 Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankaray's academy, displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the timestamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description and also in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. This editorial and these news articles are in relation to Myanmar where protests and democratic actions are being carried out after the recent military coup. The coup refers to overthrowing an illegitimate seizure of power from a legitimate government. And the coalition of the group, especially the group of military officers that takes power after a coup is known as junta. That is why news articles mention as military junta in Myanmar. The coup has been led by the military of Myanmar, which is known as tatmadao. So today let us see how tatmadao or the military or the army gained power in Myanmar and other similar incidents of coups or protests in Myanmar and their results. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. First, know that Myanmar was previously called as Burma and it was under British rule for many years. In the West, particularly in United States terminology, even now it is referred as Burma only. Now come to the British rule, Burma became a province of British India in 1885-86. In the year 1937 only, Burma was separated from British India and it was made as a separate colony of British. In the meantime, in 1942, Burma was invaded by Japan with the help from Burma Independence Army, which was actually trained by Japanese. But later this army transformed itself into a political party. The party is called as anti-fascist People's Freedom League and over a period of time it started resisting the Japanese rule. So in 1945, this People's Freedom League, it helped Britain to liberate Burma from Japanese occupation. Then in 1948, Burma became independent and a federal system was set up where you know who led the People's Freedom League was made as Prime Minister. But in the period 1950-60, there was a split in this Freedom League. So a caretaker government was set up under the militaries or the Tatmadaw's army general, Niwin. When we say caretaker government is a government that has power for a short period of time till a new government is chosen or we can also say a transitional government, etc. Then in 1960, elections were held in which you know party faction won. But you know started promoting Buddhism as state religion and he was tolerant towards separatism. So both these issues angered the military or the Tatmadaw. So this anger led to a military coup in the year 1962 and the military coup was led by General Niwin. After this, Niwin abolished the federal system, established military junta and he held power for next 26 years. So the representative democracy in Burma came to an end in 1962 with the coup launched by Niwin. See Niwin introduced a new ideology called as the Burmese way to socialism. Now the basic purpose of this ideology was to show that centralism that is concentration of power at the center was the necessary prerequisite for material progress in Burma. It also stated that only if there is concentration of power, there will be unity in the state. So based on this ideology, a new constitution was instituted in the year 1974. Under this, Niwin formed a single party state and the single party is called as the Burma Socialist Program Party. The constitution enabled transfer of power from armed forces to people's assembly which is headed by Niwin and other former military leaders. See people's assembly was the country's new unicameral legislature that was set up under the constitution instituted in 1974. In addition to this, under the Burmese way to socialism ideology, Niwin nationalized Burma's major enterprises and also started banning independent newspapers. This ideology endorsed an isolationist policy. The main issue was that the military junta wanted to achieve unity through centralism and for this they used force or coercion. So as a part of this, whenever there was public demonstration or resentment or protest, the army suppressed through several crackdowns. That is many instances army has fired into the crowd who are unruly and many times the demonstrators were killed and wounded. See because of inexperience of junta in business and the incompetence in handling trade both internal and external, there were food shortages and there were related discontent. So the economic situation of Burma deteriorated rapidly and experts say that once Burma was a rice exporting nation which because of the poor administration of junta faced food shortages. Then in 1982 a law was enacted which designated people of non-indigenous backgrounders associate citizens. So this law prohibited associate citizens from public office. Take a note of this point. We'll connect this point in the end. In 1987 junta carried out a currency devaluation and this reportedly affected the savings of many of its own people and all these aspects finally led to resignation of Niven in the year 1988 and all these issues triggered many anti-government riots however suppressed by army. The largest of these crackdowns happened in the year 1988. See in 1988 in the month of August around a lakh people protested which included students, workers, soldiers and monks. Protesters called for an interim government that would conduct multi-party elections so as to form a democratic government. However martial law was imposed and large scale violence happened and that led to killings of around 3000 people in just one week. But these protests continued to increase as more people participated. So finally armed forces, police and civil services they resigned from Burma Socialist Program Party. So what happened then? A new ruling group was set up and this group was called a state law and order restoration council. And who were there in this council? It comprised only military officers. And what it promised? It promised multi-party elections. It is what renamed Burma as Myanmar. They resorted to centralism and reimposed martial law. So several opposition leaders were arrested. One of them was Aung San Suu Kyi. She was put under house arrest in the very next year in 1989. See Suu Kyi spent nearly 15 years in detention between 1989 to 2010. But in the very next year as promised free and fair elections were conducted. That is in 1990 free