 A very good evening as friends, I welcome you all back to the Hindu daily news analysis of Shankar Ayes academy. Today, I am going to cover impart news articles from the Hindu news preparer dated 16th of May 2023. And displayed here, I will stop news articles that we will be discussing today. You can go through it. And a kind request to you all, those who haven't yet subscribed our YouTube channel, do subscribe and hit the bell icon button, so that you will get regular notifications about our future current affairs videos. Now let's get into our first news article discussion. Now look at this editorial here. The author of this editorial is concerned about a recent interim order of the Supreme Court related to default bail. Now in this discussion, we will focus on three things. Firstly, we will understand what is default bail. Then secondly, we will see the background of this Supreme Court's interim order. And finally, we will see what will be the implications of this Supreme Court's order. Okay. Let's get into the discussion. Before that, make a note of the syllabus relevant to this topic. Now, first, let's understand what is default bail. See, default bail is also known as statutory bail. Basically, it is a right to bail and it arises when the police fail to complete their investigation within a specified period for a person in judicial custody. Note that this right is enshrined in section 167, class 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, that is CRPC. According to this section, when the police are not able to finish the investigation within 24 hours, they present the suspect before a magistrate. The magistrate will then decide whether the suspect should be held in police custody or judicial custody. Now, what is police custody and what is judicial custody? See the difference is mainly based on the time period. When it comes to police custody, the magistrate can order the accused person to be detained for up to 15 days. And if more time is needed to complete the investigation, the accused can be held in judicial custody. Now, you may ask, what happens if the investigation cannot be completed within the specified period? See, in this case, the accused person has the right to seek bail. This is what we call the default bail. Note that the accused cannot be held for more than 90 days. If the investigating authority is looking into certain crimes like crime punishable by death, life imprisonment or imprisonment for at least 10 years. For other offenses, the maximum period of detention is 60 days. Here it is important to note that there are some special cases where the time period for investigation may be different. For example, under the Nocturotic Drugs and Psychotrophic Substances Act, the investigation period can be up to 180 days. So, these provisions demonstrate that the extension of time for investigation is not automatic but requires a judicial order. I hope this clarifies the concept of default bail for you. Now, with this understanding, we will see what is the background based on which the article is written. See, the Supreme Court of India made an order on May 1st. This order has caused concern among legal professionals. But why this is what we are going to understand now. See, this interim order basically sought to recall the court's own decision in a case called Ritu Chabhariya v. Union of India case. In the Ritu Chabhariya judgment, the Supreme Court held that the right of default bail is not merely a statutory right but a fundamental right that flows from Article 21 of the Constitution. And this was to protect the accused persons from the unfettered and arbitrary power of the state. So, this means that the Supreme Court has previously recognized the right to default bail as an indeficible right flowing from Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. We all know Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. Not just in Ritu Chabhariya case, but in other case also, Supreme Court has asserted the same. For example, in the case of Archipel v. State of Rajasthan 2018 case, the court held that no court has the power to extend the period of investigation in terms of Section 167 of CRPC. Similarly, in Yaskasi v. State 2020 case, the court emphasized that even during the COVID-19 pandemic, investigating agencies cannot get any relaxation in computing the maximum stipulated period of investigation. It seems fair, right? But what's the problem here? See, the protection under Section 167 Class 2 has been actually weakened in practice. This is because the investigating authorities often file incomplete or supplementary charges within the 60 or 90 day period. They do this to prevent the accused from seeking default bail. Also, in some cases, charges are filed after the time limit, but before the accused can apply for default bail. I mean, the investigation time is already over and the accused is going to seek default bail day after tomorrow. Police will somehow manage to submit the charges tomorrow. So now, since the charges are submitted, the accused cannot seek default bail. So these were some discrepancies that are happening in practice. Now, for those who don't know what a charge it is, just know that a charge it is the final report prepared by a police officer or investigative agency after completing their investigation of a case, okay? Now, coming back to the case. See, in Ritu Chabhariya's judgment, the court invalidated these illegal practices that I mentioned before. And it also clarified that incomplete charges cannot stop the accused from seeking default bail. This means that if the charge it is incomplete, the accused can still seek default bail. The court emphasized that the preliminary or incomplete nature of the police reports indicates that the investigation is not complete. See here, it is important to note that the Ritu Chabhariya judgment did not introduce any new hurdles in