 Good to have you back on the show, the long-standing run and relevant show, which is Code Green. And I can say that because I'm not the usual host, so I can have a little bit more objective point of view. So this is Howard's show, Howard Wick. And when Howard is not doing Code Green, he's greening the code, the building code. So he's out and about to explore a next dimension in that. And for the time being, he basically wanted in a show two fellow academics and two fellow northern Europeans to explore more potential of another dimension. And that's the third dimension. And for that, I want to welcome our guest today, who is Harmyan Steenhoos. I hope I pronounced that well enough. Yeah, that's pretty good. Let's close it again. Who's professor of business at HPU. And actually the in-house location, I can say you have your office here in the same building. In the same building, yeah. So we're neighbors in many ways. Yep. And if we could get the first image up here and you tell us please what that potential of the third dimension is that you're interested in. So it's really about 3D printing. And the images that you see over here on the left kind of explains how 3D printing works. So 3D printing is when you basically print something, but you print it in three dimensions. So it's kind of like a copier, but you just have ink and it just keeps going. So that image over here shows that it's layers. And with the layers, you just build one layer at a time until you have your product. Now one advantage of that, and that's the other image on the screen, is that you can actually make complex products because you're doing it later at a time. So in the traditional manufacturing, the object that you see over there is not possible to make because you would start with a medical block and you have to take materials away. And when you do that, you cannot get on the inside. You cannot make that kind of a product. Or it takes an incredible effort, an additional machinery to do that. Well usually you would actually have to end up assembling something. So you'd have to have different parts and then assemble something. But with 3D printing, you can actually make movable parts, complex parts, less waste, so there are some advantages of having a scale of technology. And you told me up front there's different systems, different ways, actually seven of doing that. And let's look at these and please explain these to us. Yeah, so what I have on this slide is basically there's seven kind of technologies on how you can make something with 3D printing or additive manufacturing. So all of them have the same system where you create an object layer by layer. But you can do it in different ways. So material extrusion is where you basically have a plastic. You melt it while it could be different materials. But essentially you have a plastic and you pour it into a pattern and then somehow it solidifies. That photopolymerization is when you have a liquid and we have another picture of that. Outer bed fusion is when you actually have a container that has a powder in it and you use like a laser to solidify and melt the powder together. So it's used, for example, for metals. Material jetting and binder jetting are when you use droplets. Sheet laminations when you use entire sheets and directed energy deposition is something we have like a high-powered energy field to fuse things together. So there's different technologies. Good. So let's sort of illustrate one of these systems. Next slide, please. Yeah, so this one, the machine that you see on the top is basically a container. So that container has a liquid and then the schematic on the left kind of explains how it works. So in this case you use like, let's say a laser, you use some kind of light and the laser basically solidifies a layer of the liquid. So it's a special liquid. It's not just any liquid, it's a special liquid. So you basically form one layer and then you move the tray one layer up or down and this is a tenth of a millimeter or five hundredths of a millimeter, something like that. So a very, very small scale and then you basically create an object layer by layer. So the example of the object is something that you can make in this way with this kind of technology. Yeah, fascinating. And let's look at another application or another... Well, this is your research, Alchemist Chamber. Yes, I have this in my office. So this is material extrusion and in my case I have two printers and they use plastic. So you see the rolls of plastic on top of the machines. They basically melt, there's an extruder and in it you have a heating element. It's a little bit difficult to see but on the one on the left you see a little bit of a red tube on the bottom. So that's where the plastic is melted out and then it creates a pattern. Now, just most people have a question, how expensive are these machines? So the one on the left, I bought, that company is now out of business, it's a very tough field actually, but I bought it for about five hundred dollars. The one on the right is about a thousand dollars. So it's not that expensive to have these machines. And how large are the objects you can make? I think the one on the machine on my right, I think it's about 12 by 12 by 12 inches. And depending on the machine there is actually applications of different sizes and let's get to the next slide that shows us larger applications. Yes, so there's a large variety of different machines and different methods. So what we see over here is really the kind of the capabilities. On the top right is a picture of a house. This house is printed by a company in China and what they do is a little bit special. They actually make wall sections and then they bring the wall sections together