and fair elections were conducted and Suu Kyi's party which is the national party for democracy contested and won the election. But this result was ignored by the military. So transfer of power after elections did not happen. Therefore anti-government protests began which was again suppressed by the army. But the economic condition continued to deteriorate and therefore there was rise in fuel price in 2000s. Particularly in 2007 it was ripe. This led to widespread protests in 2007 and that was called a saffron revolution. The reason why it was named like this is because of the saffron colored robes that were worn by Buddhist monks who participated in the protests. So there was mounting international pressure on Myanmar. Therefore to gain international support junta enacted a new constitution in 2008. This constitution is still in place. See this constitution gives military widespread powers even under civilian rule. For example the constitution allows military to take control in any situations that could cause three things disintegration of the union disintegration of national solidarity loss of sovereign power and 25% of parliament seats are reserved for military. But a turnaround of even happened in 2011 when military junta unexpectedly officially dissolved and a civilian parliament was established for a transitional period. Then in 2015 Myanmar held its first nationwide multi-party elections since 1990 and what happened Suu Kyi's national league for democracy party won a landslide victory. She was appointed as state councilor a head of civilian government. But as we know because of the constitution the military continued to have much control and here the democratically elected leader Suu Kyi and military shared power and recently 2020 elections happened in this also again Suu Kyi's party won a landslide victory. But the military was not happy because its proxy political party union solidarity and development party was defeated. So military leaders alleged that there is widespread water fraud and it staged a coup in February 2021 against the democratically elected government and further the military had detained and charged Suu Kyi and placed leaders under house arrest. As we know it also announced a state of emergency for one year during which a senior general Min Ong will take charge of Myanmar. It also announced that free and fair elections would be held once state of emergency is over. Now this has led to widespread protests from public who are demanding restoration of democratically elected government. The protesters have called for civil disobedience, stoppage of work and mass demonstrations. To counter these things Hoontaa has suspended the internet, blocked social networks and have warned public not to join protests. So based on these things Arthur concludes that even after many years of repression and suppression by military the aspiration for democracy is still upheld by the people of Myanmar. So these are some of the important points with reference to the analysis of the articles related to this discussion. Now how the aspect of Rohiniya crisis adds to the recent developments had been detailedly discussed in yesterday's international relations weekly capsule by TP Srinivasan sir. We recommend viewers to watch that particular capsule to know this dimension. With this let's move on to the analysis of next news article. Now let us take up this editorial article which is written by the passenger vehicle program director at the international council on clean transportation. The author talks on the initiatives that India has taken to become less dependent on fuel imports. He also suggests way forward so that India can considerably reduce its import dependency on petroleum and at the same time to increase the fuel efficiency in the country. Let us discuss this editorial in detail. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. In the recent times we have been hearing about nationwide democratic actions against unprecedented hike in the prices of petrol and diesel. According to government sources they say that the reduced fuel production and oil rich nations seeking more profits are the primary reasons behind spiraling petrol and diesel prices in the country. We also read about the impact of excise duties in the price of petrol and diesel as well. In this context we should know that India is ranked as fourth largest petroleum consumer in the world after China, United States and Russia and India is one of the largest importers of crude oil in the world. We purchase well over 80 percent of our fuel needs and this puts immense pressure on the revenue of the government due to fuel imports. And according to international energy agency India's dependency on fuel imports is going to increase significantly in the coming decades because proven oil reserves are limited in comparison with our domestic needs. That is we don't have enough oil reserves to satisfy the domestic needs. Now in view of the growing demand of fossil fuel and also the rapidly growing motor vehicle fleet in our country, government of India has set a target to achieve 10 percent reduction of fuel imports by 2022. In this regard the author talks about various initiatives taken by successive governments to reduce fuel imports and to increase fuel efficiency standards and their implementation status. Let us see them. See fuel efficiency and energy security are two sides of the same coin. In this regard government has undertaken several initiatives to increase both. First the author talks about fuel efficiency standards for passenger vehicles that were formulated by January 2014. In pursuit of this ministry of power issued average fuel consumption standards for cars in April 2015 this standard was made applicable for motor vehicles using petrol or diesel or LPG or CNG. And these are vehicles that carry passengers and their luggage and according to Bureau of Energy Efficiency these standards would be effective from 2017-18 onwards and a second set of standards would come into force from 2020-23. And the heavy duty vehicles which are known to consume 60 percent of diesel used in the country they are now subject to fuel efficiency standards. Second the author talks about National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020. See this plan for the year 2020 was constituted way back in 2013. This was