 To halve emissions by 2030, and achieve a net zero world by 2050, the healthcare sector needs to transform. This requires all parts of the healthcare system to work together. As a sector, we're accelerating our race to zero to help build a healthier, safer, more resilient world. Because we know human health is connected to planetary health. I'm delighted to announce that the pharmaceutical and medical technology sectors have achieved a breakthrough in ambition. This means a critical set of companies across our sector are taking robust and ambitious net zero commitments and taking climate action. We are pushing the boundaries of technology to solve climate change and continue to improve the delivery of healthcare across the globe. This extends to all parts of the healthcare system and through initiatives like the International Leadership Group, which is focused on our supply chain, we're ensuring that all parts of the healthcare system work together. But it doesn't stop here. We're only at the start of transformative change. Because to protect and improve people's health, we need to come together to protect and improve our planet's health. Welcome everybody to this session on the path towards net zero health and healthcare. I'm Jane Burston, the executive director of the Clean Air Fund, which is a philanthropic fund aimed at tackling air pollution worldwide. And with the forum, I'm the co-chair of the Global Future Council on Clean Air and a member of the young global leader community. I hope you enjoyed the video because seeing health and healthcare companies join the commitment to reach net zero by 2050 is an incredibly exciting moment. And everyone on this call who's been a part of that making happen, making that happen should be incredibly proud of themselves. And it's only right that healthcare industry should be leading the way on climate change around the world. We already feel the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on health in a variety of ways from more heat waves to the expansion of infectious diseases like malaria and Lyme disease. And obviously fossil fuels are both driving the climate crisis and directly harming human health through air pollution, which is causing respiratory cardiovascular and other non communicable diseases. So it's unsurprising given this that the World Health Organization says that climate change is the most significant threat to human health. During this session, we're going to discuss three things. The impact of climate change on health. The impact of the healthcare sector specifically, which accounts for 4% of global emissions and how the healthcare sector is taking on a leadership role in the transition to net zero. And thirdly, the collective actions of public and private stakeholders in the net zero transformation of the healthcare ecosystem. The format of the session will be four short interventions from our four panelists, which will be on the record. The sessions live streamed and open to the general public. So feel free to tweak key insights during the session and the hashtag is SDIS21. We'll also be taking your questions towards the end of the session, but you can start posting those questions just as soon as our panelists start their interventions. The Q&A function in Zoom is disabled. So we'll be taking questions in Slido. The forum team will be posting the link to that Slido in the chat. So feel free to start using this now. I'm going to turn first to the Honorable Chrissy Kanyesho, the Deputy Minister of Health of Malawi. Deputy Minister, can you tell us about the effects of climate change on health that you're experiencing in Malawi? And what your government is doing to tackle this? I can't hear you, Chrissy. I don't know whether others can, but you might be muted. I can't still can't hear you. Try again now. Can you hear me now? Yes, brilliant. Please go ahead. Okay, sorry about that. Yeah, sorry about that. Okay. Thank you for having me here and for having Malawi here, Madame Chairperson. Malawi is characterized on the climate change index as one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change. And it is ranked as the 16th most vulnerable to humanitarian crises and disasters. From 1980 to now, Malawi experienced major droughts and floods and more than 600 disaster events recorded since 1946. The floods of 2015, for example, were the worst in the 50 years of recorded data available to that time. And were followed by the drought of 2016 and 2017 rain season that affected more than 6.5 million people over a third of the total population of the country. The repeated occurrence of natural disasters contributed to the worsening of people's health status, economic and social welfare. The Ministry of Health is also aware that climate change can influence the diseases burdened pattern of some infectious diseases, a climate climate change sensitive diseases, such as diarrhea, systemosis, and malaria. For example, in 2019, the cyclone Idai affected mostly two districts in Malawi, Chikawa and Insanje. This happened soon after we had deployed mosquito bed nets to the whole country to protect the populations against malaria. Instead of registering a decline in malaria cases like all other districts, Chikawa district registered an increase in cases, which went over 40%. In this case, the cyclone Idai twatted the impact of the mass net distribution campaign and left the people of the two most affected districts and protected from malaria. The health sector in Malawi is committed to playing its role in the emissions reduction while following a sustainable and resilient health system approach. For example, we plan to buy energy efficient medical equipment. We are also installing solar electricity systems in many of our health facilities instead of installing diesel generators. This way, we will reduce the health sector's carbon footprint that's contributing