 Welcome to NPTEL course on Remote Sensing and GIS for Rural Dialogue. This is week 2 lecture 5, this is the last lecture for week 2, let us see what we are going to cover in today's lecture. You would have noticed that I already have two other NPTEL courses, one focusing on groundwater hydrologist, I talk about groundwater hydrology and how it is very important and another course on water resources for rural regions, focusing on water resources. In both the courses I do give some hints about remote sensing and GIS, so that experience has given me to have a summary slide for every week, however the week 1 is purely introductory material, so I may not have had an in-depth summary. So this lecture is to summarize week 1 and week 2 and preparing for week 3. It will also be used to link between week 1 and week 2 and the flow of the course, it is always important to reiterate, so it is like reading a paper, you start with an objective introduction, go through the results analysis and then come back to the conclusion which supports your first part of the paper introduction, basically summarizing everything. So this is important to summarize what we have learned, so please join me in today's lecture for the summary and how to do the preparations for future lectures. In the first week, we looked at and define what is a rural dialogue, trust me a lot of people struggle to define this rural dialogue, what is a rural dialogue and we cannot give personal experiences and personal feelings about rural dialogue, some may say that education is needed, some may say water is needed and the definition of what do you mean by rural development, which level to which level are you talking about rural development. So India is a developing nation, it has to become a developed nation, so there are metrics, so how do you keep metrics for rural dialogue? So these kind of questions you will be asked. The best way out for this question is follow the country specific guidelines and for India we have used the Ministry of Rural Dialogments webpage. So we have been very careful in defining from the terms, from the ministries that are putting more stakeholder and also more budgets in rural development. So it is important to go through what the agency says, the ministry, what does the ministry define as rural development, what are the sectors they have identified for rural development and we progress on that, there may be others who define it differently, but they are not the authority for rural development in India. So we are taking our notes from the ministry's website. If you had noticed in my reading notes and lectures, I clearly indicated that we will be using a lot of government records and reports and the government records and reports come from these agencies. So we are defining what is rural development by first even defining the agency. We also look at cases why it is important for India's overall development. I will go through it again in this lecture with some statistics. The key issues for rural development and or to improve rural development is data. Data on the schemes, data on the need for the schemes and data on the beneficiaries, the cost, the budget, everything. These big budgets that come into this development scenario. So it is important to understand these issues. When we talk about data, we have to look at alternatives for data, observation data and it has to be cost effective, high spatial and temporal resolution and so we identified remote sensing. Remote sensing has been proved to be very useful in different parts of the globe and even in India for urban cities, for rural it has been less study. So for that we are introducing the concept remote sensing here. So this course itself is a very unique course because you would see remote sensing for glaciers, urban, flood, different courses on remote sensing for crops. But as rural development it is not there and that is why we have kept this course. How can remote sensing and GIS augment data? We looked at multiple methods through which remote sensing can address the issues that is mentioned earlier, the data issues. So we will be careful in seeing how to use the remote sensing in GIS, always augment data not overtake or replace data because government has a set of data which is very, very carefully taken. There are some issues that we have mentioned as temporal, spatial, some data issues we have. However, it is still a government record. So you cannot bring remote sensing and take the government record out. You have to merge them, work together and make an augmented product, it can be called as data value addition, it can be defined as augmenting data, updating data, etcetera. So these are all are also mentioned in the vision of New India by Nithya Yo where there is a lot of discussion on agriculture and rural development. Agriculture is still the most important or the majority livelihood for rural regions and for agriculture water is more important. So you see how it is tied together, I do not jump to water without putting these in front. So rural areas need to develop and rural areas focus on agriculture and livelihood options, agriculture is driven by water and soil fertility. Let us look at the course flow. So as I mentioned the title of this course, how it was done, we also want to let you all understand the course flow so that you can do some preparations before. I have seen the material that we are going to cover, asked in lot of aptitude test, civil service exams, bank exams, etcetera. So I hope these kind of lectures will help you also prepare for those kind of aspects. Very specifically it does lie in civil, earth, remote sensing, those kind of platforms and also subjects. Let