 Rydyn ni'n hollwch gyda'n gwybod rhaid i ddau'r ddweud yn dweud i ddechrau i gynnig o'r rhaid i ddylch i'r dweud a'r rhaid i ddweud, gallwch chi'n cael rhaid i'r ddweud i gydig i'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r £50 yn Ddechrau i'r £50. Mae'r ddweud i'r £50 o'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r £50 i ddweud i'r £50. Also, from Pete, the sort of what's the base on which to build the applications that we've been hearing about. So the missing maps filling in the gaps that are so key to being able to do anything next on analysing the spatial situation. And then lastly from Laura, a really good example of a critical intervention applying the technology in the field in a fairly light way, I think you'd all agree. ...gen ddim y gallwch, nid yn ddiw wedi'u gweld hynny... ...wyddo iawn a i ni gynnal'r Gymdeithasol... ...'r cwysig ar gyfer y gwaith sy'n holleg paste. Mae ydw i chi i'n meddwl am g lythio, achos ddim heddiw o cyffredin... ...od fydd gweithio, unrhyw gwneud i gwych, a chynyddio'r syfrn y gyffredin... ...i wneud o chi'n dda chi neu gydag ar hynny o phobl y yown cyfwyr newydd... ...SO sy'n fydd yn ei bod yn y pwysig yw yw yw'r cyffredin ar gyfer cyffredin... Dyna gynllun o'r cyfnodd. Mae'n gweithio, gweithio'n cwestiynau. Dwy'n gweithio. Beth yna. Mae'n gweithio'n cwestiynau. Mae'n rai'r cyfnod o'r holl gwaith gyda'r cyflwymoedd yn cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd. data space based technology. So the question is what would you do if you didn't have that data available? Is there another way of getting the same picture? I think your question. That's a really good question. And it's a big issue especially in the equatorial country where it's always cloudy every month. I don't know if you ask this question if you want us to speak about drone because the UAV could be an option. It's very expensive and you have a lot of issues about this device, especially with the autorisation. You can be seen like a spy. So far we don't have a lot of solutions. Thank you. I can share a bit of experience from Bangladesh. The tracing of the slum was very, very inaccurate. The maps that we took to base our field mapping on were wrong. However, they were vital because if we'd started from a blank sheet of paper, which in some areas where there were no features to map from the sky, the volunteers really didn't know where to start. The idea of mapping from scratch without this easy access technology that we were showing them was almost unimaginable. I had no idea how to help them start. They didn't use maps generally in the sense that I had. It's a really good question because if we hadn't been able to give them some reference point that had been taken from above, even if it was wrong, we would have been lost and the two weeks we spent would have been spent mapping about one square kilometre, I would have thought. Great. Thank you very much. Laura, do you have anything to add to that? No, I just want to say that if we didn't, we'd be in big trouble because in terms of response, you really need to have as much available information as quickly as possible. And I think if we had to be able to go out and try and sketch where they're going, that could be really, really troublesome. So, I'm delighted that there's GIS experts who can create these maps together and put them together really quickly. Thank you very much. OK, any more questions? So, we'll take the one online first and then we'll come to the gentleman sort of in my direct line of sight and then the lady behind. So, I have a question for Laura from MSF Zimbabwe. They're asking, so given the lack of trust at the height of the Ebola crisis, did you encounter any resistance in carrying out your activities? Quite the opposite. You know, people were very, very motivated to partake and to give as much information as possible. Like, people want to be involved. I think Sierra Leone, the people in general, you know, they were very accepting of any help and when you go to villages, they thank you for being there to save their lives. So, there was never any issues with that and that was, you know, people wanted to give as much information as they could. So, that was a huge, I mean, they're great people and they really tried to help as much as they could. Perhaps we can widen that question and ask the other two panellists if you've had any resistance in any of the work that you've been doing on mapping more broadly. I have the same feedback. People are so happy to help and are so happy to, at the end, get the map of their village or get the map of their country. There's been, we've had situations where people have been suspicious of our intentions when field mapping, like walking around the tannery zone in DACA with clipboards. So, you know, you can say this map is freely accessible, it's open to anyone, and it's open to anyone to edit, not just to look at. It generally persuaded people that what we were doing was creating a local map rather than imposing some sort of information from somewhere else. Thank you. So, everybody loves a mapper. The gentleman in the middle. Hello. OK, thank you very much for everyone. It's kind of a related question, really, on the issue of consent, which the keynote speaker mentioned at the start, because it seems like it's very interesting to hear what he says, that people go around being very positive. It's OK to use the satellite images, but, as you say, the moment we start using mid-level technology, then we start getting into interesting issues of spying or whether or not we should be doing this, shouldn't we do that? I mean, what, how do you, it's just, I'd just like to know a little bit more about how you get consent for kind of what you're doing, as it were. And if someone has A condition, B, MDR, TB, or whatever, is that, I mean, if they're not happy for everyone to suddenly be known, they're not happy to have a nice big red dot plonked on their village. How do you deal with that? I think we'll come to Laura. Yeah, no, so, I mean, those maps are not distributed throughout the country, or these are the dots where people are villages. But, yeah, that type of consent, because it's really internal use and it's only really for either the outreach team or for the epidemiologists, those are really