to the carbon emissions targets of the Paris Agreement. It is within Malawi's high strategic interest to further engage within the dialogue of the World Economic Forum's sustainable development impact. For a national communication strategy on human health and climate change being increased capacity building of health workers as well as community. The establishment of a multi-sectorial health and climate change called him just to mention a few. Lastly, Madam Chair, I want to use this opportunity to thank all partners for the support they give to our countries in mitigating the effects of climate change. Thank you. Thank you so much Deputy Minister Kanyeshi for giving us an insight into what you're experiencing and for your leadership on this issue. I'm going to turn next to another leader in the sector, Gonzalo Munoz, who's the high level climate action champion for the COP and who led the race to zero campaign. Gonzalo, when you were bringing businesses into the COP in creating the platform that has brought about this announcement that we've heard today. And what kind of a journey did you go through? Could you tell us a little bit about your journey and about how the health care sector has got evolved? Well, thanks so much Jane and first thank you all for having me today. It's a real privilege to have the opportunity to speak to all of you on such an important topic alongside these fantastic leaders. And as you mentioned, I have the honor of being named one of the two United Nations high level climate action champions. In my case appointed by the Chilean government for COP 25, working together with my dear friend, Nigel Topping as the UK high level COP 26, we're both of us working together in what was supposed to be an a year working together but of course as you might all know, the post moment of COP 26 from 2020 to 2021 gave us an extra year. And that gave us an extra responsibility, mostly in a moment where the COVID pandemic has hit the world so hardly. Our role as climate champions is to move the ambition and action by what are called the non-selectors in addressing climate change. Non-selectors meaning mostly subnational governments, cities and regional states but also of course the business sector and the financial institutions. So to fulfill our mandate with Nigel we launched the race to zero campaign back in June 2020 last year so no more than one and a half year that we have been running this campaign, but the first commitment to a net zero world started back in exactly two years ago. So with that with the Secretary General summit in September 2019, we started putting together all of the effort coming from public and private institutions committing to a net zero and resilient world by 2050 at the latest so this UN backed global campaign, rallying all non-state actors from across the global economy to take very rigorous and immediate action to first have global emissions by 2030 and reach the net zero by 2050 at 2050 sorry as soon as possible or 2050 at the latest right. This campaign covers a range of sectors where we aim to deliver a healthier, fairer and more resilient and low carbon world and have been growing incredibly during the pandemic. Today we focus on the healthcare sector to celebrate recent achievements as well as discuss how we can collaborate across our organizations to move from ambition to action, and I would say from ambition to action to advocacy, because at the end, we have an opportunity and an urgency to also embed all of these commitments into the national policies. Planetary health and human health are of course inextricably linked to each other, and we know human health is impacted by all sectors of the economy, for example, the energy and system play a really critical role in our pollution, which the WHO estimates is accountable for an estimated of 4.2 million deaths per year. However, it is also important to remember that, theoretically, the healthcare sector is also a key contributor to climate change, being accountable for 4.4% of global emissions. Those emissions are all forecasted to grow as healthcare is of course one of the largest and fastest growing segments of the world economy. We are a business as usual scenario, emissions would more than triple by 2050. That is what we do with our hands. As you are all aware, the healthcare sector is complex and only by collaboration and with international companies, we have seen significant momentum this year. We are celebrating the pharmaceutical and medical technology sector reaching a breakthrough in ambition. 28% of the sector by revenue has now joined the race to zero and have set robust and ambitious net zero targets and taking tangible action. This breakthrough, that 28%, we see the leaders in the sector at the forefront of sustainability, and we call on those who haven't yet joined to take action and make the same commitments. We encourage collaboration across the sector and with other sectors as well, as we can only win this race working there. We have also partnered with healthcare without harm on our healthcare system campaign to address healthcare providers. We are really proud to also celebrate their achievements whereby 40 healthcare institution representing 3000 hospitals and health centers across 18 countries have now joined the race to zero. However, of course, it doesn't stop here. We need to continue to push the boundaries on collaboration and innovation to transform the sector. So, Jane, thank you again for having me today. I look forward to the final discussion and the insights from my peers and definitely look forward to have a strong push and a strong commitment from the healthcare sector at COP26 in Glasgow. Thank you so much Gonzalo and huge congratulations for reaching this breakthrough moment. 