simply to achieve national fuel security by promoting electric and hybrid vehicles. If we go actually with the mobility mission plan it states that that is the vision is to encourage reliable affordable efficient electric vehicles that meet consumer performance and price expectations how through government industry collaboration. This is for promotion and development of indigenous manufacturing capabilities required infrastructure consumer awareness and technology. What is the target to help India to emerge as a leader in electric vehicle two-wheeler and four-wheeler market in the world by 2020 with total XEV sales of six to seven million units so as to enable Indian automotive industry to achieve global electric vehicle manufacturing leadership and contributing towards national fuel security. Note that electric vehicle XEV is a generic name for electromotive vehicles like hybrid electric vehicles plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. Here hybrid electric vehicles are those vehicles which are powered by internal combustion engine and an electric motor. It uses energy that is stored in batteries these vehicles they cannot be plugged into charge the battery instead the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion engine. The next initiative is Fame India scheme which was launched in 2015 to promote the manufacture and sustainable growth of electric and hybrid vehicle technology. The phase one of the scheme was launched in 2015 for a period of two years and this was implemented through four focus areas demand creation technology platform pilot project and charging infrastructure. The scheme initially launched for two years was later extended then in 2019 phase two was launched. This phase aimed to generate demand by supporting electric buses electric three-wheelers four-wheelers and also creation of charging infrastructure. The author states that though these schemes were initiated with good intention they fell short of ambition. For example the author notes that India's 2022 fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars are nearly 20% less stringent than European Union standards and coming to national electric mobility mission plan of 2020 author notes that it primarily focused on hybrid electric vehicles even with the launch of Fame scheme and most of the incentives under this mobility mission plan it went towards subsidizing mild hybrids instead of pure electric vehicles. So this resulted in global electric vehicle manufacturers ignoring Indian market and focusing more on European market. But here author appreciates Fame 2 scheme because it largely now focuses on electric vehicles not on hybrids. Thirdly the author talks about national policy on biofuels. See the government notified new national policy on biofuels in 2018 and in line with this policy government approved a scheme called as Pradhan Mandri Jeevan Yojana. Jeevan stands for Jeevindan Watavaran Anukul Fasal Avashesh Nivaran Yojana. This is for providing financial support to integrated bio ethanol projects which are using ligno-cellulosic biomass and other renewable feedstock. The salient features of the policy is given here for your reference. So in this regard the author notes that the share of bio ethanol in petrol has risen to nearly 8% by volume because of the policy. Fourthly the government has encouraged multiple fuel pathways in transport sector including the natural gas. We know that the national gas grid intends to create a network of pipeline infrastructure to connect gas sources to major demand centers. It helps to develop city gas distribution network and to remove regional imbalance in the access of natural gas. So these are some existing initiatives. Now what are the other things that government can do so that we can reduce our dependence on petroleum? See firstly the government should formulate a zero emissions vehicle program. The author asked the Indian government to adopt this program as soon as possible and this program will require vehicle manufacturers to produce a certain number of electric vehicles compulsorily. There are some countries which already have these programs in effect for example China, some states in United States, British Columbia and Canada and also South Korea. This program will make it compulsory for all manufacturers to start producing electric vehicles across all market segments and not just in two wheeler segments or three wheeler segments. Then the government should also strengthen the fuel efficiency requirements for new passenger cars and commercial vehicles. See author at a point notes that two wheeler vehicles which consume nearly two-third of petrol used in India are not subject to any fuel efficiency standards. Then according to a recent analysis by International Council on Clean Transportation, a standard requiring 50% reduction in fuel consumption by new two wheelers by 2030 will have two benefits. One it will lead to internal combustion engine efficiency improvement. Then it will ensure that nearly 60% of all new two wheelers sold in India are electric driven. Then one more thing the government should do is that the extending fame scheme not only to all passenger cars and commercial vehicles but also to agricultural tractors. These measures if the government takes can result in Indian petroleum demand peaking by 2030 and then falling down. So the challenging years by these measures will be limited even though there is tremendous projected growth in economic and vehicular activity. So these measures if we adopt consumers will save money because of more fuel efficient internal combustion engine vehicles and to those who switch to electric vehicles there will be much more savings. The author also provides an option for the government to make GST rates for all passenger vehicles proportional to their fuel efficiency level instead of present system that relies on vehicle and then size of the engine. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. The last suggestion is with reference to positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement concept. If you have better fuel efficiency vehicle you will be paying lesser GST. It acts kind of positive reinforcement. So these are some of the points with reference to this article which talks about being petroleum independent. So following these steps India is set to become petroleum independent after 2030. Now let's move on to analysis of next news article. This image shows the performance led by Suryakran aerobatic team of Indian Air Force. This was part of celebrations of 50 year anniversary of Indo-Pakistan war of 1971. The war is also called as Bangladesh liberation war as Bangladesh was liberated from Pakistan. In this context let us discuss about this particular war which happened in 1971 in the month of December. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. So as we all know the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971 was fought for the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan and also to ensure peace and order in Bangladesh so that the neighborhood is also free from disorder created by the Pakistan army in Bangladesh. India and Pakistan got independence from British rule in 1947 and Pakistan had at that time two parts East Pakistan and West Pakistan and they were separated by about 1000 miles and East Pakistan was mainly the eastern part of Bengal province. The capital of Pakistan was Karachi in the West Pakistan at that time and this was moved from Karachi to Islamabad in the year 1958. But because of discrimination in economic growth sharing of powers the people of East Pakistan they declared independence on March 26 1971 under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. But what happened prior to this is that to suppress the unrest and the growing democratic action in the East Pakistan the Pakistani government primarily the political bosses of West Pakistan they sent troops to East Pakistan and leashed a massacre through an operation called as Operation Searchlight. Now let's see the reasons for this war. See West Pakistan had almost 97% of Muslims and East Pakistan had almost 85% of Muslims. West Pakistan had four provinces Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and Northwest Frontier. The fifth province was the East Pakistan. In comparison with the East Pakistan the West Pakistan used up more resources and according to one estimate between 1948 and 1960 though East Pakistan made 70% of all of Pakistan's exports it only received 25% of imported money. We can say that from 1947 the East Pakistan witnessed comparatively less economic growth. It is said that about 2.6 billion dollars of resources were shifted over time from East Pakistan to West Pakistan and not just that East Pakistan had the largest population among all the provinces despite this it had much less political power than West Pakistan. Therefore Sheikh Mujibir Rahman the leader of Awami League in East Pakistan explicitly demanded more economic and political powers. There was also the language issue. See in 1948 Mohammad Ali Jinnah stated that Urdu was the official language for Pakistan but most of the West Pakistanis they spoke Punjabi and Sindhi while East Pakistanis spoke Bangla or Bengali. Therefore protest or democratic actions erupted in East Pakistan and several students were killed way back in 1952 itself and another issue was the devastating Bola Cyclone. This cyclone hit East Pakistan in the year 1970 but the government primarily ruled from West Pakistan did not provide enough relief to alleviate the mysteries of the people from East Pakistan. Then came the December 1970 national elections. The Awami League won a landslide victory in the national elections in the National Assembly. This Awami League was led by Sheikh Mujibir Rahman. Actually at that time voting took place in around 300 constituencies 162 were in East Pakistan and 138 in West Pakistan. Awami League won a total of 160 seats out of 300 and this was considered a victory and it was reported that the National Assembly was not inaugurated as the military dictator Yahya Khan and Pakistan people's parties chairman Zulfigar Ali Bhutto they did not want a party from East Pakistan heading the federal government of Pakistan. So this led to a clash between these two parties and their supporters and all the other reasons that we have discussed so far have become the cause of this war which was to be fought between Pakistan army and the Bangladesh freedom fighters. The Bangladeshi freedom fighters were grouped under a team called as Mukti Bahini. What happened during the war India gave shelter to the refugees and some reports claimed that we also trained Mukti Bahini and during this time we are talking about December 1971 Pakistan army encouraged Rasakas who are the Bengalis who did not want Bangladesh to become an independent country so as to suppress the rebellion. However on December 16 1971 the then East Pakistan fell to Mitro Bahini then the allied forces of Mukti Bahini and the Indian army. So what is the role of Indian army in this see all these happened to ensure peace and order in present day Bangladesh. India was also facing a huge influx of refugees from Bangladesh primarily because of the oppressive military regime under general Yahya Khan of Pakistan. In addition to this on 3rd December 1971 Pakistan launched pre-emptive air strikes against 11 Indian air bases therefore we have to step in and there was a short and intense war fought on both eastern and western fronts. The war lasted for 13 days and this resulted in complete surrender of Pakistan forces and resulted also into the creation of Bangladesh. That's why we call it as Bangladesh liberation war. An instrument of surrender was signed by Pakistan therefore Bangladesh became liberated and independent. Know that December 16 is recognized as victory day in Bangladesh and March 26 is recognized as its independence day. