 Space radiation poses a significant risk to astronauts' health, as it can cause cancer, CNS damage, degeneration of tissues, and acute radiation syndromes. To mitigate this risk, shielding is used to protect against solar particle events, but is not effective against galactic cosmic rays. Ground-based research using model organisms must combine exposure to both protons and heavy ions to accurately replicate the biological effects of space radiation. Additionally, new techniques such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other POMIC approaches should be employed to better understand the effects of space radiation on humans. By combining these techniques with phenotypic observations, we can gain a greater understanding of the effects of space radiation on human physiology and develop personalized radiological countermeasures for astronauts. This article was authored by Jeffrey C. Chancellor, Graham B. I. Scott, and Jeffrey P. Sutton.