hear other speakers talk about that here so my McCallums my McCallums my great grandfather immigrated to America from Scotland in the late 1800s and he settled in Montana first and then Wyoming he was a coal miner he wanted a better life he was from the area of literature definitely sorry okay and he wanted a better life because he could only go so high in the coal mines so he immigrated to America and I still have cousins in Scotland though that are from the McCallum line that stayed and I met them in 2016 they lived down in the borders area and one of them there my cousin's father was there and well he's my cousin too like second cousin once removed and so I asked him to DNA test I was ecstatic that actually made my year I paid my whole 2016 because this line was dotted out as I told you there I had no chance in North America finding this white chromosome or the origins and so when he tested I mean I was just over the moon what was interesting so and I found out from my cousin I didn't know because you know the ignorant American I'm sorry you know I didn't know that any Irish famine great famine immigrants went to Scotland and these McCallums had done that they came from county to Rhone and Cabin they immigrated to Scotland and I was stuck in I am still brickwalled in those counties however when I DNA tested him I learned that his DNA is Scottish he only matches Scots and sometime they probably came over from Scotland into Ireland maybe during Ulster plantation or something I don't know because I'm stuck but at least through DNA testing I know he's Scottish and he's in this group five now one of the things I want to point out here that's quite fascinating I think with this McCallums and with Clyde McCallum is that you know in clans and steps you have a lot of variance of the surname and look here in group four you have a McCallum a Malcolm another McCallum a McCallum a McCallum with a U and then another McCallum with an O and so you have all these variants of the surnames and even though they have some differences in the DNA they match these people these McCallums are all related to each other and wherever they immigrated or whether they stayed they got these different variants of the surnames but they've had the same McCallum DNA for hundreds of years if not longer now I want to explain this chart especially for those of you that are new when you do YDNA testing you get a set of these are called YSTRs these little numbers right here and then the haplogroup is predicted here the haplogroup is in red and ones that are SNP confirmed that have either been tested or the company confirmed are in green this one and the other one is in A to have this one done but this one's been confirmed these ones are predicted so they're able to predict these based on these so a group of haplotypes this is this string of numbers a DNA signature is called a haplotype the haplotype a group of haplotypes is what makes a haplogroup so I remember early on when the little light bulb went on in my head and I got out these were their color those are mutations all the yellow are changes in the DNA that naturally occur in the white chromosome they tend to occur more rapidly and then I've gone through and highlighted patterns of changes like the 11's right here that tells me that these men are probably more closely related to each other than say these two and this man because they all have the same change in their DNA from a common ancestor I do use weasel words a lot like probably maybe possibly because you don't know for sure sometimes DNA can be very vague sometimes it's definite, sometimes it's vague in that case it's vague but that's at least the hypothesis I have is that they're closely related and then I have these other Macallan clusters that are also groups of clans and seps of Macallan so my cousin that tested he he could care less about the thing I just showed you with the YSTR the matches, the clan matches I mean he lives in Scotland he knows he's clan Macallan he knows these things he doesn't care about that what he was over the moon about was that much Scandinavian just absolutely over the moon so he came in at 33% Scandinavian family that they go yes we're Viking quite thrilled yes so he and it does tell you that now here's the caveats with these numbers see he's got 2% Jewish diaspora however when you see very low numbers like that they may be real and they may not be really calm, remnants sometimes it could be remnants, sometimes it could be legitimate the thing is too though that you need to know about these numbers they will change they might not change very much sometimes they do and people freak out but they will change and the reason they change is because all of the companies, all of the DNA companies update their databases usually at least once a year and they do with the new data they bring in and they also do with the new scientific studies that come out, they add that data as well now another caveat is your percentages here will not be exactly the same in each company at least I've never seen I even have a friend who's a 100% Portuguese from mainland Portugal and his has even changed so these will change and they will not be the same company wide but they will be close so sometimes you'll test in a company and you'll get a percentage like that and then other times you'll think it's spot on well you know I don't have any known Scandinavian ancestry so for instance I'm not sponsoring Ancestry.com first debuted their geographical portions like this they were Scandinavian heavy so people that had Scandinavian that had no known Scandinavian ancestry came back with a Scandinavian result and they're thinking that's really strange why am I having a Scandinavian result I don't have any known Scandinavian ancestry and Ancestry said well you know you're English