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article and this year we are celebrating 50th anniversary of Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 or Bangladesh liberation war of 1971. Now let's move on to next news article analysis. This data point is with reference to languages in danger in our country. According to UNESCO Atlas of Worlds Languages in Danger as of 2017 around 197 indigenous languages in India were vulnerable or endangered or extinct and this is the highest in the world in this category which is followed by US where it is 191 and Brazil where it is 190. See this Atlas of UNESCO is intended to raise awareness about language endangerment and the need to safeguard the linguistic diversity of the world among the policy makers, speaker communities and the general public. It also serves as a tool to monitor the status of endangered languages and the trends in linguistic diversity at the global level. Now out of this 197 from India 5 are extinct, 42 are critically endangered, 7 are severely endangered, 62 are definitely endangered and 81 are vulnerable. Here extinct means no speakers left for that language. Critically endangered means only elders speak but partially and infrequently. Sivially endangered means spoken by grandparents. Parents may understand it but do not communicate with children. Definitely endangered means children no longer learn languages mother tongue while vulnerable means most children speak but only in specific places like home. Coming to census data on language and mother tongue, it is important to note that it records languages only with more than 10,000 speakers. But more than half of India's endangered languages have less than 10,000 speakers so they are not recorded in Indian census. So with no recognition of such languages at the national level, they are highly probable to become extinct. Now when we come to non-scheduled languages, see there are around 99 such languages in India. When we say non-scheduled languages, these are the languages that are not present in the 8th Schedule of Indian Constitution. And note that out of this 99, the number of speakers reduced for 22 languages which is a matter of concern. And of these 22, 13 languages are spoken in northeast. Again when we come to 42 critically endangered category, there are also 13 languages are from northeast. So it means that languages of northeastern region are at high risk and may soon become extinct if adequate support is not provided. Here it is important for us to know that UN has designated the period between 2022 and 2032 as international decade of indigenous languages so as to raise global awareness about importance of indigenous languages for sustainable development, peace building, reconciliation and also to mobilize resources for support and promotion of indigenous languages at the world level. Having said that, why languages are important? See, linguistic factors play a strategic role in eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. This is because the ability to obtain a livelihood, to participate in social and public life, to engage in dialogue, it is dependent to a great extent on language skills. See, the discussion on marginalization versus integration, exclusion versus empowerment, poverty versus development are heavily affected by linguistic policies and practices. Secondly, languages are a principal medium of knowledge transmission and languages are essential to achieve universal primary education and also know that languages play a very important role in responding to diseases like HIV, AIDS, malaria and other diseases. So for these aspects to be effective, education which includes health education and also literacy programs, they must be delivered in languages that are understood by those learners. The languages carry local and indigenous knowledge and the know-how of natural ecosystems. So they help in sound management of natural resources. So they are strategic for environmental sustainability. Then languages are important for the actual enjoyment of fundamental rights because this enjoyment is conditioned to a large extent by linguistic factors. Therefore appropriate language policies, that is knowing these rights in their own languages provide an essential medium for exercising those rights. So these are some of the important information with reference to the analysis of this news article and know that according to UNESCO, only if multilingualism is fully accepted can all languages find their place in our globalized world. We should adopt this in our country also to save languages from danger. Now let's move on to the next part of the discussion. This news article is with reference to tibetology which means study of tibetan history, culture and their language. Recently few reports highlighted the proposal of Indian army that is its officers are going to study tibetology. So it is said that officers of Indian army would study tibetan history, culture and their languages on both sides of line of actual control so as to counter Chinese influence and propaganda. By bringing tibet into the picture, India-China relations can be approached not only at the bilateral level but also by including tibet and the Himalayas. However the definition of the limits of tibetology particularly with reference to Indian army's proposal are not clearly defined. Few experts suggest that tibetology for this purpose should not be confined within the bounds of state interest and territorial conflicts on either side of tibetan plateau. That is you should not see tibetology only for your interest and to counter China. They say that tibetology encompasses a broad spectrum of multi and interdisciplinary study of broader tibetan cultural region and this is most productively situated with and within the Himalayas. And according to international association for tibetan studies, the region of tibet includes not just the present day tibet autonomous region which is called as Usang, Amdo and Kham but also it includes some areas in the Himalayas including parts of Nepal and Bhutan and it may have some relations with Indian states or regions such as Sikkim, Ladakh and Tawang in Arunachalpadesh. So the author highlights that tibet region has to be approached through these trans-Himalayan connections and through this we can know more about Sino-Indian relations and at the same time we can also know about parts of India like the regions such as Sikkim, Ladakh, Tawang and other areas that have connections with tibet. But what approaches shaped the academic engagements with tibet? We see academic engagements with tibet even today but what initially shaped these engagements? See here comes colonization. Like other parts of colonized world, the production and qualification of knowledge about tibet served European imperial interests. Britain recognized the importance of Sikkim and Bhutan in securing its interests in tibet. Therefore, they maintained close relations with aristocratic families in the tibet region. At that time many cartographers, mountaineers, missionaries, linguists and botanists also produced definitive knowledge about