28% of healthcare companies is fantastic achievement. I hope that if there are companies on the call that have not signed up that your call to action is being heard. And we're going to move now to Nick Watts, who is the Chief Sustainability Officer at the National Health Service in England and represents the first health system to commit to a concrete net zero target. Nick, what was the background to the NHS committing to this. And can you tell us a little bit about what you're finding easy and what kinds of things you're finding more challenging. Sure, I mean the background to this probably starts back in 1948 the NHS was founded to deliver high quality care for all now and for future generations that's why we exist. You can't do that unless you respond to climate change you just can't do it climate change threatens to undermine all of is currently undermining all of the environmental the social determinants of health that well being depends on. We know we're part of the problem for 5% of national emissions 36% of public sector energy consumption. Roughly the same size as you know a medium sized country Croatia Denmark. We're good health care professionals right we know that first off our job is to premium on not sure I first do no harm. That's, that's the background. Right this is core to everything the NHS does what really helps is that every year when we go out and we ask our staff hey what do you care about. They shout back at us overwhelming thunderous nine out of 10 staff across the NHS want to see us tackle climate change more and more further and faster. And that's one of the things we find easy with a fifth large workforce in the entire world 1.3 million staff and never once ever once. Do I get asked, are you sure should we really. Is this really our core business. Always everyone is always saying can we go further can we go faster. Come on let's go the world is on fire. Another part is that it hasn't been done before. Right, healthcare professionals look we're getting there but we are traditionally conservative. I'm traditionally a little slow to some of these fights and we have been slow to this fight we're really picking up packs. But it means that no one has ever developed a net zero healthcare system before. And so we're going to have to figure that out as we go because we don't have time to develop the plan the whole way. It looks like new net zero standards and early investment a quarter of a billion pounds in 2021 22 into net zero healthcare in the United Kingdom it looks like the world's first zero emission ambulance it looks like new qualifying criteria within the decade. We mean this and we're very very serious within the decade the NHS will no longer purchase from any supplier that does not meet or exceed our ambitions. That's one of the things right trying to figure that out as you go that's tough. But what makes it really hard is that there are 1.3 million healthcare professionals shouting at us to go further and to go faster. Keeping up with the pace of change right the fact that this is not just positive impossible but it is inevitable. Thanks Nick and I mean that is really super exciting and I was going to ask you a quick follow up question about those staff that are asking you to go further faster. One of the things that I've seen in the air quality field for example with that it's it's doctors it's nurses it's pediatricians on the frontline saying you this is affecting our health we can tackle both climate change and at the same time. To what degree are those teams also thinking and what degree are you also thinking about how to integrate climate work into their practice and how they talk about pollution for example with their patients. Yeah so we're good health professionals right nothing the NHS is ever going to do as it responds to climate change is going to compromise patient care quite the opposite it's going to improve patient care because we know that all of what we want to do it cleans up the air it makes us it is more livable encourage physical activity it makes diets healthier. If you're a good health professional you're going to build that into your clinical practice whether you're thinking about providing remote care closer to home increasing access to people that traditionally find it difficult to find find access to a doctor or nurse. Whether you're thinking about the government's national over prescribing review out today reckons it can cut unnecessary medications by 10% it's good for patients. It also helps us tackle the 25% of the NHS emissions that come from pharmaceuticals helps reduce our emissions by around 15% in that branch right. It builds into every part of clinical practice that is the really exciting thing about doing this with 1.3 million health professionals across the country is every single person has one thing two things three things that they personally can access. And that's kind of what gives us the belief that we can get there in the end. Fantastic. Thank you so much. I'm moving now to Christoph Weber, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Christoph. You're one of the companies leading the charge on this race to net zero. And I wondered if you could talk us through all of the ways in which the private sector is stepping in here and what advice you would give to other private companies thinking about following suit. Thank you, Jane. Hi everyone. Well, you know, Takeda is an R&D driven science based company so the connection between health and climate change is very established and demonstrated the connection between human activity and climate change is also demonstrated so in our case, we cannot think to be a health-centric company without tackling the climate change. And we capture that in our mission. Our mission is simple, better health for patients, brighter future for the world. And so that has triggered a very huge energy within the company to move faster and to contribute to the fight against climate change. It's not something we do inside. It's really now