the only people that see those maps. And then within the other organisations, you might distribute it to show them where the hotspots are. But in general, you wouldn't really get consent of the patient, but I mean, that dot is on the village, it's not the dot on the actual house of where that person is from. So it's just locating where the cases were originating. But, you know, in general, yeah, it's just for us, it's kind of useful to know where it is because otherwise then you're, yeah, because so many villages had very similar names and you'd be kind of, it did happen that we were kind of going around one direction then it's another direction and you want to try and get there as fast as possible. So in general, I don't think people would have mind. And actually, when I was there, I was kind of horrified that there was actually no data privacy really at meetings, if a case was, whereas MSF, we tried to at least respect that. But otherwise, you know, just at meetings, they're like, oh, this case came from this village and this person's name. So in terms of Ebola, it's kind of a strange situation because really there is kind of very little data privacy. Yeah. Thank you. Sylvie, as somebody who's made maps for many years and dealing with consent, what's your opinion or experience? We, for sure, we didn't ask for the consent of the patient. But if you see the map, we never print a map with, you know, the very exact location of the patient. It's always aggregate data. So we just produce map at the very, very small level, world level for free turn or community level. But you cannot go, you cannot zoom in to find the patient. Thank you. Pete, do you have anything to add there? We don't generally map patient data, but we've run into similar issues. I'm sure this occurred to you guys with village chiefs. So in Central African Republic, where the village chief lives is definitely a landmark and people would describe their house in relation to the village chief's house because it performs a number of political and social functions as well as being where he sleeps. So you're essentially putting someone's private abode on a map if you include it in your base mapping. So we are in ongoing discussion with the open street map community about how to tag that. So obviously it won't be tagged as a private home, but how to do that sensitively and to respect that chief's privacy. Even though most of the chiefs do have a big signboard outside the house saying village chief, which... Thank you. Okay, we'll take this lady here and then back on to online. Hi, thank you for your presentations. So mapping is clearly a very positive thing for the future, but I just wondered if there's been discussions on how the security of these maps may be protected from people who could use them in a negative way, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where you see the movement of war tribes through the country. If they had access to these maps, it could cause great harm. And I just wonder how, as a community, this is discussed within your profession, looking to the future. Shall we start with Pete? Shall we start with you on this one? Yeah, sure. So, yeah, of course we've talked about this. Open street map is, by definition, open. There's almost no security we can put on... Well, there is no security we can put on open street map. If a member of the military wants to download all the data for Unity State, they absolutely can. I think it links in a little bit with what Kenneth was saying, this kind of steam roller idea. Open street map is a growing platform anyway. Anyone can add data to it. And so, to say we're not going to map these places in open street map because some people might have access to the data, it kind of misses the point a little bit. And we also feel, in a lot of these places, that no map is actually a lot more damaging than having an openly accessible map. Thank you. Sylvie? In terms of this kind of maps, as a mapper, you are not responsible for the data you put on the map. I mean, we are responsible for the reference data or the base map like open street map, but you are here to feel a request. So, the owner of the data, I mean the security officer, or I don't know, the person who wants a map with an army movement, or I don't know. You discuss with him how you will produce your map, if you will publish it, or if you just print it and you delete your file or something like that. But what is important is that you are not the owner of the data people want to have on a map. Thank you. Laura, do you have anything to add to that? No, but it's sad to think about these type of things. But I think in general, these maps are generated to help people, and then if people want to use them for other reasons, it's unfortunate, and they have to be open source, otherwise then people who really need it can't access it. So, it's just, yeah. Thank you. The online question. Sorry, just leading on from that actually. So, given that these technologies, obviously based on GPS drones and aerial mapping, are strongly linked with the military, and sometimes perceived as, you know, espionage-related activities, could this cause problems or has it caused problems for MSF's perception or image of neutrality? OK, so do maps cause problems, are technologies cause problems for the perception of neutrality for MSF? I think we'll start with Pete. So, not so far, because the missing maps is a collaboration and it's an open public collaboration. It's not MSF dealing specifically with anyone in particular. It's a community of volunteers that are building a base mapping database for anyone to use. So, it would be difficult to accuse a volunteer of, you know, colluding to create something when it's a very, very open project. Thank you, Sylvie. In the field and in the headquarters, so far, yes, it doesn't cause any problem. The only thing I can see is a satellite imagery. Sometimes, a provider is also like a US provider or like a defence industry provider, so the question is open. OK, so an open question there. Thank you. We'll come now to the lady in the middle with a blue coat. She's got the mic. Great. How do you choose where to map? What factors affect where you start? So... We're in the slightly fortunate position that we're at the beginning of the