tibet for the purpose of British India or for the British imperial interests. While this is happening on one side, there was also fictional works attached to showing tibet as a society that is untouched by modernity and also as a repository of true Buddhism. The colonialism also demarcated territorial boundaries of British India and its neighboring states through the McMohon line which becomes relevant in the context of tibet. So all these aspects, the colonialism, the fictional works, the map making, enthousiasis, mountaineers, they all shaped initial academic engagements with tibet and this trend persists even today. Now let's see India's cultural approach towards tibet after independence. See India recognized economic and cultural ties through the Himalayas with tibet and the role of Buddhism was considered as the connecting tissue. Many institutions were set up in our country to study tibet and Buddhism. For example, we had institutes such as Central Institute for Buddhist Studies in Leh and Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies in Sarnath Varanasi. In Gangtok in Sikkim, we have Namgyal Institute of tibetology. The news article highlights that this institute was set up in the erstwhile kingdom of Sikkim and inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1958. And interestingly, the institutes in Sarnath and Gangtok are on the list of places where Indian army's officers will study tibetology. However, though these steps were taken before Sino-India War of 1962 and despite the serious efforts to form a cultural linkage with tibet, Indian view of tibetology have largely been influenced by geopolitical tensions with China. This is particularly seen after the Sino-India War of 1962. That is why the news article states that the Indian study of tibet is largely mirrored by India's geopolitical anxieties with China. There are few exceptions, but the works of India towards Tibet is largely in the context of India-China relations, seeing it as a Buddhist home. And this approach is criticized as it leaves out the history of Tibet and also the non-Buddhist religions of Tibet. So this is what is criticized as defining tibetology in a narrow manner and this leaves out the opportunity to study or understand the contemporary India-Tibet relations and also parts of India. So the author highlights that tibetology should be approached in a genuine manner and not just in the context of India and China. And currently India hosts the 14th Dalai Lama in the Central Tibetan Administration, which is the government of Tibet in exile, which is in India, but not recognized by China. India also have 10,000s of Tibetan refugees and Tibetan institutes. So the authors called for studying Tibet in the true sense and not just in the context of India-China relations and coming out of this article, the proposal of Indian Army for its officers to study tibetology is said to become a game changer in countering China's illicit propaganda against India. So tibetology should be approached in the true sense and not just writing more of India into the story. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. Now this news article states that Supreme Court of Nepal has reinstated the House of Representatives, which is the lower house of Nepal's parliament. See two months ago, President of Nepal dissolved the lower house on the recommendation of Mr. Oli's cabinet. In this context, let us have a brief understanding about Nepal. See, Nepal is a country lying along southern slopes of Himalayan mountain ranges. It's a landlocked country that is located between India to the east, south and west, and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to its north. Its capital is in Kathmandu. See, five Indian states share border with Nepal. As we know, it includes Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim. Now coming to its physiography, it consists of some of most rugged and difficult mountain terrain in the world. Roughly 75% of the country is covered by mountains. And from the south to the north, Nepal can be divided into four main physical bells. Each of these bells extend east to west across the country. The first is Tharai. It is a low, flat, fertile land adjacent to the border of India. The second is forested Churya Food Hills and the Inner Tharai Zone. And the second zone rises from Tharai plain to the rugged Mahabharat Range. The third is the mid-mountain region between Mahabharat Range and the Great Himalayas. And the fourth is Great Himalaya Range. This rises to more than some 8,850 meters. It is this range that consists of many of the world's highest peaks – Mount Everest, Kanjanjanga, Chowayu, Daulagiri, Daulagiri 1 etc. Now coming to major rivers of Nepal, we can say Kosi, Narayani or Gandak, Karnali or Gagra, all of them run southward and they merge with the Ganga River. Now coming to its climate, Nepal's climate is influenced by elevation and also by its location in the subtropical latitude. It ranges from subtropical monsoon conditions in the Tharai and there is warm temperate climate in the mid-mountain region, then cool temperate conditions in the higher parts of mountains to alpine climate at the very high altitudes. The ethnic composition of Nepal is given here for your reference. Know that Nepal is one of the least developed nations in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on imports of basic materials, mainly from India and depends on foreign markets for its forest and agricultural products. And within the ethnic composition, Mahdesis in Nepal are supported by India and they feature in India-Napal relations, discussions etc. Now let's move on to the next part of the discussion. This news article is about a PIL petition challenging the appointment of Tamil Nadu State Human Rights Commission Chairman. The complaint is about the selection process of the Charperson. There is allegation that no notification was issued and no applications were invited for the post. Had there been a notification, many retired judges of High Court might have applied for the post. So, there is lack of transparency and hence the public interest litigation. Herein, High Court has sought the response of Tamil Nadu State Government over the appointment of Charperson. In this regard, let us see a few provisions about State Human Rights Commission. You see, it is a statutory