and assemble the house. They claim that that house is built in about 72 hours for about a hundred and sixty thousand dollars. It's about twelve thousand square feet, very large. The one on the bottom left, if you look at it, you'll see a pencil. Maybe you see a little white dot on top of the pencil and then it zooms out. You'll see that there's actually a cathedral on top of the pencil. So this is nano scale, so there's a large variety of capabilities that you can have with this technology. On the construction, by the way, so one of the organizations that invest a lot in this technology is NASA. And they're interested in housing because of space travel. It's very expensive to send a brick into space, but sending a printer is a lot cheaper. And that being said, we're a little bit for our planet. We're a little bit what Mars is for the universe. We're a little bit in Hawaii for our globe, right? Because we're in the middle of nowhere, most remote from all ant masses, or we're in the middle of everywhere, depending on how you like to look at it, right? So that being said, let's get to the next slide, which is the beginning of a couple of slides that makes us look at maybe more specific applications to our islands and our very, you know, urgent demands, right? Yeah, so I have a couple of slides here that show kind of demonstrate kind of what you can do. So on the bottom left is a car. There's already a company in the U.S. that prints cars. I think it's going to change the entire car industry because even Tesla, I think the most modern factory right now, it's fully automated, but it has a lot of really expensive equipment. So to make a car, the company that is making cars in the U.S. already in 3D printing, you just have one large printer, and then you can make a variety of cars. And it's very easy to have design changes. So this is just a demonstration of the capabilities. And what you see on that car, for example, is the seat. You can print a seat. You can print a dashboard. You can print a steering wheel. You may not be able to print every part of the car, but by and large, you can have a lot of cost savings. And for Hawaii, one of the advantages is, I don't know if you've had any issues with your cars. I have issues with my cars. And when they break down, sometimes I have to wait a long time for a spare park. You can actually just print the spare parts. If you had more printing capabilities on Hawaii, that would be really helpful. On the top right, we have another one. This is where there's a lot of applications in the medical field. So this is an example of prosthesis, but they have other ones. We'll have some example on the other slide. But there's a lot of different options. Pharmaceuticals and medicine is another one, where you can have very specific diagnosis or printing of very specific portions of medicine for people. Yeah, and I heard of the situation where someone was waiting for a life existential medication and it had to be shipped in, and that's pretty nerve wracking. Yeah, so you could do that, print it locally. And as far as the cars I want to add, my doc student, Siraj, is actually working his thesis, is about taking advantage of the technology of self-driving cars, but it got him basically to totally rethink the infrastructural system we have on the island, which all it's, you know, there are a few pros, actually. There are many cons, right? As you said, the breakdown. And so here, and also the cars, we basically, because there's no car manufacturing here traditionally, so they all get imported. And you can call it invasive, and most of them are actually made for cultures and climates, like where we come from, where it gets pretty cold, gets down to the freezing point, and below that in the Netherlands and in Germany. So you need that full enclosure to survive, but not so much here. So that car here is not specifically made for Hawaii, but we'll say it should be, and it could be, it's basically convertible, right? So because in all the fields we're talking, you know, economy and ecology have to team up, right, at the beginning of the 21st century. And it's all about basically minimizing consumption. And here, you just basically print the bottom of the car because the top you kind of don't need, right? So all these very interesting island-specific, I learned that term from my partner who has a business background in education. He said USP, the unique selling proposition, right? Yes, exactly. That we can cultivate here in Hawaii. So I would say if you look at cars, so for example, the reason why Ford or General Motors, even Tesla has such a large factory is because the economy is a scale. So you need to produce a lot of the same product. What 3D printing does is it takes it away, because you can just print, it doesn't matter whether you print one or a hundred units, the cost can be the same. Uh-huh. And that gets us to, you can get the next slide, another really interesting implication. Well, okay, before that, talk about this one here, the application. Yeah, so this is just a couple of examples of what is possible in 3D printing. So on the top left, so my printers are very simple. So I just have one kind of plastic and it prints like a plastic piece. But on the top left is what is, so this is one of the other technologies, one of the other seven technologies. We can see like what you can do, right? And so the colors and some of it is actually clear, so it's amazing. This is, for example, used in medicine field, like in cases, in some instances, they already print like before they operate, they scan your MRI or CT scan or something. And they can use that to then print and they can look at it before it actually operates. So this kind of the thing is