so we have bike innovations you know that this is more recent it's not as much as the ancient life of the white chromosomes in the mitochondria so as Ancestry has been filling out their database you're seeing less Scandinavian results in there but the thing you need to know is that this will change don't freak out it's a good thing because as more people test then they're able to refine it better because if they don't have your kind of DNA in their database you're going to match the next closest thing so usually in western Europe you don't see it as of all off as some other countries but it can happen so I just want to let you know that and they will not be the same company wide the companies this is an asset to them it's a proprietary asset they're different and they don't share with each other it's a benefit of testing with the companies so another interesting thing that occurred I want to go back on the YSTR testing is my husband he has a lion line that is brickwalled in 1809 in New York so I started the lion DNA project in 2004 and I got a match actually about 2006 through the National Geographic Genographic Project because National Geographic launched a DNA project and originally they did Y and MT testing but now they've switched to autosomal but back in the day when they did Y testing Family Tree DNA was the company that did it for them and you could add your results into the database for free so the thing about the surname lion is it appears in Ireland, Scotland England, France and Germany so I didn't know where my husband's lion line was from because we're brickwalled in 1809 in New York but when through the National Geographic Project he got a match from a man in England so even though this man in England's genealogy did not go back as far as my husband's I think it started around the 1850's it still gave me a point of research focus and I could also discount those other countries it was beneficial and so far that's the only match he's had is this gentleman from England so his lion line probably came from England now I have a friend in England Brian Swan who did a bunch of research for me genealogy research on my Scottish lines and he found that I have this lion line and my lion line happens to be this lion line which is a shocker for me so the queen is my husband and the queen, current queen but anyways what's fascinating about this particular lion line it's very well documented there's a book on Google called I think it's called The Lion's Memorial and the lion is thought to go back as far as winning the concourse and what was another thing that's fascinating about is branches of this lion with two other countries they didn't stay just in England they went to Scotland and they went to Ireland and so we have testers in the lion project that match each other that are all from this lion line now I don't have my lion line I mean it's not on this particular page but anyways it connects to this one so both my husband and I have lion's ancestry but they don't match each other that's another thing you can find out using DNA C2 the McKellips and the lions are both that R1B the one that I said is the most common one in western Europe so the path of mitochondrial DNA is on a female line although males get it too so all of you males in the room you have your mother's mitochondrial DNA which she passed to you but only your wives will pass it to your children children only receive it from the mother so you can test for your mother's origins but it will not be passed on to your children they would have their mother's mitochondrial DNA so this is a picture of me and that's my father and my father was an only child and his mother the child in the middle she was an only child this picture is taken in Scotland and this is my great grandmother and my great great grandmother so this is my mitochondrial line on my father's and it's haplogroup H which is the most common in western Europe but what was even though I have not been able to get a genealogical success story with it I do have matches to H's that are from the Aberdeen area and this is where they were from my father actually he I started doing DNA testing in 2003 the same year he was diagnosed with cancer and he died within months and I'm not telling you this to bum you out or anything I'm telling you this because I am so glad I tested him when I did we didn't know he was going to get cancer and Family Tree DNA will store the DNA for 25 years they don't charge extra to do storage and I'm the proxy for the kits and the beneficiary I was able to upgrade his kit and find out what his mitochondrial DNA was and I would not have been able to do that if it hadn't been that they stored it because my dad was the only child my grandmother was the only child from Scotland I had no other mitochondrial DNA sources from this family so that's one of the benefits too don't wait test people when you can it would have bit me if I had so this is when you test your family tree DNA in your results page you get a certificate and these are my dad's very basic HBR1 and HBR2 mitochondrial DNA results and it says it's half the group is H and you get the same thing too for Y chromosome DNA but it does not really derive any significance until you're able to compare it you have to see your matches in the database and additionally it is beneficial if you join a project because not only can you get the help from the project administrators but it also helps to see the results refined down to an area so for my dad's mitochondrial DNA I have that in the Scottish Origins project that Allie McDonald wrote so the other thing too that you get with the different helper groups is you get Origins and these are the most common ones in Western Europe Ryan Sykes wrote a book about it back in oh gosh 2000 I think called The Seven Daughters