the investigation process. Instead, it just stressed upon the prior judgments. We know that many previous judgments established constitutional basis of the right to default bail. Therefore, the author of the editorial says that the Ritu Chabhariya judgment simply reiterated that incomplete charges cannot prevent the accused from seeking release on default bail. However, in the recent order, the Supreme Court is considering to recall the Ritu Chabhariya judgment. This raises concerns because this will have far more implications. Now, we will see what will be the implications if the court recalls the Ritu Chabhariya judgment. The author says that if the judgment is recalled, it might imply that the right to default bail which is derived from the Indian Constitution is inferior to the difficulties faced by investigative authorities. See, just because the investigative agencies are not able to do their job on time and accused cannot remain in jail for a prolonged time, right? Adding to this, the Supreme Court did another thing. The Supreme Court has suspended decisions on default bails across the country, which were supposed to be decided according to the Ritu Chabhariya judgment. So, as of now, other courts cannot make decisions on default bail based on Ritu Chabhariya judgment. So, this will affect the constitutional rights of the accused person. So, these are the implications of the interim order, okay? Now, that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion we saw about what is default bail, then we saw about the background of Supreme Court's order on default bail. And finally, we saw some points about the implications of Supreme Court's order. See, this topic is very much important for your main exam. So, make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now, with these points, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this article here. According to the article, Health Ministry has directed the Union Government doctors to prescribe only generic medicines. It also added that visits of medical representatives to hospitals should be curtailed completely. This is about the news article given here. Now, in this context, first, we will understand about generic medicines. See, a generic drug is a medication created to be similar to an already marketed brand name drug. It will be similar in dosage form, safety and strength, root of administration, quality, performance characteristics, and intended use. See, generic medicines are used because they do not cost much like their branded counterpart. This means they are cheap. So, generic medicines will help the people in significantly reducing their medication bills, okay? Now, when we talk about generic medicines, you should know about the scheme known as PMBJP. It is expended as Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana. The main aim of the scheme is to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to the masses. Under the scheme, PMBJP stores are set up to provide generic drugs. They will be available at lower prices. Additionally, they will be equivalent in quality and efficacy as the expensive branded drugs. Know that Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana was launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals in November 2008 under the name Jan Aushadhi Campaign. Know that the stores that are set up under the scheme are called Jan Aushadhi Kendras. These stores are only open to provide generic medicines at affordable prices. Know that as of now in India, there are 9082 Jan Aushadhi Kendras. The product basket under the PMBJP scheme includes 1759 drugs and 208 surgical items. See the prices of these products are 50 to 90 percentage lesser than the tough branded medicine prices in open market. And also know that the medicines in these stores are procured only from WHO GMP. That is WHO Good Manufacturing Products Certified Suppliers. And this is to ensure the quality of products. And that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion we saw about what are generic medicines. Then we saw about the Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana scheme. And finally, we saw some points about Jan Aushadhi Kendras. See this topic is very much important for your prelims exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these key points in mind, let us move on to the next article. Now look at this article from the text and context page. This article is about the sexual harassment of women at workplace, prevention, prohibition and redressal act 2013. This act is shortly called as Posh Act 2013. It has been in news because recently the Supreme Court has expressed its view about the issues in the implementation of this Posh Act 2013. So this is the background. Now in this backdrop, let us learn about Posh Act 2013. Now firstly we look at how this Posh Act came into force. See around 1980s and 1990s the child marriage at very engages very much prevalent in Rajasthan. In the year 1992, Banwari Devi who was a social worker in Rajasthan, government's woman development project was sexually assaulted by five men. This was after she tried to stop the marriage of one-year-old girl. Yes, you heard me right. It was a one-year-old child. See the Rajasthan High Court convicted those five men with a punishment that was very much lesser than the crime of rape. After that a group of non-profit organizations who worked for safety of women filed a PIL in Supreme Court seeking justice for Banwari Devi and also appropriate punishment for the men involved in gang rape. And this case is famously known as Divsaka case. The NGOs mentioned that Banwari Devi was raped due to the work she was supposed to perform as part of her employment. So the PIL sought to develop a new set of guidelines for the safety of women at workplaces. As a result, the Supreme Court brought out the Visaka guidelines for protection of women at