part of our business and how we think about our activities. And like in the NHS, the energy is very high. I mean, all our employees are extremely committed and it's very motivating for all our stakeholders, our employees and others to be part of this journey. And you see an accelerator and you do that. You see a clear acceleration of what you can do. For example, we achieved carbon neutrality back in 2020 and we were the first large pharmaceutical company to achieve carbon neutrality. And frankly, I was surprised, I said by the speed of being able to do that. And we have now a very clear carbon emission target, but not only we are looking at water consumption, waste management and other areas where we can contribute to making the planet a more liveable planet. Thanks, Christophe. And did I hear you right that you have already achieved carbon neutrality or that's your target? And if you have already achieved it, how did you get there if that's your target? What's the plan? What major things do you think you need to do to reach it? Yeah, so we achieved carbon neutrality back in 2020 because we used some carbon offset to offset our carbon emissions. So we did not achieve zero emission. We achieved that in a few years. But we felt that we could achieve carbon neutrality by buying robust carbon offset and we felt it was the right thing to do. And that's the first step. And you need to have this type of milestone to demonstrate that it's not only a goal that you have in 2040. In our case, we have a zero carbon emission target in 2040. That's far away. So we need to have milestone and achievement along the way to keep the motivation and show that you can progress step by step. Thank you so much and congratulations for your ambition and leadership. And so we're going to move now to the Q&A part of the session. We've got 20 minutes for that. And the forum team has posted the link where you can post your questions into the chat. So I would encourage you to do that. And if you follow that link, you can also vote on other people's questions and move them up or down the list. We've got a few coming in now. So I will start with those ones. The first one is climate change, which I'm going to direct to the Deputy Minister. Climate change is causing millions of deaths annually. How do you think the healthcare ecosystem could work together to most effectively address climate change? Deputy Minister. And please do unmute. Sorry about that. No worries. We can hear you now. Great. Yes. The health sector is affected by climate change. In terms of, let's say, if there is a flood, most of the times what happens is we get very high malaria cases, which affects the healthcare system. It's a financial burden on the Minister of Health. And it's very important for the Minister of Health in Malawi all over the world to work with the private sector in mitigating factors of climate change. The best way, like in Malawi, we do have electric power challenges. So instead of using diesel generators, we are changing to start using solar power. So that's another way in helping as a government in mitigating climate change. Thank you Deputy Minister. Did any of the other panelists have anything to say on the working together? How will the ecosystem complement one another and what kind of public-private partnerships could be forged? If not, happy to move to the next question. There's a couple of linked questions here about the climate change conference coming up in Glasgow. So I'll throw this out to those of you who want to pick up different elements of it. What role will the climate conference in Glasgow play in advancing real action? And I'm going to add on another question that's come in. What's your ambition? That's to one of the other panelists. And what's your ambition for the COP? And I'll go first to Kristoff and then come to Gonzales. I think Glasgow is important to accelerate the movement. Gonzales said it, 28% of the company in the pharmaceutical space have engaged. It's both a success, but there are still a lot we have not. So I think we need an acceleration, otherwise we will not achieve the 1.5 degrees cap that we are all aiming for. So we have a line out, for example, our target to this 1.5 degrees, but we know it's slipping away. So what we need is a very significant acceleration to achieve that goal. So if I can add to what Kristoff just mentioned, there are several agendas that are getting combined. And of course, one very critical agenda that is totally related to the healthcare system is about how can we learn from the COVID crisis in terms of deploying the solidarity that is needed to solve global crisis like the ones that we're talking about COVID and climate in a way that is really effective and efficient, but also taking into account all of those regions and groups of the population that are suffering the most. So that element is really important now, even thinking about the few weeks that we have ahead of, I mean, from now to Glasgow. Then when it comes to Glasgow, we think about mostly four big elements. There's one element that is related to as Kristoff said, keeping the 1.5 alive. In order to keep the 1.5 alive, we need more and more actors of the global economy, committing to a net zero world, showing what they are doing and showing how they are now not only committing, but implementing the actions that will take not only to a net zero world by 2050, but to reduce and have our emissions in this decade. That is about 7.4% of emissions reduction year by year from now to 2030. That is a massive task in order to keep the 1.5 degrees alive. And I really expect that this is something that we were working with Nigel very strongly and with a fantastic team, putting together now 15 sectors of the global economy, reaching the breakthrough point where we know that we have, like the pharmaceutical sector, more than 20% of the major actors of that