of Eve and that's why you see those where it says clan mother Helena Velda Iris so when he wrote the book it was a very popular book it's probably in some of your local libraries it's a lot of people will refer to their helper groups with these names like Helena and things you don't see it as much anymore but especially in the early days we did I want to play out here though is my hop to group which I have on my badge here and is not on here so I want to I want you to note that there's for Ireland there's no N on this list because my Irish my maternal line traces back to an Irish family immigrant who sailed on the ship Laurel out of the fork in 1848 and settled in Chicago by everything we know the way she identified herself in the census the way the families identified Irish Catholic so as far as I know we were Irish and Catholic and my mother always said you're Irish that's why you like potatoes that's how I was raised this is her daughter I don't have a picture of the immigrant but this is her daughter Johanna Paul we say pal in America but Paul, Cindy's a pal expert but pole expert P-O-W-E-L-L so this is Johanna pole and she was the daughter of the immigrant I don't have a picture of the immigrant and her father was also Irish this is a holy family church from Chicago, Illinois this is a church where they were baptized so we even have a great Chicago fire story I've never been able to verify it but supposedly Johanna was friends she's a teenager at the time she was friends with the woman the daughter of the woman Mrs. O'Leary who was having a party and supposedly Mrs. O'Leary it wasn't her cow they went to milk it this girl was flirting with the boy that's my fire story I haven't been able to verify it supposedly she was at the party probably lots of Irish in Chicago had that story but anyways they got out of the fire they survived, they had descendants you know and she eventually ended up moving to California that's where I'm from so and this is a the parish record in Chicago for her mother now something I want to point out here is her mother's name is Julia English and it's not a big stretch to know that English is not an Irish surname so I mean it's very common in Cork there's a man that sells ships down in Cork that is named with a surname English but it is not an Irish surname additionally we believe that they're from the area I'll probably mispronounce it I got it right which means place of the Londoners so we've got these these poles in this English from the place of the Londoners and guess what my mitochondrial DNA is not indigenous to Ireland I was so surprised when I found that out because I was expecting, again remember I like potatoes I'm Irish the whole thing I was raised like that but I'm not indigenous to Ireland my haplogroup is which is very extremely rare and most of my matches are in Italy and it's cute because sometimes people say well you look Italian but I have no known Italian ancestry I do talk with my hands a lot but I don't really know Italian ancestry now that begs the question I'm from an Irish family immigrant on my mitochondrial DNA I was raised as having an Irish ancestry I do have a Kennedy on my father's side too just so you know it's still in there but am I Irish so that's the question now when it comes down to it only I can answer that question because my identity is up to me and these people at whatever time that they came over and settled in County Limerick and became Irish and Catholic and moved to America and had that identity they assimilated I have ancestors that were French that fled St. Bartholomew's days massacre and went to Scotland so there's this interesting question of when do you stop being one thing and become another but it's really up to you your identity is up to you so as far as I'm concerned I'm still Irish even if I don't have a haplogroup on my female line that's indigenous to Ireland my ancestors were Irish they identified as Irish that I'm Irish or part Irish and I do have this Kennedy ancestor that fled Emmett's Rebellion too but on my bad side so anyways I just wanted to go over that with you because it's very interesting on the identity thing so if any of you DNA test and you get something oddball feel free to come talk to me about it or anything like that but your identity is up to you DNA is just a part of it that you can incorporate into it so here's a map Morris and I are okay five minutes Morris and I are co-administrators on the Ireland MT DNA project and in Family Tree DNA it'll give a map with your matches and show the origins of where they're from I want to go over autosomal DNA briefly this is an image that I borrowed from 23andMe that shows you dad mom and then it goes out to Fifth Cousin now Fifth Cousin for most people could be about the 1800s but when you enter your ancestors on autosomal DNA go back if you have as far back as the 1600s please enter them because you will get matches back that far so you want to enter as much as you can on there because you never know what comes through I've seen some crazy things come through this is an I like this example this is what Family Tree DNA's chart used to look like but it's a good visual so I still use it so on the autosomal DNA testing this is my brother he comes in as 100% European this is we have the same parents just so you know this is me and I come in with 8.21 Middle Eastern which in Family Tree DNA language that's Jewish at least you know in the old chart so I don't have any known Jewish ancestry but my Irish great-grandmother married a man that had bohemian ancestry so I think it may have come from Bohemia which no longer exists you think I have problems on my Irish language see Bohemia so Middle Eastern is their surnames were Engel and Bauman they very well could have been Jewish but I still need to research that