really useful, it's also useful for education. The one next to that is a shoe, this one happens to be Adidas. But the point is that actually in a shoe industry, they benefit a lot from 3D printing. And the reason is because shoes have a variety of sizes, people have different feet, so men's shoes, women's shoes, wide, not wide. And for all of that, they need molds, which is expensive. So the shoe industry is one where actually the 3D printing has taken off a lot. The bottom left is closed, so you can already print close. And I think we'll see more and more improvements. And then on the bottom right, that's a heart, so they already printed a heart. Now I didn't really know, I don't really know that much about the medicine field, but there's been a lot of effort on printing basically a kidney. Because a lot of people have kidney problems, if you could print a kidney and you would use your own DNA, then you don't have a rejection issue, so it will make things great. The technology is not that far yet, but if you print a heart, now the interesting thing, the heart is actually a lot easier, because apparently the heart is just a big muscle. So once you're able to build a 2-printer muscle, then you can print a heart and you can print organs. So this is already happening. No, that sounds great. And while my heart, being a German, is with Adidas, because it's a German company, but we want to be island-specific, USP Hawaii, right? Yes. So the most common footwear is actually the Jesus Polly Sandal, which we all know, which is a very climatically appropriate footwear here. My co-hostess Soto Brown, Bishop Museum Historian, told me that traditionally Hawaiians didn't have shoes, and imagine they walked on lava rock on the big island. Pretty tough, right? Yes. But the Jesus Polly Sandal is an open shoe. But what always had sort of like, I would say puzzled, but worried me is again, it's nature, because it's made from plastic, so it's petroleum-based, and obviously we have to ship in the oil. Relative to that, you have a solution as well, and it gets us to the next slide, and that's very exciting. Yes, so this is an example of something that I think would be really beneficial for Hawai'i. I don't have the financial figures on it, but I saw this on a 3D printing show that I attended. The machine on the bottom left is a machine that basically chops up plastic. What you see in there, the orange that you see, is actually lids from orange containers. That machine chops it up into a powder. The powder goes in the machine on the right, and then with that you create the filament. That filament I could use on my printer. So when you think about Hawai'i being an island in the middle of the ocean and having a lot of trash and a lot of plastics, instead of shipping the plastics off or burning it off or whatnot, what we could do on this island is recycle it, create, for example, filament for printing. And that's not necessarily printing for final products. We could, maybe. But you could, for example, do prototyping. So let's say that you want to design a new shoe, you could actually use it, print a shoe, because obviously you can print shoes. And maybe even for actual products that you could sell. I don't know if the orange slippers would be a good thing. They actually come now. They have different talking colors and varieties and mass customization. They actually don't just come in that traditional brownish, greenish, beige-ish. They actually come now. They have to adjust and adapt to different customer tastes. So there is actually an orange one. Which one? It's good for my Dutch background. Orange is our color. There you go. So if we go back for a moment to the shoe. So actually with the shoes, what is happening is there are different business models. So, and this is the big question right now for 3D printing. So are we going to have, let's say, a situation where you have a scanner at home, you scan your feet and then you send it into a company and they'll print you a shoe. Or are we going to have a situation where, for example, you go to a retail store and they scan your feet and then they show you some products and say which one do you want and then they'll print it for you. Or maybe they scan your feet and then they send it out to a centralized location and print it. Or will you have a situation where you just scan and print it at home? So we don't really know. Most people don't think that it's going to happen at home. There's already actually some files out. So Nike, for example, already has files that you can download and you can print your own shoes. Wow, fascinating. See, I think women would go for this a lot because you would print some nice shoes. You would just use them for an evening out and then recycle them and print something else. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Which I guess gets us to the question of the total. We want to be, we're a critical format here, so we want to be our own devils at Phuket's about, we probably have to look into the, sort of on the cradle to cradle observation like the whole life cycle, I guess, ecological footprint rights. I think that has to be taken into consideration as well, and it is obviously different with the different models, right? Because to what degree do you kind of cut out logistics, which is a big thing, you know, we already touched on transportation. And there's another field where we have a lot, I mean, you know, way back this place was basically literally in the middle of nowhere because no one knew about it and the people living here didn't know about anything else because we're the most remote from all landmass. Nevertheless, there were almost as many people living here as there are now, and they self-sustained