sector of the economy now committed to raise the zero and the net zero world. Then we need to build resilience. And then we need to develop the finance. And when it comes to finance, we now have 90 trillion dollars already committed to the net zero past. That topic is not only important by itself. If we go back two years ago, we had only $2 trillion. So in less than two years we've reached a massive tipping point in terms of knowing that there would be, and it's already happening, a massive flow of private capital moving along with the net zero world. And the fourth big element is collaboration. It's about strengthening the multilateralism but allowing the multilateralism to work in a way that is incorporating new stakeholders like the private sector or the international governments. That message of moving from the negotiation part of it that is so important to one that is a lot about implementing and offering the capacity of partnering between the public and the private sector. I think it's absolutely crucial and I'm sure that we will see a lot of that at the top in Glasgow. Thank you Gonzalez I hope that we do. And coming now to Nick with a question about supply chains and supply chains and capital purchases are the greatest source of health care scope three emissions. And the question is how can health care and work with the supply chain to reach net zero emissions. And so you want to unmute yourself and they can take that one. Sure. Maybe first by disagreeing with the question slightly, or maybe explaining some of the nuance behind the numbers if you go and look at our diagrams we confuse you our fault I apologize. It looks like 66% of our emissions are in the supply chain, they sort of are. They're in scope three, right and that's a way of providing some international comparison but explain what that is. Those are the emissions from the food that we consume within hospitals they are the emissions from the scalpels and the mobility aids from the pharmaceuticals from the plastics that you know come come and protect all the drugs and the tech around it what I'm getting at is, if you think it's all supply chain you just empower yourself. The NHS has agency healthcare professionals have agents over that we decide what goes on the menus within our hospitals and our clinics. We decide what drugs we prescribe we decide how our recycling systems work for those mobility aids. And so we have an ability to act on all of those we are not powerless within that supply chain. Nonetheless, our partners and our friends that supply the NHS and healthcare systems around the world are critical. There are a few times the NHS no healthcare system can get to net zero unless everyone gets there. We can't do it alone we have to do it with our partners with our suppliers. The good thing is they're there with us. The good thing is they are moving faster as we've heard from Gonzalo there is an enormous amount of pace here. Some of this stuff is going to be some of this stuff other industries are working on and we're going to benefit from learning there. Some of this stuff, we're going to have to do our own innovation we have five or six fairly large innovation competitions out and coming out into the system across the country across the world, looking to figure out some of those tough to reach areas. Some of the stuff we don't know much about. But what we're going to have to do is set a target we're going to have to make it look big and scary. We have to demonstrate we're very serious about it, set some qualifying criteria for what it means to contract with the NHS. You can't contract with us unless you're aligned with our net zero commitments. That's going to drive some of that innovation when we run into some of the difficult parts there. That's okay because our suppliers our partners they have a friendly welcome partner there to figure out some of those questions with us. I think most importantly we have to be focused steadfast on the long term ambition we have to set some near term milestones, and we have to be okay with the fact that we don't have the answers to everything but we know we're going to get that together. Thank you I look forward to keeping an eye out for those innovation competitions and hearing more about those mega targets. Now we've got a couple of questions coming about the pandemic, and I'm going to turn to the Deputy Minister for the first, and then to Christoph for the second. The first is in light of the pandemic, how can we build back our health systems and the populations that they serve in a healthier and greener way. And for Christoph, a question about whether and how the pandemic has affected your sustainability plans. So coming first though to the Deputy Minister. And I think you just maybe need to unmute first. I think the question, if I got the question correctly it says, how can you build back our health systems in light of the pandemic. Exactly. Okay what else. To serve the population in a healthier and greener way. Okay. Be specific about Malawi, because that's my experience. Of course the pandemic has been terrible, but it has jolted our government into action. For example, now we were our doctors and nurses or the health workers, they were very low in numbers, but because of the pandemic the government was forced to recruit more doctors, more nurses, more clinicians, more lab technicians. And in conjunction with our developmental partners, that is the Western world. And yeah, the Western world, which includes America anyway. So they came in in full force to help us stabilize our health system. So in a way, it's been bad. But in a way, there's some positives that we've learned. We've been forced into action to improve our healthcare systems. And for example, we've built more new clinics. We did not have places, let's say we had built what do we call isolation centers, getting ready for Ebola. But like