project, so there is a huge amount of space to map. So, we have some friends in Heidelberg University who are about to embark on putting together an academic proposal for how to identify vulnerability and lack of map. But to be honest, it's not come up yet. We've got all of Congo, all of Central African Republic, all of South Sudan. There's enough work for us that we're fairly confident needs doing that we haven't had to think about that quite yet. Thank you, Sylvie. Nothing to add. For example, when you have the Nepal earthquake, the humanitarian open-street pad team is activated too. So, you can focus on some area like that. Laura, how did you choose Tonka-Lilley? Well, that's where the EMC and Mac Baraka was based. So, then, essentially, the team started in Mac Baraka and just branched out throughout the district because there really wasn't much information. And they would just choose between themselves, the supervisor, what kind of... They'd allocate chiefdoms and off they'd go. And they'd just go around and start surveying that it is. So, when you don't have a lot of information, it's very easy to start because you just pick a spot and go. Yes, so... And then it all starts to come together into a map, so then it's great. I think we have time for probably two more questions. So, we'll take the question down here and the lady in the middle. Thank you. A question for Peeb and also for the others. How do you deal with population movements, especially like in South Sudan, where you have big seasonal fluctuations and then you have mapped populations that haven't been mapped before and after half a year when the rainy season is over or fighting season begins again, then you can start again, can't you? Yes, it definitely could have made it on to the challenges slide. So, what we're sort of doing is providing very much a general base map in places like that. There are other GIS services within MSF, such as with MSF in Vienna, where they can do kind of rapid analysis of imagery to contrast the current base map data against new satellite imagery. So, really we're providing a baseline and on top of that, we have to look at ways of measuring population movement and stuff like that. But it's definitely an issue because our imagery comes from different times of year. So, you might have a piece of imagery, two pieces of imagery both in unity state that are from June and January and they'll obviously give a completely different picture time-wise of how that place looks. So, yeah, it's tricky, but there's no one answer I'm afraid of. So, separating out the baseline from situational analysis. Yes. And updating situational analysis when you can. Let's come to the lady in the middle. Was that the question? Okay, fantastic. Do we have any more questions? Yes, the lady straight back. How do you curate all of this information that you're collecting? So, Sylvie's talked a lot about requests, but do you go in the opposite direction? You know what information you have, but your people out there in the field might not know that that information exists. Sylvie, would you like to take that one? If we have time, we can be proactive, but this is not the case. So, we are waiting for the request from the field and we see which data we have and there is a big in GIS in your monitoring community. It's a big network and a lot of people are working online so you can easily find update and accurate data. If not, we are also working very closely with the National Institute. When we are sending a GIS officer in the field, one of his first task is to go to the National Institute if it exists and you can get accurate data from there. Thank you very much. Pete. So, I'd say one of our missions is to make OpenStreetMap the go-to place for data in these contexts because it is by definition open and accessible forever. If we can try and achieve a tipping point whereby it's the first port of call for NGOs to go and look for mapping data, then NGOs will also start contributing to this and updating the maps and this will mean that we won't have to phone operations people and say, have you looked at the data in OpenStreetMap or E-mail? At the moment it's very ad hoc but, hopefully, they'll gain a momentum of its own. Thank you. Can I add something? I'd just like to say that when you get updates mainly from the field, you print them up and the guy said, it's not what I have on the field so you get a update like that. I'm sure that there are probably more questions online and in the audience. Unfortunately, we've run out of time, although I could talk about maps all day. I know you've got other topics to discuss. I think that hopefully that has given you a taster for some of the valuable work going on already in MSF on GIS mapping and on the application of these technologies which are already in the communities. It's not introducing new things. It's making better use. More is more in different ways than has been done before. So I think very exciting initiatives there. Lots of opportunity in the breaks to follow up on any of the questions or the points that you'd want to. But I'd like to say thank you to Sylvie, Pete and Laura for a really interesting panel session. Thank you, Liz, for sharing very competently and on time, making my job easier. I just wanted to... When I was walking 10 years ago in the morises of South Sudan, I wished I had an open map. It would have saved me blisters. It would have saved lots of time and we would have been able to do the nutritional assessments in a much better way than we had to do then. I just wanted to tell you that we have online... We have people joining us from 69 countries across five different continents. These countries include Slazi Land, Sierra Leone, PNG, Mali, Laos, Iran, Bangladesh, Niger, Myanmar, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Tunisia and Senegal. So it's a... There's more countries there, of course, but it's massive online presence that have listened to this great presentation. And with that, I would like to allow you to go for a break, not before making sure that you're back promptly at 11.30, so that we can start in time for that massive online audience to be with us. And for the presenters and the chair for the next session to come down here and not to leave the room. Thank you very much.