workplaces. These guidelines were instituted by the Supreme Court in the year 1997. The Supreme Court prescribed to follow the Visaka guidelines until a new law has been enacted in this regard. Subsequently in 2007, protection of women against sexual harassment and workplace bill was introduced in the parliament. It went through many amendments and its final version came into force on December 9, 2013 as the sexual harassment of women at workplace prevention prohibition and reversal act 2013, which is called as POSH Act 2013. Okay, this is about the background of creation of POSH Act. Now we'll move on to see about the definition of the term sexual harassment. The POSH Act 2013 defines sexual harassment in a broader sense. It includes unwelcoming acts such as physical contact and sexual advances, a demand or a request for sexual favors, making sexually colored remarks, showing pornography, and any other unwelcome physical verbal or nonverbal contact of a sexual nature. Okay, this is about the definition of sexual harassment provided in POSH Act 2013. Apart from this, the act term employee of a company, apart from this, the act also defines the employee of a company. As per POSH Act 2013, the term employee of a company includes all women employees who are employed regularly, temporarily, contractually, or on a daily wage basis. It even includes the interns and apprentices in the company. Okay, this is about the definition of employee provided under POSH Act 2013. Now moving on to see about the mandates new to be followed by an employer. See the POSH Act 2013 mandates an employer with more than 10 employees to form an internal complaints committee. This committee will be approached by the agreed women in case of sexual harassment. Now commit to its composition, the internal complaints committee has to be headed by a woman, and it should have at least two women employees. Apart from this, a third party such as a NGO worker with at least five years experience and who is familiar with the challenges of sexual harassment should also included in internal complaints committee. Apart from this, the POSH Act 2013 also mandates all the districts in India to create a local committee to receive complaints from women working in films with less than 10 employees and from the informal sector including domestic workers, home-based workers, voluntary government social workers and so on. And at the end of every year, the employer has to file an annual audit report to the district officer about the number of harassment cases filed and the measures taken. Okay. This is the mandates that has to be followed by an employer. See in the beginning of this discussion, I have said that Supreme Court has expressed its view regarding the issues in the implementation of POSH Act 2013. Right. Now let us see what are those issues. See the Supreme Court in its recent observation mentioned that the internal complaints committee are not properly established in many workplaces as per the POSH Act 2013. A newspaper report was cited by the Supreme Court that says that 16 out of the 30 national sports federation had not even constituted an internal complaints committee till now. Then the another main issue in this regard is that the improper constitution of an internal complaints committee. See most of the internal complaints committees had an inadequate number of members or they are lacking a mandatory external member. Okay. This is one issue. Then some of the other issues include there is no clear mention in POSH Act about accountability that is who ensures the complaints of workplaces and who will be held liable the provisions of this act are not followed. Apart from this the POSH Act is largely inaccessible to women working in the informal sector. See many of the sexual harassment cases at workplace are hugely under reported. This is because of various reasons like exhaustive process in legal system, power dynamics of organizations and fear of professional repercussions. Okay. This is about the issues with POSH Act 2013. See the inefficient functioning of judicial system and the lack of clarity in law about how to conduct such inquiries are some of the issues associated with POSH Act. Okay. So Supreme Court directed the states and union territories to conduct a time bound exercise to verify whether the organizations under the government have established the internal complaint committees local committees and internal committees under the POSH Act 2013. Apart from this Supreme Court has also ordered these bodies to publish the details about their committees in their websites. Okay. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the background for creation of POSH Act 2013. Then we saw about the definition of sexual harassment and employee provided in the POSH Act 2013. Then we saw about the issues with the POSH Act 2013. And finally we saw some points about the Supreme Court's recent observation about POSH Act 2013. See this topic is very much important for your mains exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this article here. It reports that the National Institute of Epidemology will train Aayush researchers in the fundamentals of basic research under the Union government's integrative healthcare initiative. Know that the National Institute of Epidemology is a premier institute of the Indian Council for Medical Research. So in this discussion we'll learn about Indian Council for Medical Research that is the ICMR from Prilam's perspective. See the ICMR is an apex body in India that focuses on the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research. Know that ICMR is one of the oldest medical research organizations in the world. It was established in 1911 as the Indian Research Fund Association. The main objective of the Indian Research Fund Association was to sponsor and coordinate medical research in the country. Then after India gained