us look at the course flow. In weeks one and two, we will understand rural issues that are stagnating rural development and we will look at the need for tools that can improve the development scenario. One of the tool that we already started with is remote sensing and GIS. This we already proposed it in the title and we supported our argument with week one and week two understanding. We go to week three, four and five where we introduce the remote sensing and GIS tools. So from week one to we go to three, four, five where we introduced remote sensing and GIS. In weeks one and two you would have only known about the issues where data can help and why data is not available. For example, I gave the river networks and I said suddenly the river can change the direction but the map will tell the previous river direction. So what is needed to update the map and to update the map we need better data which comes from these kind of platforms. So that will be covered in three, four, five. Some very important introduction material will be covered but please note this is not a full remote sensing and GIS course it is an application course. So please add your understanding of remote sensing and GIS from other NPTEL and open source courses. So three, four, five we will develop key concepts of remote sensing and GIS. There are multiple tools and tools are always updated in remote sensing and GIS. Of those tools the key tools will be specifically explained in week six, seven. This will be more like a tutorial that I will be going through on the screen you will see how I use the tool, how the data is created, how the analysis is done. We will try our best to finish within 30 minutes because your lecture is 30 minutes otherwise it will be broken as two sessions 30 minute 1, 30 minute 2, part 1 part 2. So some processes in remote sensing and GIS will be explained in weeks six and seven. Moving on we will also use a practical case for example I said mapping of a lake. I will show you in weeks 8, 9, 10 how to map a lake, how to quickly find the area of the lake in the last 15 years and then document if the lake area has been shortened due to encroachment or any other issue and how it is affecting the rural development. So we start with a practical case of first mapping a lake, mapping the area of the lake or the perimeter and then over time how has the perimeter changed. Suppose the lake has diminished by 60 percent then we will go in a zoomed out assessment to look at where are the regions that are affecting the lake or why is the lake depleting. For example encroachment, for example people putting a landfills into the lake, land reclaimed from the lake so which means they basically construct into the lake. Remember Singapore has extended into the waters by reclaiming land, it is a big process that happens. We do not know if it is sustainable because a lot of flora, fauna, ecosystem should have been destroyed but it still exists. A lot of around the world people countries do reclaim land so if the land is this much and then there is sea or an ocean let us say sea they will extend the land by bringing land materials from different parts rocks sand etc etc and then putting and then building it on top of it. The concerns are the waters are different regions and is it sustainable so those kind of things we will look at in mapping. Luckily India does not have that issue, our neighboring countries have not tried to take up our coastal regions in terms of land reclamation but mapping helps because satellites can always look at those regions and then we can map. In fact while I am talking this there has been a satellite recently launched by Indian government and the first images of Gujarat have already been shared. We will talk more about the satellite, what it was capturing and how. Since the government has understood that satellites are very very important for monitoring and evaluation more and more satellites are in the pipeline to be launched. So after we get practical experiences in the weeks 8 to 10, 8, 9 and 10 specifically then we go to impact assessment and new data using remote sensing and GIS in weeks 11 and 12. We will take a particular scheme for example, Mandrega, IWMP, the housing scheme by the government, the rural amplification scheme, gel-given mission for water, any scheme we will take and do a small assessment. The idea is if I am doing example for Trichy in Tamil Nadu, Tirucharapalli. I can take the district boundary and do the Mandrega impact on the Tirucharapalli district. Another person can come and do it for a district in Kashmir or in Rajasthan. The steps are the same because the data is for full of Indian, correct? So how do you do these steps in different methods to come to the same aim will be covered in these sections 11 to 12 and we finish the course. But I would like you to continue this process of understanding rural issues by going through the circle again. So once you have finished identifying a rural issue, let's say encroachmentization and you map new encroachments. Then go back again and do more GIS analysis and then get better, better maps which can be used for your research, which can be used by the government officials, etc. The only thing that is very, very important is rural issues are very complex, complex in nature because it is not from one theme, one focus or one discipline. It is multi-disciplinary, it is interdisciplinary and intra-disciplinary. So some people call it trans-disciplinary also. So my point is please try to look at rural issues very carefully, except it is a complex issue and somewhere we do need to take holistic measurements and remote sensing helps for that. I would like to rephrase