themselves, right? As far as everything and obviously food, right? Right now we're having, we're shipping in everything, I think 85% is something we ship in and we shouldn't, right? We should get back to be self-sustained. And so in the food sector you have something also very fascinating to offer and it gets us to the next slide. Let's look at that and tell us about it. Yeah. So this is an example of, so the top one is actually two parts on the slide, but the top one is KLMRO.JL, which is already recycling water bottles to make tools. So that's already an application of the recycling and that's something we could do in Hawaii. The bottom is actually a 3D printed vegan steak. And if you look at meat production, it turns out that meat production takes an incredible amount of energy, just having, let's say, cows or pigs, the food that needs to be produced and all. So if you calculate it all out, it's extremely expensive. So this might be an alternative. On the food, the interesting thing is there's already a company that prints pizzas. And actually that company was funded by NASA, which again goes back to space travel because it's very expensive to have all the food shipped to space. But if you have a 3D printer, then it becomes a lot more feasible. So I think these are great examples, I think, for Hawaii, being in the middle of nowhere and being able to sustain yourself. We have big challenges with dairy here and basically, you know, all the lust and the hunger for steak of the tourist industry that runs us talking and economics, right? There's no way on the island you can provide for that need, for that demand. So this is all going to be shipped in. So if you market this right, and international management and marketing is your feel, right? If you market this right and saying, well, this is good for the planet and it's good for you and it's innovative, then might as well try it. If you come to Hawaii, what's the point to basically eat the steak that comes from half around the world here in Hawaii? Does that make feel you good? Is this steak even still good? And maybe it is as far as it was refrigerated, right? But if you think about the carbon footprint, and that reminds me, by the way, of a student when I was still in the prairie in Nebraska, there was a student when economy was sort of like in the 2008-ish realm, right? He got a foot in the door to Conagra, which is one of the biggest food manufacturers in the U.S., and was tracking how much energy it takes to make a conventional steak and this kind of pre-packaged food, and it was two gallons. And that's like from the irrigation of the farming and the tractors, and then the trucks, and he was mapping this kind of surreal kind of different processing centers all across the continental U.S. absurd up to the point in the grocery stores and being refrigerated. So two gallons. So if you think about that, and that's what you're saying, and we're hoping and assuming that you would be way competitive to that. So another thing on the food is, this is not a very interesting application. So again, with 3D printing, what you can do is you can customize stuff. So if you've got a supermarket, you can get like birthday cake, and they have to make it special for you, but if you have a printer that makes the cake, then you can design it however you want, and it will just come out of the printer. The major advantage of the food printing is, so it turns out if you look at old people, old people have a lot of problems with their teeth, and they don't necessarily have the ability to chew food anymore. So one of the applications for food 3D printing is they actually print like kind of like a paste. It still has enough nutrition, you can design it with enough nutrition, and still have something that looks presentable, and will make people still eat that. As it's illustrated here, that looks very sort of chewy, you know, and doesn't seem there is a bone in there, right, that you're going to chew on and cut your teeth. They actually do a lot of work on trying to get the texture just right, so it's kind of similar to a real steak, yes. Yeah, let's go to the next slide and actually show us what you have been playing with, Brian. Yeah, so these are just a couple of examples that I have over here. So on kind of on the top over there is like a jet engine, that was actually printed in parts, but I think this is a really good example of what you could do in school. So if you have an engineering program, you could print something like that, or have your students print it, and you could see how does it actually work. Some other examples is on the left, the blue thing is actually a measuring cup, and it has all the different kind of measures, so we actually use this at home for baking something. And you actually had a situation a while ago where you were short on something and help yourself out. Yes, this was at Christmas, so we were trying to make cookies, and we needed to use a funnel for something, and I didn't know where my funnel was, I couldn't find it, and so I just downloaded a file from the internet, put it on my printer, printed out my funnel, and it's cheaper than going to the store, and it would have taken me more time to go to the store, find it, and then drive back home than just printing it. So that again shows you what you can actually do with this technology. You could do the same with combs or something like that. The other blue thing over there is a coin holder for my car, so I lost my coin holder, designed a new one, so the quarters would fit into it, cost me about, I think it was between $1 and $2 to print it, if I had bought it in the store it would have been $15. The orange is a nut and a bolt, and that's an example of how you can actually print these things together, so you can print it in one piece, traditional manufacturing, you can't do that. The gray is a little robot, and that one is printed in one piece, and again it has just moved the arms moved, the head moved, the legs moved, I have a little tiki, that's another example of something that you could do in Hawaii, let's say print like souvenir type stuff, and again thinking about recycling plastics and then printing souvenirs and just selling it to tourists, that'd be kind of a business model. Way better than on the conventional ones where it basically says, in best case, designed in Hawaii and then made in China or elsewhere, so you can say designed here and made here, right? 