independence, the Indian Research Fund Association was renamed as the Indian Council of Medical Research in 1949. Now coming to the objective of ICMR, the ICMR plays a vital role in conducting, coordinating and implementing medical research for the benefit of society. It basically aims to translate medical innovations into practical products and processes so that they can be introduced into the public health system. So we can say that ICMR strives to bridge the gap between research and practical implementation for the betterment of public health. And know that the ICMR is funded by the Government of India and it operates under the Department of Health Services in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Here we should know that ICMR is neither a statutory body nor a regulatory body whereas it is an apex body that focuses on formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research in India. And know that ICMR hosts the Clinical Trials Registry India that is CTRI. So what is this CTRI? See CTRI is an online system where clinical trials conducted in India are registered and publicly recorded. See before June 15, 2009 trial registration at CTRI was voluntary. However after June 15, 2009 the Drug Controller General of India made it mandatory for clinical trials to be registered at CTRI. That is Clinical Trials Registry India. Okay now talking about the organizational structure of ICMR. See ICMR includes a governing body presided over by the Union Health Minister. Then to assist with scientific and technical matters there is a Scientific Advisory Board. This Scientific Advisory Board consists of renowned experts in various biomedical disciplines. Currently the ICMR conducts research through its 32 permanent research institutes or centres. These are national institutes located in different parts of India. These institutes focus on specific areas of research and contribute to the advancement of medical knowledge and healthcare practices. I hope this provides you with a clear understanding of the Indian Council for Medical Research and its important role in medical research in India. Okay that's all regarding this discussion. Now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this text and context article. This article talks about other enabled payment system which is shortly called as AEPS. This is a news because of a recent tweet posted by a popular YouTuber. The YouTuber shared how his mother's account was drained using an other linked fingerprint without needing a two-factor authentication. And his mother was not informed of the transactions by her bank through message or otherwise. Subsequently through investigation it was found that the cyber criminals are now using silicon thumbs to operate biometric POS device or biometric ATMs to drain users bank accounts. So what is this other enabled payment system and how they work. Now we will see about them in detail. Now before getting into discussion the syllabus relevant to this topic is given here you can go through it. Now first let's take other enabled payment system. As the name implies other enabled payment system is a payment service which empowers a bank customer to use other as his or her identity to assess his or her respective other enabled bank account and to perform basic banking transactions like balance enquiry cash deposit cash withdrawal and remittances through a business correspondent. See this other enabled payment system initiative was started by joint efforts of Reserve Bank of India and Indian Banks Association and later it was developed by National Payments Corporation of India. Here if you could not understand what is happening let me explain how it works. Then you will understand see the other enabled payment system leverages other on an authentication and enables other enabled bank accounts to be operated in any time anywhere through micro ATMs. Here a micro ATM is a biometric authentication enabled handheld device which is also known as a point of transaction or POT terminal machine which serves as the doorstep banking system. See micro ATMs can perform all types of transactions including deposits and customer to customer transfers. Now look at this image here this is how micro ATM looks like. See to get benefit out of other enabled payment system the beneficiary bearing a UID number that is the other number should approach a business correspondent with the request to withdraw cash. Here a business correspondent is an approved bank agent providing basic banking service using a micro ATM. As per the request of the customer the business correspondent feeds beneficiaries UID number fingerprints and amount into the micro ATM. The other server authenticates the beneficiary's ID and get his bank account using the ID mapper. Once this mapping is successful the debit and credit transactions are carried out and then a message is sent to the beneficiary and the beneficiary gets his cash. To put it simply the other enabled payment system removes the need for OTPs bank accounts and other financial details. It allows fund transfers using only the bank name other number and fingerprint captured during other enrollment. Remember there are two forms of payment services carried out under other enabled payment system. The first facilitates crediting money into the beneficiary accounts whereas the second enables account holders to withdraw their cash. Now even this kind of payment system has many advantages like bank decongestion increasing social security benefits last mile service enablement and so on. It also has its own disadvantages like fraudulent business correspondent then no accounting of fraudulent transactions and so on. Now what is shocking us cyber criminals have now begun to use silicone thumbs to operate biometric POS device and biometric ATMs to drain users bank accounts. Here you might have a doubt from where do the cyber criminals get all