body as per the provisions of the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993. And as we know, it is a multi-member body having a Charperson and two members. The Charperson is a person who has been a Chief Justice of a High Court or a Judge of a High Court can be a Charperson and a member is appointed from persons who is or has been a Judge of a High Court or who is or has been a District Judge in the State with a minimum of 7 years experience as District Judge. And one member to be appointed from among persons having knowledge or practical experience in matters relating to Human Rights. And note that the Charperson and the members are appointed by the Governor and every appointment shall be made after obtaining the recommendation of a Committee that consists of four members in general chaired by Chief Minister. Other members are Speaker of Legislative Assembly, Minister in Charge of Department of Home in the particular State, Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly. In case there is a Legislative Council in a particular State, the Chairman of that Council and Leader of Opposition in that Council shall also be members of the Committee. See, the tenure of the Charperson is three years or until attaining the age of 70 years whichever is earlier and the person shall be eligible for reappointment. See, for members they can hold office for a term of three years they are also eligible for reappointment and no member shall hold office after attaining the age of 70 years. The Charperson and the members are not eligible for further employment under a State Government or Central Government. Note that though they are appointed by Governor, their removal can be only based on order of the President. With this information, let's move on to next part of the discussion. This article states that Tamil Nadu Government has reconstituted the State Commission for Women with Gauri Ashokan as its chairperson. The chairperson and members of the Commission will hold office for a period of three years. Now one major distinction with reference to State Women's Commission and the National Commission for Women is that the Women Commissions at the level of States are constituted under the respective acts of appropriate States whereas the National Commission for Women is based on a law passed by the Parliament. In this context, let us discuss in brief about National Commission for Women, the genesis and powers of this Commission. See, the NCW was set up as a statutory body in January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act of 1990. Let us discuss briefly the history related to this. See, in the early 1970s, Committee on the Status of Women in India was appointed and this committee recommended setting up of National Commission for Women. Later, the National Perspective Plan for Women for the period 1988 to 2000, it recommended constitution of an apex body for women and finally, National Commission for Women Bill received the Ascent of President in 1990 and first Commission was constituted in 1992. See, the Commission was mandated to review the safeguards for women, constitutional and legal. It recommends remedial legislative measures and it can facilitate redressal of grievances and advise the government on all policy matters affecting women. Very importantly, it can investigate and examine all matters relating to the safeguards and it can take up the cases of violations of provisions of constitution and other laws relating to women and it can look into complaints and can take so motto notice of matters relating to deprivation of women's rights and other aspects as portrayed here. And note that the center shall submit the Commission's report before each House of Parliament and should also explain the action taken or actions proposed to be taken on the recommendations made by the Commission. At the same time, it should also say the reason for non-acceptance of any such recommendations of Commission. And while investigating any matter, the Commission shall have the powers of a civil court. With reference to the composition, there shall be a chairperson committed to the cause of women and there shall be five members who are persons of ability, integrity and standing, having experience in law, trade unionism, management of an industry or an organization committed to increasing the employment potential of women then from women's voluntary organizations including women activists in an administration, economic development, health, education or social welfare and at least one member each from schedule cast and schedule tribes should be there in the Commission. There shall be member secretary and all of them are nominated by the Central Government. And as stated already, the Women's Commission at the level of states are constituted under the respective state legislations. So these are some of the important information with reference to the analysis of this news article. Now let's move on to the next part of the discussion. This news article is about Intensified Mission Indra Thanos 3.0. See, it is a massive routine immunization campaign by Government of India. However, the focus will be to cover children and pregnant women who missed their routine immunization because of COVID pandemic, either because of lockdown or because of their difficulty in reaching the hospital or because the hospital is focused on handling COVID-19. In this slide, let us see about Indra Thanos 3.0. Prior to this, we will see brief background. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. See, immunization program in India was introduced in the year 1978 in the form of expanded program of immunization. This was launched by then Union Ministry of Health. Later in the year 1985, this program was modified as universal immunization program. So through this universal immunization program, the government provided free vaccination against vaccine preventable diseases. Some of the diseases covered were diphtheria, polio, measles, severe form of childhood tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and pneumonia. In addition, vaccination was also provided against Japanese insiphalitis in selected endemic districts or states in the nation. Despite this UIP being in operation for many years, we were able to fully immunize only 65% of children in the first year of their life. Therefore, in December 2014, in order to strengthen and reenergize the program, Mission Indra Thanos was launched. The goal was to ensure full immunization with all available vaccines for children up to two years of age and also the pregnant women. So at that time, to achieve this high-focus districts across 28 states were identified. Then to further intensify the mission in 2017, Intensified Mission Indra Thanos was launched. This targeted the uncovered beneficiaries who were not covered under the routine immunization program or the UIP. So the main focus was to achieve to improve immunization coverage by ensuring full immunization to more than 90% by December 2018. And following this, Intensified Mission 2.0 was launched. This again was launched to reach the unreached with all available vaccines and also to accelerate the coverage in the identified districts and blocks. This Mission 2.0 was launched to ensure reaching the unreached from December 2019 to March 2020. However, we know the challenges, particularly in the context of COVID-19 in the year 2020. So despite this Mission 2.0 targeted full immunization in selected districts and blocks, particularly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, among hard to reach and tribal populations, there was difficulties in achieving them because of restrictions involved in handling COVID-19 pandemic. So to bridge the gap and to focus on children and pregnant women who missed or who were left out from vaccination, Intensified Mission Indra Thanos 3.0 has been launched recently. And this campaign is to start in two rounds. One round is to start from February 22, which has already started, and the other is to start from March 22. They will be conducted in pre-identified districts or urban areas across 29 states or union territories. And in this Mission 3.0, the districts will be classified into low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk districts. And accordingly, they will prioritize the immunization or vaccination delivery. In this Mission 3.0, focus will be given to migration areas and hard to reach areas, because they might have missed their vaccine doses during COVID-19. So the ultimate objective is to achieve the target of 90% full immunization coverage in all districts in the country and also to sustain the coverage through immunization. And for proper data monitoring and reporting and analysis, a portal called IMI 3.0 portal has been launched. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. Now let's move on to the next part of the discussion. We have come to the last session, the Practice Questions Discussion session. See this question with reference to Pradhan Mandri Jeevan Yojana. Question reads, which of the following is correct with reference to Pradhan Mandri Jeevan? It is a scheme to provide assistance to people who lost their livelihoods due to natural hazards. It is a scheme to provide financial support to integrated bioethanol projects. The correct answer is option B. See Jeevan stands for Jai Vindan Vathawaran Anukul Fasal Avashesh Nivaran Yojana. The correct answer is option B. This question is with reference to National Commission for Women. The question reads, consider the following statements regarding the composition of NCW. The chairperson shall be a sitting or a third judge of the Supreme Court. There is no such condition, so the first statement is incorrect. A chairperson shall be a person committed to the cause of women and is to be nominated by the central government. Second statement, at least one member reach shall be from the schedule cast and the schedule trips communities. Second statement is correct, therefore the correct answer is option B. This question is with reference to saffron revolution. The protest movement saffron revolution is related to which of the following country? The correct answer is Myanmar. See in the year 2007 there were widespread protest with reference to deteriorating economic situation in Myanmar with reference to rise in fuel price. So that revolution was called a saffron revolution because of saffron color robes which were worn by Buddhist monks who participated in the protest. See this question with reference to Nepal. They have given five Indian states asking which of the above sharing bordered with Nepal. See Himachal Pradesh does not share border with Nepal. So the correct answer is option C, 2, 3, 4 and 5 only. This question is with reference to chairperson of State Human Rights Commission. Four statements are given. They are asking which of the statements given above are correct. Only a retired Chief Justice of a High Court can be the chairperson. This is incorrect. Even a retired judge of a High Court can also be chairperson after the 2019 amendment to the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993. So you can eliminate options A and D. Now we have to check whether third statement is correct or not to arrive at the correct answer. Chairperson shall hold office for a term of three years or until she attains the age of 70 years whichever is earlier. This statement is correct. Therefore the correct answer is option B, 2, 3, 4. All the three statements are correct. See both chairperson and members are eligible for reappointment. This question is with reference to Mission Indra Dhanos. Two statements are given. They are asking which of the above are incorrect. The ultimate goal of Mission Indra Dhanos is to ensure full immunization with specified vaccines for children up to five years of age and pregnant woman. The statement appears to be correct but it is not. Children up to two years that would make this statement is correct. Second statement though launched by Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare various other ministries have come together to make the mission a success and by ensuring that the benefits of vaccines reach the last mile. Second statement is correct. First statement is incorrect. Therefore the correct answer is option A, 1 only because only the first statement is incorrect. We have given two practice mains questions. You can write answers and post it in the comment section. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu News Analysis. If you like the video, click the like button, comment, share and subscribe to Shankaray's Academy YouTube channel for more updates and content on civil service exam preparation.