3D printed in Hawaii. Exactly, 3D printed in Hawaii, yeah. And that if we can get the camera back to, well, maybe we do the next slide here really quick first and basically talk about where our disciplines intersect and could cross, and you already touched on it, which is actually the building sector, right? And our founding uncle Jay, who was sitting out there a while ago, has been shooting me an email and saying, Martin, what do you think about 3D printing houses? And he got very excited and took Howard until now to get the right person to talk about that. And this is the little thing I have to chip in here. That was from my Arizona desert days before I came here. There was a student of ours who basically was 3D printing with a different material, and if we could get the camera back to studio here, this is that piece, and this is 3D printed concrete. And we have a concrete industry here that's doing prefab. Rocky Mountain, Gray-specific out there in Campbell Industrial Park, so I'm sure they would be interested there. Little bits of Devolt's advocacy here as well as me teaching environmental systems and the right materiality. The desert is a temperate climate where you have very rather cold nights and warm days, so thermal mass is actually something that the adobe architecture traditionally has been doing and using. And so thermal mass in the tropics is a little bit more problematic. So again, you should take everything with a rain of salt and look at it. But again, we're just pointing out potentials here. And the other thing we want to show here in studio is the Start Advertiser title page here from some days ago, which basically says, pop up shelters here. And this is addressing our shortage for shelters for the urban and suburban nomads as I like to call them to avoid to say homelessness, which always stigmatizes that, right? While this here proposes inflatable pop up shelters of some kind, again coming back to your analysis of saying, well, we're actually producing a lot of trash here and a lot of plastic. And if it only would stay on the island, it's worse, right? Because we dump it in the ocean. So right there out on Midway, we have one of the largest accumulations of plastic trash and unfortunately, it has the biggest albatross population. Well, that's not unfortunate, that's fortunate. But unfortunately, that's where the beaches are basically plastic beaches and the poor animals eat that. So basically help our ocean fauna and at the same time, help our island humans. You could potentially 3D print shelters for our nomadic population, right? So you do the ocean service and you do your people service. And because as of now, I'm assuming this gets produced in China somewhere and gets shipped in here. And so you have a way more local solution to it. You'd have to look at exactly what is it that you can locally produce. And I think the recycling, you'd have to scale it up somehow. But yes, I think, especially if you look at the last couple of years, so this technology is moving very quickly. I mean, the capabilities of machines a few years ago are not, the technology actually goes back to 1983. So it's actually in existence a long time. But in a way, it's very similar to computers. So when we started home computers, they had these massive main frames, you know? And now what you carry in your pocket can do more than those main frames. So it's kind of the same with the 3D printing, except the whole movement is a lot quicker. So I certainly expect that it will improve where you actually have these capabilities to do the shelters, help homeless people at the same time, recycle your plastics, help the environment. So I think for a while, it's a great technology. No, and with that, I think let's bring up the last slide here. This is encouragement for you because this is my co-host to Soto Braun in human human architecture. He's a Bishop Museum historian. And this is one of his presentation pitches here that he points out this incredible, not sort of pre-contact grass hut, hula skirt, you know, kappa and malo tradition, but pretty much a post-contact tradition of innovation. King Kamehameha was designing these weird battleships. There is a German, which I asked you before, if you as the fellow, you know, neighbor, the Dutch neighbor knew about this song that my parents' generation and my grandparents knew there is no beer in Hawaii, which is only not true, but the opposite. The first beer can is Primo beer from Hawaii and it goes on and on and on. So as, you know, stated there on top of the fourth industrial revolution that you're pointing out to could and should happen here and then be within that tradition of innovation on the island. So with that, I want to thank you for getting us excited about it and we will watch you and follow you how that gets implemented. And so thank you very much for the insights. Thank you and hope to see you back for Howard's show with Howard again in two weeks called Green. And until then, please stay innovatively green. Bye-bye.