the authenticated biometric information that is available only with the government. See this doubt is prevalent with the government also. The UIDI that is the government agency which is managing Aadhar has denied any breach of data and said that the Aadhar data including biometric information is fully safe and secure. However UIDI's databases not the only source from where data can be leaked. Aadhar numbers are readily available in the form of photo copies and soft copies and the criminals are using Aadhar enabled payment systems to breach user information. Then the scammers make use of silicone to trick devices into initiating transactions. So here comes the question how to secure your Aadhar biometric information. For this the UIDI is proposing an amendment to the Aadhar sharing of information regulations 2006. This will require entities in possession of an Aadhar number to not share details unless the Aadhar numbers have been redacted or blacked out through appropriate means both in print and electronic form. Apart from this the UIDI has also implemented a new two-factor authentication mechanism that uses a machine learning based security system. The mechanism combines fingerprint detail and finger image capture to check the lioness of a fingerprint. Additionally users are also advised to ensure that they lock their Aadhar information by visiting the UIDI website or using the mobile app. This will ensure that their biometric information even if compromised cannot be used to initiate financial transactions. And it can be unlocked when the need for biometric authentication arises like for property registration and passport renewals and after that it can be again locked. So if you ask what can be done in case of a financial scam using Aadhar for this the users who have not already locked their Aadhar biometric information are advised to lock it immediately in case of any suspicious activity in their bank accounts. And according to the RBI a customer has the right to zero liability if an unauthorized transaction occurs and the customer notifies the bank within three working days of getting a message from the bank account about the transaction. So users are also advised to inform their banks and the concerned authorities as soon as possible. The timely reporting can ensure that any money transferred using fraudulent means is written to the victim. Okay and that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion we saw about what is Aadhar enabled payment system. Then we saw about the issues associated with such payment system and finally we saw some points about how to secure your Aadhar biometric information. Now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this article here it says that in a two day convention in Delhi tribal delegates condemned states and center regarding the failure to implement the Forest Rights Act 2006. This is about the news article given here. Now in this context let us see about the important provisions of Forest Rights Act 2006. See the Forest Rights Act 2006 is also known as scheduled tribes and other traditional forest dwellers recognition of Forest Rights Act 2006. This act recognizes the right of the forest dwelling communities and other traditional forest dwellers by ensuring their rights on forest resources. Now what are all the rights recognized under Forest Rights Act 2006. See there are many rights. Now we will see them one by one. Firstly the Forest Rights Act 2006 recognizes the right to hold and live in the forest land for habitation or for self cultivation. Secondly that recognizes community rights such as NISTER and thirdly the act ensures the right of ownership then assess to collect use and dispose of minor forest produce. And fourthly the Forest Rights Act 2006 recognizes other community rights of uses or entitlements such as fish and other products of water bodies grazing etc. And fifthly that recognizes the rights including community tenures of habitat for primitive tribal groups and pre-agricultural communities. And sixthly the act ensures the right for conversion of patas or leases or grants issued by any local authority or any state government. And seventhly the act ensures the right of settlement and conversion of all forest villages old habitation unsurveyed villages into revenue villages. And eighthly that recognizes the right to protect regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource for sustainable use. And finally the Forest Rights Act 2006 recognizes the right of access to biodiversity and community right to intellectual property and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity and cultural diversity. See these are some of the rights provided for forest dwellers under the Forest Rights Act 2006. Also know that Gram Sabha is the authority that initiates the process for determining the natural and extent of individual or community forest rights. After determining Gram Sabha will pass a resolution to give effect. If a person is agreed by the resolution of the Gram Sabha then they may give you a petition to the sub-divisional level committee within 60 days. After that the sub-divisional level committee will consider the petition and dispose it. Okay and that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion we saw about the rights recognized by Forest Rights Act 2006. CUPS has already asked many questions about this Forest Rights Act 2006. So make note of the rights that are recognized by Forest Rights Act 2006. This will be very helpful for our upcoming problems. Now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this article here. This article is about Arab League. This is the news because of the readmission of Syria into the Arab League organization. Now in this regard we will understand about Arab League and about why Syria was suspended from the Arab League. Now first let's take Arab League. See the Arab League is formally