and hopefully test cousin someday and then this is my son's chart and as you can see my son has an additional I call him pizza slice of Native American DNA and he gets that from my husband so the thing I want to point out though with the brother and the sister is that siblings do not inherit the exact same amount DNA from the parents you know your ancestry doesn't work like that if you're saying English and Irish or Scottish and Irish your brother could be you know 20 80 and you could be 60 40 so it does help to test your siblings because they will come up different than you so in Family Tree DNA this is called the chromosome browser only Family Tree DNA in 23 and me have these there are workarounds that you'll see in a later presentation in a few minutes so I have to talk fast the dark blue is me on this chart this is me this is my first cousin once removed is the orange and then these two are fourth cousins so areas where we have overlapped I know I'm looking at DNA from my maiden name line which is very important to me because I don't have a white chromosome so I can see my maiden name line my bold DNA which is my maiden name in using my cousins for proxies and in there we will also match strangers though this is I'm using my son as an example because I have permission to do so for my child so my son shows as a match to myself and my husband so nobody's in trouble here the computer will automatically predict how we're related it says parent or child we know that we're his parents it gives the amount of DNA in common you can put in the known relationship for my brother I put uncle pending so you can see what that looks like and then you get it highlights all the matches to all the surnames we have in common and of course it highlights it on both my husband and I since he's our child and has all the surnames in common and again too you will get matches to strangers I just use my own family as an example so I saw which is International Society of Genetic Genealogy is free to join we've been we were founded in 2005 we have over 20,000 members in 70 countries and Morris is great he runs a group called Genetic Genealogy Ireland so you can join that but it's all of our help is free we have a Facebook group too and it has I think it's up to about 15,000 members or more now books so I included two books that are from that were written in the United Kingdom so this one by Chris Pomeray and then DNA and Social Networked by Debbie Kennett is here this weekend but if you have British ancestry those are two very good books to use also for a more recent up-to-date book but you know something you've got to keep in mind too is that oh sorry can you fix that Morris I hit it so something to keep in mind is that DNA is kind of like computers it advances so rapidly that things change so when a book comes out inevitably something in the book will change so Blaine has one of the most recent books out and this is a really good book but just know the caveat there's something that could change in there there are two books that are available for sale out here this one is what did she say 17 pounds and this one is 5 pounds now the difference between the two this is a book like Blaine's and the author's out there Emily Alasino is really good for adoptees if you have adoptees in your family and you want to use DNA for adoptees this book is a page turner and it also gives info not only on how to use DNA for adoptees but also other tips to try when you're trying to get records out of the local records office so it's a really fascinating book we also have out there at the family tree DNA stand there's a see how it says free and then sponsors and quotes DNA test so project administrators like myself and many of my projects are on here like McCallum and Lyon will sponsor tests for people to especially in other countries because it helps us with matching so if you check the surname poster out there there's an up to date one in the stand this one's a dated image and you can see if your name's on there but this is primarily for white chromosome testing there's a family finder project for Coverly that will take another surnames that's an autosomal test and then finally thank you very much and I'll answer any questions appreciate you coming excellent thanks for a fabulous talk a great introduction about DNA for the audience just as a kind of show of hands how many people actually have Scottish ancestry in their family trees so there's actually quite a few people that don't have any McCallum ancestry no McCallums but I guess your McCallums would be a great example of what a lot of people would have in their own family trees well you know we were down in Dublin in 2014 and I stupidly did not put McCallum on this list and McCallum walked up and went to someone else not me and I missed it, I missed the vote so I've got everybody on there now ok questions for Catherine we have a question here, let me bring the mic down to you so the question was if someone else in my family gets tested am I permitted to see everything they get it depends so most of the time yes because I'm the one doing the asking and the pain and the testing so I even have a private family project at Family Tree DNA for my family and friends and then I will help them and educate them sometimes the person will test on their own like especially another company like 23 of me and then they'll do a sharing request and I can see it so usually though, usually yes great question anybody else we have a question here let me come around to there we go I just saw an article I think it's yesterday on BBC Guardian about how this genetic activity continues once someone's dead you just saw that article it's in there it was online anyway what I was thinking about was you were talking about the romance with its hair I have teeth my