 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss economy and the state from socialistic point of view. Socialism is an economic and political system in which the means of production are owned and controlled collectively and the distribution of goods and services is based on need rather than the profit. Socialism is often associated with the principles of equality, social justice and public ownership of resources and services. So socialism is an economic and political system in which the goal or purpose is to fulfill the needs of the people and not profit making. So to fulfill the needs of the people, equal distribution of resources is spoken to a centralised form of government. That is why it is called a utopian concept because it feels as if we cannot be in reality in this world. Because in the process of profit making, competition becomes a big motive for the people. And in this, we cannot see the motive that if there is no competition, why will the people work hard? And why will the people produce commodities for each other? So the social system is also called a political system and an economic system. So it is often associated with the principles of equality, i.e. the concept of equality Moreover, it is said that you all consider each other to be equal, that is why it will not happen that there will be huge income gaps between the people. If a person produces a good business idea, then the profit becomes so gigantic that the rest of the people cannot produce anything against it. Similarly, the other principle of social justice is that the people should be fair. When there is a relatively equal distribution of resources, then obviously the people will become a part of the social justice system. And in this, there will be no distribution of people within the level of equality. There will be a classless system in which people will be considered of the same class. There will be major differences because there will be no difference in income. That is why the differences in their social living will not be reflected. And the ownership of different resources will be shared with the public. It will not be like a private ownership and a person can own the property. And if you give ownership to any individual, then this means that it is equal possibility that he can own more resources or more properties. Similarly, there will be no difference in income between the people who may not have a roof to live in. So, under this system, there will be equitable resources, equitable opportunities or equitable distribution of property. In Pakistan, for example, the socialist ideas have influenced political movements and labour unions. Although the country has not experienced a significant socialist revolution, the relationship between the state and the economy in socialist system is characterized by a high level of state interventions and planning with the aim of ensuring that the resources are distributed according to the need. Understanding the dynamics of socialism is essential for analyzing the effects of economic systems on individuals and societies. So, if we talk about Pakistan, we see the existence of socialist policies in the patches. For example, we see that the health card system, through the health card system, our health system has been tried to ensure or cover it. Similarly, through the Benazir Income Support Program, the equitable distribution of money has been talked about where the poor and the independent people can be given some money on an equitable basis. But all these systems are not so comprehensive that the ideal socialist system should be. So, it's a food for thought for you that in the patches, in Pakistan, what kind of policy reforms have been tried to avoid in which we see a difference in the economic or socialist system.