known as the League of Arab of States. It was established in Cairo on 22nd March 1945 following the adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944. The objective of the Arab League is to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. See the Arab League makes decisions on a majority basis. But there is no mechanism to compel members to comply with resolutions. So we can say that the resolutions taken by Arab League are not obligatory. Now moving on to see about the membership of Arab League. Initially there were only six members which include Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria. But currently the Arab League consists of 22 member nations. Those 22 member nations are displayed in this image. You can pause the video and go through it. Now with this understanding let us discuss about Syria and Arab League. See the Syria was expelled from Arab League in 2011. This was because the Syrian president Bashar al-Azad brutally suppressed pro-democracy protests which ultimately ended in a civil war. As a result of this civil war half a million of people were killed and 23 million people were displaced. And this is why the Syria was suspended from the Arab League. Now moving on to see about the Syria's official return to Arab League after a decade. The Arab League's decision to reinstate Syria's membership is seen as a result of the diplomatic efforts by Syria. Which gained momentum after the massive earthquake that affected Turkey and Syria recently. On 7th May the Arab League voted to reinstate Syria's membership. The decision was taken at a closed door meeting attended by foreign ministers from 13 out of 22 member states held in Cairo, Egypt. So this ruling will allow Bashar al-Azad to attend the upcoming Arab Summit in Saudi Arabia on 19th May. Okay. Now we will look about the Arab League's stand on Syrian crisis. Arab League Secretary-General Ahmad Abul Haith said that Syria's readmission does not mean that the Syria crisis has been solved. But it allows the Arab States to communicate with Syrian government regarding the ongoing crisis. Also a committee was formed by the Arab League with Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq to resolve the civil war and resulting refugee and drug smuggling cases. Okay. That's all regarding this discussion is a discussion we saw about Arab League, then about the objective of Arab League, then we saw about the membership of Arab League and finally we saw some points about the relations between Syria and Arab League. See this topic is very much important for your plumes exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now let's take up this final article for our discussion. This article is about IDEX. It is a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Defense. The article said that the IDEX has reached a milestone which is the signing of the 250th contract. This is about the article given here. Now using this as an opportunity, we will learn about IDEX. First of all know that IDEX is expanded as innovations for defense excellence. As we all know, small enterprises, startups and innovators have the competence, flexibility and adaptability to supply the Indian military with innovative and ingenious technological solutions. But a special effort is required to engage these enterprises with the Indian military. So one such effort is IDEX. IDEX was formulated and approved by the Ministry of Defense. IDEX was formally launched during DEF expo 2018 by the Honorable Prime Minister. In order to implement the IDEX framework, Defense Innovation Organization was set up by the government. And know that the IDEX will be implemented for the next five years. That is from 2021-22 to 2025-26. The main purpose of the IDEX framework is to provide financial support to nearly 300 startups or MSMEs or individual investors and about 20 partner incubators. Now talking about the objectives of IDEX, the core objectives of the IDEX include firstly, the IDEX facilitate rapid development of new indigenous and innovative technologies for the Indian defense and aerospace sector and also to meet the needs for defense sectors in shorter timelines. Secondly, the IDEX initiative aims to create a culture of engagement with innovative startups and to encourage co-creation for defense and aerospace. Thirdly, the IDEX initiative aims to empower a culture of technology co-creation and co-innovation with the defense and aerospace sectors. Finally, the IDEX initiative aims to boost innovation among the startups and encourage them to be a part of Indian defense and aerospace ecosystems. So basically, the scheme aspires to achieve self-reliance and indigenization in defense and aerospace sector. This in turn will bolster the Atman-Irbar Bharat Abhyan dream of the government. Also, it will help in reducing the import bill. We all know in the imports majority of its defense equipments from foreign countries. So this initiative will help in reducing the import bills. And that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion we saw about the IDEX initiative and we saw about the objectives of IDEX initiative. Now with these key points in mind, let us move on to the next part of the news article discussion. That is to discuss preliminary practice questions. Now look at this first question here. This question is about Pradhan Mantri Bharat Abhyan Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana. Now let's take the first statement. The scheme is implemented by a society registered under the Society Registration Act. See this statement is correct. The scheme was launched by Department of Pharmaceuticals. But it is implemented by a society registered under the Society Registration Act. It is the Pharma and Medical Bureau of India. It was previously known as Bureau of Pharma. I know that it is one of the PSUs of India. So statement one is correct. Now come to the second