mother had everybody's teeth told me that forever would that be something you do with a forensic pathologist or where would you do something like that so our question is she has some of her mother's teeth she wants to know if she can get viable DNA out of it and the answer is maybe there are people that have gotten viable DNA out of teeth but sometimes it's difficult I'll give you an example where it failed I know somebody that had a golden case tooth of Benjamin Franklin and they've had a very difficult time trying to pin down Benjamin Franklin's lipromosome they did drill through this golden case tooth but they were not able to get viable DNA out of it in last October we went on a tour with Dan Bradley at Trinity University in Dublin and the way that a lot of the geneticists are able to get viable DNA we probably won't want to do this right now though there's a bone inside the skull that can hold it for I don't know thousands of years do you remember the name of that bone Petrus teeth is a it's a gamble so I would wait if I were you I'd wait until you know the technology is more advanced before you try it too then try to find a proxy like I did with my cousin in Scotland so I don't want to go too long but if you're talking about finding a bone if you had someone exhumed something like that technically yes so she asked if you could have someone exhumed if you want to use a bone you could I've heard that it's exorbitantly expensive there's a genetic genealogist in America that was so desperate to try to find out she got a price for exhumation that was like $20,000 so yeah if you have a letter with a stamp a lick stamp you might have a better shot with that of course the technology is improving all the time so and in fact with Richard III when they found his remains they actually used one of his teeth to extract some of the DNA but Dan Radley was telling us that the amount of DNA you get from teeth is about it's about 10% human DNA and then 10% contamination from the soil maybe in your case it'll be different because the teeth are preserved out of the soil but if you're exhuming somebody there's a lot of bacterial contamination and you only get about 10% human DNA from teeth from a petros bone you get 58% human DNA even from ancient skeletons and so there's huge advances being made now in ancient DNA and the recovery of this ancient DNA from ancient remains and that's a very very fast evolving science so watch this space because there will be in a few years time those teeth that you have will become goldmines because the technology, the price will come down and you'll be able to get those tested and you'll be able to find out the DNA of your ancestors. I agree with Morris the way the technology is advancing. Something fascinating that Dan Bradley said, I'm sorry for you beginners but the more advanced they'll get this but it's just mind blowing. He said that some of the remains like the Portuguese ones that were found he said when you think of the ancient remains that are found their DNA is so different from us that think of them like space aliens that it's that different for instance my husband's Portuguese so one of the tests I want to do on him is a big why test because it's next generation sequencing and that is the closest I probably can get to these space alien Portuguese remains and I don't know what else I've heard of but they happen to be the same haplogroup as my husband, the haplogroup I so that's as close as I can get to them but it's fascinating. I have a question here. I don't know if it's more of an observation in a way in terms of you talking about the bones lying and I wasn't quite sure whether it was autosomnal or the mitochondria. It's Y chromosome. It's interesting in terms of there is a link with the Queen Mother and a very famous Irishman who is Hugh O'Neill who was obviously heirloom at the time of the plantation and I don't know whether that goes down it probably isn't it's probably more of the mother's line but it's just interesting to kind of speculate is there's someone who could get hold of the clan chief's DNA obviously we've got Nile of the nine hostages but certainly I'm in for Nana and one of the things that interests me is the idea of being able to get a definitive Maguire or a definitive so I don't know. It's a great question. Can you answer that one more time? Yeah because we actually in Dublin we had Sir Conor O'Brien who has a 32 generation pedigree that goes back to Brian Breugh and it's paper paper trail pedigree all the way back to Brian Breugh he did his DNA test he matches a whole load of O'Brien's from Tipperary and Southern Ireland and therefore because his pedigree goes all the way back they can piggyback onto him because they are genetic cousins and go all the way back to Brian Breugh how many years ago thousand years ago or so so it is happening and more and more of the certain projects that we run as volunteers are actually exploring ways of identifying the location of ancient remains of some of the clan chiefs and then trying to exhume them and test their teeth or test their Petrus bone so that is currently going on with the O'Brien's and they're looking for ancient O'Brien samples there's a heart in Rome 19 other places where there are ancient O'Brien samples and over the course of the next few years we will see more and more ancient O'Brien's Maguire's Simpson's whatever a lot of Scottish clans as well a lot of them will actually be able to link back to the ancient clans Call that O'Neill Do you know if there's been a testing on the O'Neill's? On the O'Neill's side I'm not sure not sure but that would be another very important dynasty to test well we have to leave it there I'll move on to the next one but can I please ask if you could give a warm round of applause for the course going back and forth