 جیسا کہ ہم جانتے ہیں کہ نکشہ جو ہے وہ ہماری روز مرا زندگی میں بہت اہمیت رکھتا ہے وہ اس لحاظ سے کہ جب ہم ایک ٹیچر کلاس میں جب بھی اور سپیشلی جاغریفی کے سبجک میں نکشہ کی اہمیت سے ہم انکار نہیں کر سکتے نکشہ کی اندرسٹیننگ کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ اس میں we have two major categories of maps where we can draw the types number one the maps are drawn on the basis of scale and number two the maps are discussed on the basis of purpose so here we have the maps on the basis of scales the types are there we start from small scales to large scale in small scale maps the scale is from 1 cm to 940 km or 1 cm on the map is equal to 940 km on the ground so we can say here 1 over 94 million so is called the RF of the map so is a small scale map so here you can draw or map the whole of the country which is the USA again the other category of map according to scale is the 1 cm on the map is equal to 370 km so here you can draw the south eastern part of USA so is smaller area than USA now third category actually is map which has a scale of 1 cm is equal to 160 km so we are moving toward large scale maps so here we have a state of USA so the last category of the map which has a large scale map the scale is 1 cm is equal to 13 km so here the city of Atlanta actually is on the map so the city map is drawn on a scale which is called the large scale so maps are usually drawn to show different detail on a large or small scales now according to scale the large scale map is the cadastral map so are drawn to register the ownership of property by demarcating the boundaries of fields and buildings the term cadastral is derived from the french word means register of territorial property these maps are specially prepared by the government to realize revenue and tax the village map as well as city settlement map of our country may be cited as example which are drawn on a very large scale from 16 inches to the mile or 15 cm to 1 km so as to fill in all possible details so here you have the parcels level map so all the streets are actually on the map and the major fields the cultivated land here the cultivated land or you can draw the map of the fields here and the map of each and every parcels so here you have the parcels which belongs to the built up area so for the purpose of revenue connection or tax collection these cadastral maps are very important number 2 which is also the large scale map is the topographical map so on a large scale maps based on precise surveys they show general surface feature in detail both natural landscape and cultural landscape the topographical maps are also prepared on a fairly large scale being based on precise surveys unlike cadastral maps the scale of topographical maps varies in general from 1 inch to 1 mile or to 1 over 4 inch to the mile they do not show boundaries of the individual plots or building it is rather the principal topographical forms like relief and drainage and forest, village and town and means of communication it is for this reason that for geographers these are the most valuable tool this is a topographical map of an area so it not only shows the natural features like this is actually the contour and all are the contours so gives the height of the area so this is actually 900 feet above sea level now here you have the settlements so all the settlements are along the roads so is not only giving the natural but as well as human features next category is the wall map small scale maps used in the classroom the word as a whole or in hemisphere is represented on the wall map these are prepared for continent or countries large or small according to their need so the wall map has information regarding the continents and oceans so here you will see the major continents of the planet the Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia, South America and North America so these maps are used in the classroom are generally drawn for classrooms and these maps the scale is smaller than that of the topographical maps but larger than the atlas maps now the last category of the maps which are on the basis of scale is called the atlas map is a very small scale map give a more or less highly generalized picture regarding the physical, climatic and economic condition of different regions of the earth