and re-assess the importance of this course by speaking of all the rural development again. India is still an agrarian nation with approximately 70% of population in rural areas, 69% to be more specific and while technologies, as you could see, there is one person plowing the field using bullet carts and another person using tractors and small tractors, still technology has not been taken down to the rural areas evenly. There are a lot of issues and it is complex. A lot of governments, leaders have understood that rural development is key to national growth. We cannot grow just cities leaving rural regions behind. Think about your body. If you're working out and exercising, you want the entire body to grow evenly. If one hand grows and the other hand is very weak, it is not good for your body. Same thing, the nation is one unit. We need to look at all population with the same lens and everyone has to develop. More important, sustainability. Rural development is important for economic betterment of people. We need to understand this more carefully in terms of economics also. Development doesn't just mean you are growing more crops, you have water access, etc. But is it converting to a profit for the farmers? Green revolution has increased the crop production in India. However, the farmers still are not getting the due credit or due profit, which requires more social transformation. Many stresses exist, it is a complex system. Just water is not enough for agricultural productivity, just soil fertility is not enough. There are multiple, multiple other things. And that is why the ministry has been created with multiple sub-thieves. Increased participation is needed. The government can monitor, but it also needs monitoring from us, the public who are using the food from our farmers. And this course can give you some aspects on how to create these kind of data. Government agency for rural development has been started. Currently it is called the Ministry of Rural Development, however it started in 1974 in different names and has become Minister of Rural Development in 1999. Why the names have changed? Because of the mandate and the mandate has to reflect in the name. Because rural development is multidisciplinary and complex, it needs cross-cutting theme capacities. People who are well versed in agriculture need to talk about rural development, same as ecosystem and livelihoods, domestic use and climate change. If we leave the people behind and just focus on agriculture, then rural development will not happen. Same way, if we ignore climate change and think that water is enough for agriculture and domestic use, we will get caught. So all of this, the major things I've captured here is important for rural development. There are many security issues for rural development and for the nation. So when I say some security issues are there for rural entities, it will definitely reflect on the entire community of the nation because rural supports urban systems. All these security issues, the major, major ones are water, security and food security. Still most of the cities get water from rural regions through tankers and etc. What does water security mean? Is there good water and enough water for drinking in human well-being? Well-being is sanitation, evolution, bathing, etc. And then is there enough water for our ecosystem? Forest, rivers, aquatic life, insects, birds, everything. Because all this is tied back to the agriculture. You need birds for dispersing seeds. You need animals to control the pest. So everything is tied together. So if you just focus on drinking water and human well-being and take all the water from forest, it will backfire. So that's what this UN Water Report clearly mentions. And are there water-related hazards and accounted for during climate change? And mitigation, adaptation plans developed? For example, if the coastal regions are flooding, do we have the infrastructure to relocate them during these extremes? And the final thing which is also important is, is there enough water for holistic economic activities and development? Which takes together your agriculture, livelihood, aquaculture, those kinds of aspects. So water security is key. This can be broadly for urban and rural systems, but if you look very closely, it is mostly for rural systems which support urban systems. Then food security, food is mostly grown in at least in our country. Also the food is only grown in rural regions. Some vertical farming, some urban farming is there, but it is not enough. The population is still high and our rural economies have to provide it. So is there enough food for emergency? Remember we did have food issues, scarcity issues, ration issues before the 1960s. And the Green Division has tremendously pulled us out of this issue. Now we need to make sure it is sustainable. Child nutrition is very important. Are we feeding the correct food, the nutritious food for children who are the next leaders, future leaders of the country? Are the capacities being built for farmers, youth education at rest and food security achieved? We also looked at where remote sensing can be used as a data tool. Along with water and food security, we also looked at rural development infrastructures such as housing, schools, hospitals, roads and connectivity. Why roads differ from connectivity is here it is mostly the internet connectivity, mobile network connectivity. And there are multiple schemes that the government is working on in addressing all of this, which I have captured in the next slide. If you look at this slide that we discussed, we clearly mentioned where the government focuses on under the Ministry of Rural Development. You