statement. Jan Aushadhi Kendra's opened under the scheme or stores that ensure the availability of cost effective genetic medicines to all its citizens. See this statement is correct. The main objective of opening Jan Aushadhi Kendra's is to ensure the availability of cost effective genetic medicines. So statement two is also correct. Here the question is asking for correct statements. So the correct answer is option C both one and two. Now let's move on to the second question. Now look at this question here. This question is about Indian Council of Medical Research. Now look at the first statement. ICMR doesn't have the power to directly initiate punitive action against doctors. See this statement is correct. We saw that ICMR is neither a stationary body nor a regulatory body. According to the clinical trial rules only the DCGI that is Drugs Control General of India can initiate action when investigators fail to comply with Drugs and Cosmetics Act other rules. Also if the doctors at the trial sites do not adhere to ICMR's research guidelines they will be guilty of professional misconduct under the Indian Medical Council Regulations 2002. In such cases the power to punish lies with the State Medical Council. So statement one is correct. ICMR doesn't have the power to directly initiate punitive action against doctors. And it lies with State Medical Council. So statement one is correct. Now coming to the second statement. Yavori clinical trial in India must have permission from the ICMR and strictly follow the approved protocols. See this statement is incorrect. Under rule 80 class 2 of the new drugs and clinical trial rules 2019 clinical trials have to be undertaken before manufacturing any investigational new drug including vaccines. Under this Yavori clinical trial must have permission from DCGI and strictly follow the approved protocols. So statement two is incorrect. Because Yavori clinical trial in India must have permission from DCGI and not from ICMR. So statement two is incorrect. The question is asking for current statements. So the current answer for the question is option A one only. Now let's move on to the third question. This question is about defense innovation organization. Now look at the first statement defense innovation organization is a not-for-profit company as per section 8 of the company's act 2013. See this statement is correct. As we saw in the discussion the IDEX framework primarily aims at creation of an ecosystem to foster innovation and technology development in defense and aerospace in India by engaging industries including MSMEs, startups, individual innovators, ordinary institutes etc. And this IDEX framework will be funded and managed by defense innovation organization. I know that this defense innovation organization is formed as a not-for-profit company as per section 8 of the company's act 2013 for implementing IDEX framework. So statement one is correct. Now coming to the second statement IDEX is the executive of the defense innovation organization. See this statement is also correct. IDEX is also called the executive of defense innovation organization. As we already saw defense innovation organization is the legal entity. It is a section 8 company created by the defense public sector undertakings such as HAL and Bell. And this is to support the ministry of defense in building the entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystem in defense in India by implementing the IDEX framework. So second statement is also correct. IDEX is the executive of defense innovation organization. Here the question is asking for current statements. So the card answer for the question is option C both 1 and 2. Now let's move on to the final question. Now look at this question here. This question is about forest rights act 2006. Let's take the first statement as per the act Gramshaba can recommend for the clearance of 5 hectare forest land for the construction of schools. See this statement is incorrect. The Gramshaba can recommend for the clearance of forest land for the construction of schools. But it should be less than 1 hectare. So statement 1 is incorrect. Now coming to the second statement as per the act central government shall provide for diversion of forest land for certain facilities which involve felling of trees not exceeding 75 trees per hectare. See this statement is correct. The central government shall provide for diversion of forest land for certain facilities which involve felling of trees not exceeding 75 trees per hectare. The facilities include schools, dispensary or hospital, ungun bodies, fair price shops, electric and telecommunication lines, tanks and other minor water bodies, drinking water supply and water pipelines, water or rain water harvesting structures, minor irrigation channels, non-conventional source of energy, skill up gradation or vocational training centers, roads and community centers. So these are the facilities for which the central government shall provide for diversion of forest land. I know that the clearance for the construction of these facilities will be recommended by Gramshaba only if it is less than 1 hectare in each case. So second statement is correct. Here the question is asking for correct statements. Here second statement alone is correct. So the correct answer is option B2 only. And this is the quiz question for you today. I will post this quiz question in a community section, try to answer it and the answer for the quiz question is posted in the comment section of the quiz question itself. You can verify it and displayed here are the main questions for your practice. Go through the questions, write your answers and post it in the comment section. With this we have come to the end of the video. If you liked our analysis please like, comment and share and don't forget to subscribe to Shankarai's Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.