enough Malawi has never had a single case of Ebola. So those places were just getting dilapidated. But with this pandemic, they have been revamped and we've built so many more isolation centers everywhere, more than technology. So in a way, it's been bad, but it's also been a blessing in this guide, so to speak. Thank you, Deputy Minister Ken Yasho. And Kristoff, has the pandemic affected your sustainability plans? And if so, how? It has had a very significant impact, sometimes positive, sometimes negative. On the positive side, in fact, it has accelerated our carbon emission reduction. Because we shifted many of our activities into virtual digital. And in fact, our footprint, our carbon footprint has reduced further. That's on the positive. On the negative, the pandemic has highlighted healthcare system deficiencies, inequities. And, you know, we are treating a very severe disease with our medicines, and we have seen the disruption that has happened in the healthcare systems. And we don't talk a lot about that, but there is the direct impact of the pandemic of the virus on the mortality, but there is an indirect mortality impact of the pandemic. And I think this is something that we have seen in our activities. And then we have seen the pandemic disrupting our supply chain because of the non-coordination and the inability or the unpreparedness of the world to agree and to coordinate ourselves. So, you know, so luckily, not we have been able to maintain our integrity of our supply chain, but it was very, very tight. And we know that there has been broader issues within the pharmaceutical industry. So I will say that, you know, we cannot connect the pandemic that is happening right now with climate change, but we cannot, we can connect the pandemic with increased population climate change. That means that we'll have more pandemic coming. So, you know, we'd better be more prepared in the future because we shouldn't think that, okay, we have had this pandemic on the next, the next one will come in 50 years. That would be a very, very wrong assumption and being mistake. So we should learn now from what happened and be better prepared for the next one. Yes, that's a very good point that it's not it's not just about the direct impact on emissions or on air pollution during the lockdown period. It's about the narrative and what people understand the effects then the health effects of climate change are likely to be in the future and how seriously they take those. We haven't spoken yet about the role of healthcare professionals themselves as advocates for doing more and championing action on climate change. But it's something that I see quite a lot and Gonzalo earlier in the conversation mentioned the NGO healthcare without harm. And I know that's something that they work with hospitals and doctors on is a nurses and all kinds of healthcare professionals how they themselves can advocate for greater change from governments and from businesses in their position as medical professionals. I wonder if any of you have a comment about what you have seen healthcare professionals doing so far what you think could be done more and how we could support those NGOs and healthcare professionals in their position. Gonzalo will take that one. Thank you. Yeah, thank you Jane because it's so much related to a cultural shift right and we're seeing that partnerships in all of the sectors of the economy and some of them with a very concrete capacity and influence on changing the global narrative and changing the way we behave. In that sense, part of what we're doing in race to zero is working with educational institutions all around the world we have now more than 660 universities that have committed to race to zero in that case is not only about their not only about whether they buy the the electricity coming from renewable or they said bike lanes and and and and and and prepare the campus for being winner is so much about the curriculum. And in that sense we're seeing the importance of not only embedding this topic into the curricula and therefore training the professional in the healthcare system in a way that they can understand the capacity of influencing but also connecting that to a topic that is also extremely important is the use of talent. We are now know we're now noticing that many of the leader institutions in every sector of the economy are changing due to their need of connecting to the talent in a way that is is connecting these values and this agenda everywhere in the organization so we see that happening and really there is a change coming from universities all around the world in terms of connecting climate everywhere in how people are getting trained. Thank you so much here I think those points about curriculum development are very well taken, and it's a hard thing to do and very long term effects but absolutely essential for this for this change. So I'm afraid to report that we've come to the end of our session that was incredibly stimulating and I'm so excited to see all of the work that's being done in the healthcare sector on this topic. You're in the audience from a healthcare company do consider joining the race to zero and the forum team are going to paste a link in the chat to the website that you can go and find out more about what the commitments and entail and get in touch with the team. There's also at the World Economic Forum, a CEO climate leaders group which you can join and I think the forum team will post link to that in the chat as well. And if you're specifically interested in air quality the forum has to brewing on that as well. So please do take action on the back of this call reach out to any of the panelists if you have further questions. And I just like to say a huge thank you to all of the panelists for your leadership in this area and sharing your insights with us today. Thank you for your time. Thank you.