could see all the different schemes that are given below, which tie back to this slide, housing, schools, hospitals, roads and connectivity. One other thing that is highly connected for rural development is the labor market, which is given by the Mandrega scheme. What we plan on my research plans to do more is, yes, Mandrega gives 100 days employment guarantee for rural population. How can it be used for water and food security? Mandrega Roads is a different department, but at least water and food security can be clubbed with the Mandrega program. So, when you look at these programs in isolation, make sure that you understand that each program has its own mandate, however, there is cross cutting themes also. So, Mandrega work can also slip into the road work, DTU, GKY or rural work, and most importantly, to the IWFP, the water management programs. So, to achieve this, the Ministry has set up many schemes. However, there are separate ministries also that are related to rural development and we did have a look at these various ministries, starting from Ministry of Rural Development that we saw in the previous slide. There is Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for the entire nation with more focus or very interesting and specific focus on rural entities, because in cities, even the government invest or not, population have the bandwidth and economic power to take private medical facilities. Let us say for example, vaccination. In IEDs, we did bring vaccination and it was given to everyone at a cost. Outside, the government was doing free services also. So, there are two choices. You can go to private, you can go to government schemes. In rural, it is only government schemes. You do not expect a private hospital to come and provide these kinds of life-saving vaccinations. So that is where I said, these Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has a big focus on rural. So, there is some overlaps, some synergies that can be built. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Yes, it is housing and within the housing, you can have rural also. Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Personnel and Public Deliances, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. This is very, very focused to rural, because environment and forest are mostly along the rural entities and climate change affects these rural entities mostly. Let's say Mumbai Flats. If Mumbai Flats, the people living in the low-lying areas, house, water may enter. Most of them are living in flats and if you go to the flats, you see stills, right? So the bottom floor is only cars, cars get inundated, but people still go up in the lift and stairs and they are safe. Whereas in rural areas, the house is washed away, mud houses. So that is where climate change, as I'm saying, is more focused. In addition, climate change affects crops, which is the livelihood. So when there's a flood, you can still work on your laptop in a city. You can still take classes, but a farmer, when the flood comes, entire crop is lost. When the drought comes, entire crop is lost. So, this ministry has a lot of focus on rural development. And finally, yes, the ministry of agriculture and farmers welfare, very, very focused on agriculture. Whereas the ministry of rural development has agriculture, water, multiple, multiple schemes. So, this reassessor re-iterates my point that the government is very focused on rural development. It has won just for ministry of rural development, but multiple ministries that also cater to rural development. Multiple schemes exist. That's what we mentioned and we saw. And the government wants feedback on how these schemes work and how can they improve it. However, there are data issues, which limit or may limit the efficiency. Let's say the school example I gave in the last lecture. The government has built schools in Japan, however, it is in excess. So now, the efficiency of the school is compromised. Would you run a school for just two students? If is it easier for them to arrange a bus to bring the student to one centrally located school? The cost of a bus is definitely cheaper than running a school or placing the new school in between the villages so that all villages commute less time to come to the school. So these kind of things are needed to improve the efficiency. And that is what we will cover in this course. We saw that data is an issue and for the data issues we looked at remote sensing where remote sensing is a very multidisciplinary approach. Remote sensing in GIS are used in biography, physical geography, social geography and there is a lot of overlaps. So that is why we always use remote sensing and GIS together. Cartography is the science of main key maps. It could be made digitally then becomes GIS or on papers and maps like you find wall maps hanging. So that is totally done through surveys and stuff. So we will focus on the remote sensing and GIS. Many resources to understand basics of remote sensing are there. I've clearly mentioned that this course will not be able to fully introduce remote sensing and GIS because these two are separate courses by themselves. Here it will be applied for rural development. I've given you links on how to learn these software and also GIS. Please go through it. We will go through three weeks of basic introduction again because I will introduce some topics that are very focused for rural development. So you can take my introduction again but there are multiple full NPTEL courses on remote sensing and GIS which I have given links and there is always new courses coming up. With this I would like to conclude week one and week two. I will see you in week three. Thank you.